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Sheel H, Suárez L, Marsh NV. Screening Children in India: Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Pediatr Rep 2023; 15:750-765. [PMID: 38133435 PMCID: PMC10745979 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric15040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Timely screening and surveillance of children for developmental delay and social-emotional learning difficulties are essential in Low- and Middle-Income Countries like India. Screening measures like the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS) and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) are considered suitable for India due to their low cost, easy accessibility, and no training requirement for administration. However, India lacks validated screening measures, and the PEDS and SDQ have yet to be validated for children in India. The study aimed to translate the PEDS and SDQ from English to Hindi and psychometrically evaluate the same measures on children aged 4-8 years in India. The original PEDS and SDQ forms and their translations were pilot tested on 55 participants and evaluated using data from 407 children with typical development (TD) and 59 children with developmental disability (DD). Parents and teachers reported no meaningful discrepancy between the original and translated (Hindi) questionnaires. Internal consistency for the PEDS was acceptable, but unacceptable for most subscales on the SDQ, for both TD and DD samples. Test-retest reliability was poor for the PEDS but adequate for the SDQ. Results from known-group validity testing showed that the PEDS scores could be used to distinguish between the TD and DD samples. The results from this study provide further support for the use of the PEDS and SDQ in developing countries like India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Sheel
- School of Social and Health Sciences, James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore (L.S.)
- School of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Academic City, Dubai 294345, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lidia Suárez
- School of Social and Health Sciences, James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore (L.S.)
| | - Nigel V. Marsh
- School of Social and Health Sciences, James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore (L.S.)
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Botes M, van der Linde J, Swanepoel DW. A multiphased cultural and contextual adaptation of the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status tools for a low-income community: A South African case study. Child Care Health Dev 2022. [PMID: 36422854 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Culturally relevant developmental screening is one of the best ways to appropriately identify developmental delays and disabilities in children as early as possible across diverse cultural backgrounds. This study aimed to adapt the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS) tools for a low-income community in South Africa by using a detailed multiphased cultural and contextual adaption process. METHOD AND RESULTS A three-phase mixed-method design relying on triangulation of data was used. Data were collected at an immunization clinic in a low-income community in Mamelodi, South Africa. Phase 1 was a focus group discussion with 11 community participants. The topics explored the possible changes to the PEDS tools to make them more relevant to the community. Phase 1 informed Phase 2 where 12 early childhood development experts achieved consensus through a two-round survey on a modified Delphi method. In Phase 3, a draft of the PEDS tools-SA was presented to the authors of the PEDS tools for final approval. Of 55 questions that were adapted for the PEDS tools-SA, two original questions (3.6%), 14 questions from the expert suggestions (25.4%) and 39 from the community participant's suggestions (71%) were included. A final version of the PEDS tools-SA was created. CONCLUSION This study used a systematic method to adapt the PEDS tools to create the culturally appropriate PEDS tool-SA for a low-income community in South Africa, informed by community stakeholders' views from the first step. This resulted in a high-quality adaptation process that is more likely to result in a tool that is more acceptable to caregivers from a low-income South African community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mignon Botes
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jeannie van der Linde
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - De Wet Swanepoel
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Uchitel J, Alden E, Bhutta ZA, Cavallera V, Lucas J, Oberklaid F, Patterson J, Raghavan C, Richter L, Rikard B, Russell RR, Mikati MA. Role of Pediatricians, Pediatric Associations, and Academic Departments in Ensuring Optimal Early Childhood Development Globally: Position Paper of the International Pediatric Association. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2022; 43:e546-e558. [PMID: 35980036 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Early childhood (birth-8 years), particularly the first 3 years, is the most critical time in development because of the highly sensitive developing brain. Providing appropriate developmental care (i.e., nurturing care, as defined by the World Health Organization [WHO]) during early childhood is key to ensuring a child's holistic development. Pediatricians are expected to play a critical role in supporting early childhood development (ECD) through providing developmental services such as developmental monitoring, anticipatory guidance, screening, and referral to medical and/or community-based services when delay is identified. Pediatricians are also expected to serve as advocates within their clinics and communities for improved delivery of ECD services, such as advocating for increasing funding for ECD initiatives, increasing insurance coverage of ECD services, and working to increase other pediatricians' awareness of the principles of ECD and how to deliver developmental services. However, this does not always occur. Typically, pediatricians' training and practice emphasizes treating disease rather than enhancing ECD. Pediatricians are further hindered by a lack of uniformity across nations in guidelines for developmental monitoring and screening. In this article, we present the vision of the International Pediatric Association (IPA) of the roles that pediatricians, academic departments, medical training programs, and pediatric associations should fulfill to help support ECD, including raising ECD to higher levels of priority in routine pediatric care. First, we present the challenges that face these goals in supporting ECD. We then propose, with supportive literature, strategies and resources to overcome these challenges in collaboration with local and international stakeholders, including the IPA, the WHO, UNICEF, and the World Bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Uchitel
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC
| | - Errol Alden
- International Pediatric Association, Uniformed Services of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- International Pediatric Association; Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jane Lucas
- Consultant in International Health and Child Development to UNICEF and the World Health Organization, New York, NY
| | - Frank Oberklaid
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Janna Patterson
- Global Child Health and Life Support, American Academy of Pediatrics, Chicago, IL
| | - Chemba Raghavan
- Early Childhood Development Specialist/Acting Chief, UNICEF, New York, NY
| | - Linda Richter
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Blaire Rikard
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC
| | - Robert Ross Russell
- European Board of Paediatrics, European Academy of Paediatrics; Paediatric Respiratory Paediatrics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamad A Mikati
- Early Childhood Development Standing Advisory Group, International Pediatrics Association; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Rousseau M, Dionne C, Savard RT, Schonhaut L, Londono M. Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) Worldwide: A Scoping Review. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2021; 42:490-501. [PMID: 33990508 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This scoping review aims to provide a data mapping and narrative synthesis of the available peer-reviewed scientific literature on the translation and cultural adaptation processes relative to the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) as reported by the authors. It also seeks to paint an overall portrait of the implementation of the translated and culturally adapted ASQ worldwide. METHODS Articles published between 1995 and May 11, 2018, were identified via systematic searches of peer-reviewed literature carried out using CINAHL, Scopus, MEDLINE, Education Source, PsycINFO, and ERIC. The articles included in the qualitative synthesis were coded based on an extraction form developed for the study. RESULTS In the 46 articles surveyed, 37 different cultural adaptations were identified in 29 languages and 27 countries. Translations were included in 33 cultural adaptations, and language modifications were reported in 18 adaptations. The forward-backward translation method was reported in 25 cases. The authors declared having made cultural content, language, visual, and/or conceptual modifications in 26 adaptations. Cultural content modifications were reported in 24 adaptations. At least one method (pilot study, individual interview, survey or focus group with respondents) was reported in 24 adaptations. CONCLUSION Cultural modifications were relatively minor and were, in general, made to establish equivalence with the source version. As well, the processes used to translate and culturally adapt the ASQ varied widely based on the types of methods. Additional work should be conducted to document the process of this crucial phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Rousseau
- Department of Psychoeducation, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Carmen Dionne
- Department of Psychoeducation, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Roselyne T Savard
- Department of Psychoeducation, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Luisa Schonhaut
- Department of Pediarics, Clinica Alemana-Facultad de Medicina Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Londono
