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Andreeva-Gateva P, Hristov M, Strokova-Stoilova M, Ivanova N, Sabit Z, Surcheva S, Beliakov M, Karakashev G, Sukhov I, Belinskaya D, Shestakova N. Therapeutic potential of orally applied KB-R7943 in streptozotocin-induced neuropathy in rats. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27367. [PMID: 38524546 PMCID: PMC10958225 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Both peripheral neuropathy and depression can be viewed as neurodegeneration's consequences of diabetes, at least in part coexisting with or resulting from sodium-calcium dysbalance. This study aims to assess the therapeutic potential of the orally applied reverse-mode inhibitor of the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) KB-R7943 in the streptozotocin (STZ) diabetes model in rats. A pilot pharmacokinetic (PK) study with high-performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometric detection revealed higher drug exposure (AUC), lower volume of distribution (Vd) and clearance (Cl), and faster decline of the plasma concentration (ƛ) in rats with diabetes vs. controls. Brain and heart accumulation and urinary excretion of the unmetabolized KB-R7943 at least 24 h were also demonstrated in all rats. However, heart and hippocampus KB-R7943 penetration (AUCtissue/AUCplasma) was higher in controls vs. diabetic rats. The development of thermal, mechanical, and chemical-induced allodynia was assessed with the Cold plate test (CPT), Randall-Stiletto (R-S) test, and 0.5% formalin test (FT). Amitriptyline 10 mg/kg, KB-R7943 5 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg p.o once daily was applied from the 28th to the 49th day. The body weight, coat status, CPT, R-S, and FT were evaluated on days (-5), 0, and 42. On day 41, a forced swim test and 24-h spontaneous physical activities were assessed. The chronic treatment effects were calculated as % of the maximum. A dose-depended amelioration of neuropathic and depression-like effects was demonstrated. The oral application of KB-R7943 for potentially treating neurodegenerative consequences of diabetes merits further studies. The brain, heart, and kidneys are essential contributors to the PKs of this drug, and their safety involvement needs to be further characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Andreeva-Gateva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milen Hristov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Natasha Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of Neurobiology, BAS, Bulgaria
| | - Zafer Sabit
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Slavina Surcheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mihail Beliakov
- Laboratory of Chemical Analytical Control and Biotesting, Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Georgi Karakashev
- Laboratory of Chemical Analytical Control and Biotesting, Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan Sukhov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Belinskaya
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Shestakova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
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Kajitani N, Okada-Tsuchioka M, Inoue A, Miyano K, Masuda T, Boku S, Iwamoto K, Ohtsuki S, Uezono Y, Aoki J, Takebayashi M. G protein-biased LPAR1 agonism of prototypic antidepressants: Implication in the identification of novel therapeutic target for depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:561-572. [PMID: 37673966 PMCID: PMC10789764 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Prototypic antidepressants, such as tricyclic/tetracyclic antidepressants (TCAs), have multiple pharmacological properties and have been considered to be more effective than newer antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, in treating severe depression. However, the clinical contribution of non-monoaminergic effects of TCAs remains elusive. In this study, we discovered that amitriptyline, a typical TCA, directly binds to the lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1), a G protein-coupled receptor, and activates downstream G protein signaling, while exerting a little effect on β-arrestin recruitment. This suggests that amitriptyline acts as a G protein-biased agonist of LPAR1. This biased agonism was specific to TCAs and was not observed with other antidepressants. LPAR1 was found to be involved in the behavioral effects of amitriptyline. Notably, long-term infusion of mouse hippocampus with the potent G protein-biased LPAR agonist OMPT, but not the non-biased agonist LPA, induced antidepressant-like behavior, indicating that G protein-biased agonism might be necessary for the antidepressant-like effects. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis revealed that LPA and OMPT have opposite patterns of gene expression changes in the hippocampus. Pathway analysis indicated that long-term treatment with OMPT activated LPAR1 downstream signaling (Rho and MAPK), whereas LPA suppressed LPAR1 signaling. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the non-monoaminergic antidepressant effects of TCAs and identify the G protein-biased agonism of LPAR1 as a promising target for the development of novel antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Kajitani
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, 737-0023, Japan
| | - Mami Okada-Tsuchioka
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, 737-0023, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kanako Miyano
- Department of Pain Control Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takeshi Masuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Shuken Boku
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kazuya Iwamoto
- Department of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Uezono
- Department of Pain Control Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Minoru Takebayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, 737-0023, Japan.