- Department of Psychoeducation, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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Khalil D, Giurgescu C, Misra DP, Templin T, Javanbakht A. Recruiting Immigrant and Refugee Arab American Mother-Father-Infant Triads Resettling in the United States: A Feasibility Study. Can J Nurs Res 2020; 52:139-148. [PMID: 32192379 DOI: 10.1177/0844562120910856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent Iraqi and Syrian immigrant families are exposed to stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms due to civil war. Recruitment challenges specific to conducting research within this population include the lack of knowledge about research, stigma of mental illness, and mistrust. PURPOSES Among immigrant Iraqi and Syrian families: (1) evaluate the approach to recruitment and retention; and (2) evaluate the acceptability of the study procedures. METHODS This feasibility study was conducted based on the work of Orsmond and Cohn. It is focused on the evaluation of recruitment capability and resulting sample characteristics and evaluation of acceptability and suitability of the study procedures. Mother-father-infant triads were recruited from a community center. Parents completed questionnaires about stress and depressive symptoms. Buccal swab samples were obtained from the triads to measure telomere length, and infant hair samples were obtained to measure cortisol level. Telomere length and hair cortisol were utilized as measures of chronic stress. RESULTS Ten mother-father-infant triads were enrolled out of 11 approached. Challenges faced this study included inability to reach families by telephone and the effect of cultural norms where the husband's permission was needed before proceeding, resulting in a slow pace of recruitment. The study strategy and procedures appeared to be feasible as all of the families who participated completed all study protocols. CONCLUSION This study provides feasibility data to inform the launching of a larger study to examine the associations of family stress with infant stress and development. These findings from Iraqi and Syrian families may be generalizable to studies seeking to recruit these and other immigrant and refugee population families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Khalil
- College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Carmen Giurgescu
- College of Nursing, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Dawn P Misra
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Thomas Templin
- College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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The psychometric properties of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires-3 in Arabic: Cross-sectional observational study. Early Hum Dev 2019; 136:33-38. [PMID: 31299551 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening for developmental delay is recommended for pediatricians, yet validated screening tools in Arabic are scarce. AIMS Assess the reliability, validity, sensitivity and specificity of the Arabic ASQ-3 in detecting developmental delays in children aged 4-33 months. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study. SUBJECTS A sample of 491 children from all Lebanese governorates from five age groups (4, 10, 18, 27 and 33 months). OUTCOME MEASURES Internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha (Cα), convergent construct validity using Pearson Correlation Coefficient (CC) comparing ASQ-3 in Arabic (A-ASQ-3) to Bayley scale for infant development (BSID-III) scores were computed. A subset sample (n = 35) underwent assessment with BSID-III for convergent validity, and sensitivity and specificity. A-ASQ-3 scores were compared to the US mean cutoff scores. RESULTS Subjects' mean age was 17.75 ± 10.6 months. Cα was 0.85; Pearson CC showed positive moderate correlation between A-ASQ-3 gross and fine motor scores and BSID-III composite motor scores (r = 0.42, p = 0.002; r = 0.39, p = 0.004, respectively); and positive moderate correlation between A-ASQ-3 problem solving and BSID-III cognitive scores (r = 0.43, p = 0.001). A-ASQ-3 had 100% sensitivity and 50% specificity for cognitive scores; 60% sensitivity and 70% specificity for motor scores. CONCLUSION A-ASQ-3 has adequate reliability and validity for the tested age groups. It is plausible that this would hold true for the rest of the questionnaires. Further testing is needed to make the five clusters more aligned with the US sample scores and to improve the sensitivity and specificity.
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Small JW, Hix-Small H, Vargas-Baron E, Marks KP. Comparative use of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires in low- and middle-income countries. Dev Med Child Neurol 2019; 61:431-443. [PMID: 29926467 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To map the breadth of use of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) across world regions, and examine procedures for ASQ translation, adaptation, psychometric evaluation, and administration. METHOD We conducted a review of all original, peer-reviewed studies written in English referencing use of the ASQ in LMICs. We used a consensus rating procedure to classify each article into one of four categories: feasibility study, psychometric study, prevalence study, or research study. RESULTS We analysed 53 peer-reviewed articles written in English detailing use of the ASQ in LMICs. We found evidence of ASQ use in 23 LMICs distributed across all world regions. The ASQ was translated into 16 languages. Just over half of the studies reported parent completion of the ASQ (50.9%). We identified eight feasibility studies, 12 psychometric studies, and nine prevalence studies. Study type varied by economy and region. INTERPRETATION Findings suggest broad global use of the ASQ in a range of countries and cultural and linguistic contexts. There is need for further validation studies across all cited regions and countries and in countries ready to begin to design systems for providing universal developmental screening services. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS The Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) has been used in at least 23 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The ASQ has been translated into at least 16 languages in LMICs. Over half the identified studies reported parent completion of the ASQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Small
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA.,RISE Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hollie Hix-Small
- RISE Institute, Washington, DC, USA.,Graduate School of Education, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the State of Kuwait, family physicians and pediatricians are responsible for identifying and referring children at risk of disability. The aims of this study were to better understand physician (1) use of developmental screening instruments, (2) referral practices for children at risk of developmental disability, (3) interpretation of screening results, and (4) anticipatory guidance topics prioritized over child screening. METHODS A nonprobability volunteer, self-selection sample of family physicians, general practitioners, and pediatricians (n = 398) completed a 60-item paper questionnaire. Items assessed included: (1) practitioner familiarity with, belief in, and use of screening instruments; (2) familiarity with early childhood intervention services; (3) perceived barriers to screening implementation; and (4) anticipatory topics prioritized over screening. Logistic regression was used to test a priori hypotheses. RESULTS In general, family doctors and pediatricians practicing in public hospitals and primary health care centers in the State of Kuwait do not use or know how to use a developmental screening instrument, while over half prioritized immunization counseling over child screening. Screening confidence and training on using screening instruments increased the likelihood of tool use. Staff shortages, time constraints, and a perceived lack of Arabic screening instruments were barriers to tool use. CONCLUSION Raising health care providers' awareness of standardized developmental screening instruments and establishment of an early identification system in the State of Kuwait are needed. Standardization and adaptation of technically sound Arabic-language screening tools for use in the State of Kuwait and physician training programs on screening are recommended.
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Factors affecting child development assessed by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) in an Arabic speaking population. Early Hum Dev 2018; 120:61-66. [PMID: 29656172 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Aakre I, Strand TA, Moubarek K, Barikmo I, Henjum S. Associations between thyroid dysfunction and developmental status in children with excessive iodine status. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187241. [PMID: 29166388 PMCID: PMC5699829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Adequate iodine status and normal thyroid hormone synthesis are important for optimal child development. In this study, we explored whether young children’s developmental status is associated with thyroid dysfunction in an area of chronic excessive iodine exposure. Methods We included 298 children between 18 and 48 months of age residing in Algerian refugee camps. Early child development was measured using the Ages and Stages Questionnaires, third edition (ASQ-3), consisting of five domains: Communication, Gross Motor, Fine Motor, Problem Solving and Personal-Social. Due to poor discriminatory ability in the Gross Motor domain, the total ASQ-3 scores were calculated both including and excluding this domain. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), thyroid hormones (TSH, FT3 and FT4), thyroid antibodies and serum thyroglobulin (Tg) were measured. Results The median UIC was 451.6 μg/L, and approximately 72% of the children had a UIC above 300 μg/L. Furthermore, 14% had thyroid disturbances, of whom 10% had TSH outside the reference range. Children with thyroid disturbances and TSH outside the reference ranges had lower odds of being among the 66% highest total ASQ scores, with adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of 0.46 (0.23, 0.93) and 0.42 (0.19, 0.94), respectively. Conclusion We found an association between thyroid dysfunction and poorer developmental status among children with excessive iodine intake. The high iodine intake may have caused the thyroid dysfunction and hence the delayed developmental status; however, other influential factors cannot be excluded. Optimal child development is important for a sustainable future. With iodine excess being an increasing problem globally, this subject should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Aakre
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Tor A. Strand
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | | | - Ingrid Barikmo
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway
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Clifford J, Squires JK, Murphy K. Not Lost in Translation: Modifying the Ages & Stages QuestionnairesTM for Use in Cross-Cultural Contexts. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-017-0121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Singh A, Yeh CJ, Boone Blanchard S. Ages and Stages Questionnaire: a global screening scale. BOLETIN MEDICO DEL HOSPITAL INFANTIL DE MEXICO 2017; 74:5-12. [PMID: 29364814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhimx.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
With standardized screening tools, research studies have shown that developmental disabilities can be detected reliably and with validity in children as young as 4 months of age by using the instruments such as the Ages and Stages Questionnaire. In this review, we will focus on one tool, the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, to illustrate the usefulness of developmental screening across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Singh
- College of Education and Technology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, New Mexico, USA.