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Lei L, Wang YT, Hu D, Gai C, Zhang Y. Astroglial Connexin 43-Mediated Gap Junctions and Hemichannels: Potential Antidepressant Mechanisms and the Link to Neuroinflammation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:4023-4040. [PMID: 37875763 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Major depression disorder (MDD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder associated with a high suicide rate and a higher disability rate than any other disease. Evidence suggests that the pathological mechanism of MDD is related to astrocyte dysfunction. Depression is mainly associated with the expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) and the function of Cx43-mediated gap junctions and hemichannels in astrocytes. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been a hotspot in research on the pathology of depression, and Cx43-mediated functions are thought to be involved in neuroinflammation-related depression. However, the specific mechanism of Cx43-mediated functions in neuroinflammation-related depression pathology remains unclear. Therefore, this review summarizes and discusses Cx43 expression, the role of gap junction intercellular communication, and its relationship with neuroinflammation in depression. This review also focuses on the effects of antidepressant drugs (e.g., monoamine antidepressants, psychotropic drugs, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists) on Cx43-mediated function and provides evidence for Cx43 as a novel target for the treatment of MDD. The pathogenesis of MDD is related to astrocyte dysfunction, with reduced Cx43 expression, GJ dysfunction, decreased GJIC and reduced BDNF expression in the depressed brain. The effect of Cx43 on neuroinflammation-related depression involving inflammatory cytokines, glutamate excitotoxicity, and HPA axis dysregulation. Antidepressant drugs targeting Cx43 can effectively relieve depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lei
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ya-Ting Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Die Hu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Cong Gai
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
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Jing D, Hou X, Guo X, Zhao X, Zhang K, Zhang J, Kan C, Han F, Liu J, Sun X. Astrocytes in Post-Stroke Depression: Roles in Inflammation, Neurotransmission, and Neurotrophin Signaling. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3301-3313. [PMID: 37470888 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01386-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a frequent and disabling complication of stroke that affects up to one-third of stroke survivors. The pathophysiology of PSD involves multiple mechanisms, including neurochemical, neuroinflammatory, neurotrophic, and neuroplastic changes. Astrocytes are a type of glial cell that is plentiful and adaptable in the central nervous system. They play key roles in various mechanisms by modulating neurotransmission, inflammation, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. This review summarizes the latest evidence of astrocyte involvement in PSD from human and animal studies, focusing on the alterations of astrocyte markers and functions in relation to monoamine neurotransmitters, inflammatory cytokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glutamate excitotoxicity. We also discuss the potential therapeutic implications of targeting astrocytes for PSD prevention and treatment. Astrocytes could be new candidates for antidepressant medications and other interventions that aim to restore astrocyte homeostasis and function in PSD. Astrocytes could be new candidates for antidepressant medications and other interventions that aim to restore astrocyte homeostasis and function in PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Jing
- Department of Neurology 1, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, China
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaoli Hou
- Department of General Practice, Weifang Sixth People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Department of Neurology 1, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, China
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Neurology 1, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, China
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Chengxia Kan
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Junling Liu
- Department of Neurology 1, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, China.
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, China.