| | - Chia Jung Yeh
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sheresa Boone Blanchard
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Delivering integrated child development care in Pakistan: protocol for a clustered randomised trial. BJGP Open 2017; 1:bjgpopen17X100677. [PMID: 30564646 PMCID: PMC6172678 DOI: 10.3399/bjgpopen17x100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early childhood developmental delay is associated with significant disadvantage in adult life. In Pakistan, high prevalence of developmental delay is associated with poverty, under-nutrition, and maternal depression. Aim To assess the effectiveness of an early child development counselling intervention delivered at private GP clinics, in poor urban communities. Design & setting A clustered randomised trial in Pakistan. Method The intervention was developed following a period of formative research, and in consultation with local experts. A total of 2112 mother–child pairs will be recruited at 32 clinics, from within the locality (cluster); 16 clinics per arm. A primary care counselling intervention (promoting child development, nutrition, and maternal mental health) will be delivered at 6 weeks, 3, 6, and 9 months of the child’s age. Monitoring, assessment, and treatment will also be performed at quarterly visits in intervention clinics. Primary outcome is the developmental delay at 12 months (ASQ-3 scores). Secondary outcomes are stunting rate, and maternal depression (PHQ-9 score). In addition, a process evaluation and costing study will be conducted. Discussion This trial will be the first to assess an early child development intervention, delivered in private GP clinics for poor urban communities in Pakistan. If found to be effective, this public–private model may offer a more sustainable, and feasible option for populations in poor urban settings, where private GP clinics are the most accessible provider of primary health care. There is scope for scale-up at provincial level, should the intervention be effective. Trial registration The trial has been registered with the Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN48032200.
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Singh A, Yeh CJ, Boone Blanchard S. Ages and Stages Questionnaire: a global screening scale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhime.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Simpson S, D'Aprano A, Tayler C, Toon Khoo S, Highfold R. Validation of a culturally adapted developmental screening tool for Australian Aboriginal children: Early findings and next steps. Early Hum Dev 2016; 103:91-95. [PMID: 27544061 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection of developmental problems is important for facilitating access to targeted intervention and maximising its positive effects. The later problems are identified, the more likely that they will become increasingly difficult to ameliorate. Standardised developmental screening tools are known to improve detection rates of developmental problems compared to clinical judgement alone and are widely recommended for use with all children. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3) is a tool that is widely used in Australia. However, mainstream screening tools may not be appropriate for remote-dwelling Australian Aboriginal children. While Australian Aboriginal children face multiple developmental risk factors, there are no developmental screening tools that have been validated for use in this population. AIMS To determine the concurrent validity of the culturally adapted ASQ-3 - the ASQ-TRAK - for Australian Aboriginal children compared to the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley-III), a standardised, professionally administered developmental assessment. SUBJECTS The ASQ-TRAK and Bayley-III were administered cross-sectionally to 67 Central Australian Aboriginal children between 2 and 36months of age. RESULTS The ASQ-TRAK communication, gross motor, fine motor and problem-solving domains and the corresponding domains on the Bayley-III were moderately correlated. Overall sensitivity for the ASQ-TRAK was 71% (95% CI 29-96) and specificity was 92% (95% CI 88-99). Percentage agreement between the ASQ-TRAK and the Bayley-III was 90%. CONCLUSIONS The ASQ-TRAK shows promise as a tool that can be used to improve developmental monitoring for remote dwelling Australian Aboriginal children. Further research is necessary to build on the current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Simpson
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, 100 Leicester Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Anita D'Aprano
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, 100 Leicester Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Collette Tayler
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, 100 Leicester Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Siek Toon Khoo
- Australian Council for Educational Research, 19 Prospect Hill Road, Camberwell, VIC 3124, Australia
| | - Roxanne Highfold
- Central Australian Aboriginal Congress, PO Box 1604, Alice Springs, NT 0871, Australia