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Numakawa T, Kajihara R. Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in the pathogenesis of stress-related brain diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1247422. [PMID: 37781095 PMCID: PMC10537938 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1247422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF, have critical roles in neuronal differentiation, cell survival, and synaptic function in the peripheral and central nervous system. It is well known that a variety of intracellular signaling stimulated by TrkB, a high-affinity receptor for BDNF, is involved in the physiological and pathological neuronal aspects via affecting cell viability, synaptic function, neurogenesis, and cognitive function. As expected, an alteration of the BDNF/TrkB system is suspected to be one of the molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in cognitive diseases and mental disorders. Recent evidence has also highlighted a possible link between the alteration of TrkB signaling and chronic stress. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that downregulation of the BDNF/TrkB system and chronic stress have a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mental disorders. In this review, we introduce current evidence showing a close relationship between the BDNF/TrkB system and the development of cognition impairment in stress-related disorders, and the possible contribution of the upregulation of the BDNF/TrkB system in a therapeutic approach against these brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Numakawa
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kajihara
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Life Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Wu X, Li L, Zhou B, Wang J, Shao W. Connexin 43 regulates astrocyte dysfunction and cognitive deficits in early life stress-treated mice. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:1207-1214. [PMID: 36939885 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress such as maternal separation (MS), is a major risk factor for developing psychiatric disorders in adulthood. Connexin 43 (CX43), the main type of connexins expressed in astrocytes, has been indicated to participate in depression disorders. Nevertheless, the role of CX43 in MS-induced cognitive impairment and astrocyte dysfunction is unclear. Neonatal C57BL/6 mice were exposed to MS to mimic early life stress. Adeno-associated virus carrying CX43 was inoculated into mice for CX43 overexpression. Sucrose preference test, forced swim test and Morris water maze were performed for evaluating depression-like behaviors and spatial learning and memory of mice in adulthood. Real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was conducted to detect CX43 mRNA expression in mouse brain. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were used for measuring expression levels of astrocytic markers in murine hippocampal dentate gyrus. The results showed that overexpressing CX43 attenuated MS exposure-induced depression-like behaviors and decrease in spatial learning and memory in mice. Upregulating CX43 alleviated MS exposure-induced downregulation of astrocytic markers. Collectively, CX43 overexpression attenuates cognitive deficits and astrocyte dysfunction in mice exposed to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan First Hospital, Qiaokou District, No. 215 Zhongshan Avenue, Wuhan, 430033, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan First Hospital, Qiaokou District, No. 215 Zhongshan Avenue, Wuhan, 430033, China
| | - Bingling Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan First Hospital, Qiaokou District, No. 215 Zhongshan Avenue, Wuhan, 430033, China
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan First Hospital, Qiaokou District, No. 215 Zhongshan Avenue, Wuhan, 430033, China
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan First Hospital, Qiaokou District, No. 215 Zhongshan Avenue, Wuhan, 430033, China.
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Portal B, Vasile F, Zapata J, Lejards C, Ait Tayeb AEK, Colle R, Verstuyft C, Corruble E, Rouach N, Guiard BP. Astroglial Connexins Inactivation Increases Relapse of Depressive-like Phenotype after Antidepressant Withdrawal. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13227. [PMID: 36362016 PMCID: PMC9656718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that astrocytic connexins (Cx) have an important role in the regulation of high brain functions through their ability to establish fine-tuned communication with neurons within the tripartite synapse. In light of these properties, growing evidence suggests a role of Cx in psychiatric disorders such as major depression but also in the therapeutic activity of antidepressant drugs. However, the real impact of Cx on treatment response and the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain yet to be clarified. On this ground, the present study was designed to evaluate the functional activity of Cx in a mouse model of depression based on chronic corticosterone exposure and to determine to which extent their pharmacological inactivation influences the antidepressant-like activity of venlafaxine (VENLA). On the one hand, our results indicate that depressed mice have impaired Cx-based gap-junction and hemichannel activities. On the other hand, while VENLA exerts robust antidepressant-like activity in depressed mice; this effect is abolished by the pharmacological inhibition of Cx with carbenoxolone (CBX). Interestingly, the combination of VENLA and CBX is also associated with a higher rate of relapse after treatment withdrawal. To our knowledge, this study is one of the first to develop a model of relapse, and our results reveal that Cx-mediated dynamic neuroglial interactions play a critical role in the efficacy of monoaminergic antidepressant drugs, thus providing new targets for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Portal
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Flora Vasile
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Zapata
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Camille Lejards
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Abd El Kader Ait Tayeb
- CESP, MOODS Team, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, University of Paris-Saclay, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Romain Colle
- CESP, MOODS Team, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, University of Paris-Saclay, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Céline Verstuyft
- CESP, MOODS Team, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, University of Paris-Saclay, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Emmanuelle Corruble
- CESP, MOODS Team, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, University of Paris-Saclay, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Nathalie Rouach
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bruno P. Guiard
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
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