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Singh A, Squires J, Yeh CJ, Heo KH, Bian H. Validity and reliability of the developmental assessment screening scale. J Family Med Prim Care 2016; 5:124-8. [PMID: 27453856 PMCID: PMC4943118 DOI: 10.4103/2249-4863.184636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop and validate the 6-year Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) for school-age children. METHODS Parents/caregivers of children 66-78 months were recruited from 6 countries and 15 states in the United States. Similar to other ASQ intervals, the 6-year ASQ has five developmental domains targeted for children from 66 months to 78 months of age. We assessed internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, the scale structure, validity (correlation coefficients), and utility of the 6-year ASQ. The 6-year ASQ screens development in five domains using 30 items. RESULTS Coefficient alpha measuring internal consistency was 0.97. Test-retest reliability was estimated by having parents complete two ASQ's on the same child within a week interval. Correlations between scores of the two ASQ's reflected stability of scores. Test-retest reliability results were robust with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.94. Factor analysis results resulted in a five factors structure. The Pearson correlations coefficients between the latent variables were moderate to large and statistically significant, P < 0.0001. The 6-year ASQ screens development in five domains using 30 items. The administration time varied from 10 to 60 min with a mean of 15.17 min. General utility result shows that the 6-year ASQ can be used with satisfaction by caregivers, pediatricians, professionals, and parents. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary data on the 6-year ASQ reflected promising results. An easy-to-administer, accurate caregiver-completed screening tool may increase the frequency of screening for school-age children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Singh
- College of Education and Technology, Eastern New Mexico University, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jane Squires
- Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, College of Education, University of Oregon, Oregon, USA
| | - Chia Jung Yeh
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, NC, USA
| | - Kay H Heo
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Chongshin University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hui Bian
- Office of Faculty Excellence, East Carolina University, NC, USA
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Kiing JSH, Rajgor D, Toh TH. Topical Review: Mind Your Language-Translation Matters (A Narrative Review of Translation Challenges). J Pediatr Psychol 2016; 41:1110-1119. [PMID: 27189689 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Translation of developmental-behavioral screening tools for use worldwide can be daunting. We summarize issues in translating these tools. METHODS: Instead of a theoretical framework of "equivalence" by Pena and International Test Commission guidelines, we decided upon a practical approach used by the American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS). We derived vignettes from the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status manual and published literature and mapped them to AAOS. RESULTS: We found that a systematic approach to planning and translating developmental-behavioral screeners is essential to ensure "equivalence" and encourage wide consultation with experts. CONCLUSION: Our narrative highlights how translations can result in many challenges and needed revisions to achieve "equivalence" such that the items remain consistent, valid, and meaningful in the new language for use in different cultures. Information sharing across the community of researchers is encouraged. This narrative may be helpful to novice researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S H Kiing
- Khoo Teck Puat National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dimple Rajgor
- Khoo Teck Puat National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Teck-Hock Toh
- Department of Paediatrics and Clinical Research Center, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Santana CMT, Filgueiras A, Landeira-Fernandez J. Ages & Stages Questionnaire-Brazil-2011: Adjustments on an Early Childhood Development Screening Measure. Glob Pediatr Health 2015; 2:2333794X15610038. [PMID: 27335984 PMCID: PMC4784636 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x15610038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Professionals who assess early childhood development highly benefit from reliable development screening measures. The Ages & Stages Questionnaire was adapted Brazil in 2010 and named ASQ-BR. Modifications in some items were required to improve the instrument’s psychometric properties. The present study modified the ASQ-BR to verify if those changes increase its characteristics. Method. This study researched 67 522 children from 972 public day care centers and preschools. Changes in items were made considering Cronbach’s α and item-to-total correlations. Reliability, dimensionality, and item-to-total correlations were calculated. Results. Regarding dimensionality, 86.2% of the scales in ASQ-BR-2011 were unidimensional. Internal consistency showed improvement from 2010 to 2011: 53.8% of the scales increased the α statistics against 41.2% that decreased, and 5.0% remained the same. Finally, 65.2% of the modified items showed improvement. Conclusions. Overall, the instrument’s psychometrics improved from 2010 to 2011, especially in the personal/social domain. However, it still leaves room for improvement in future studies.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children whose parents do not speak English experience significant disparities in the identification of developmental delays and disorders; however, little is known about the availability and validity of translations of developmental screeners. The goal was to create a map of the scientific evidence regarding translations of the 9 Academy of Pediatrics-recommended screening instruments into languages other than English. METHODS The authors conducted a systematic search of Medline and PsycINFO, references of identified articles, publishers' Web sites, and official manuals. Through evidence mapping, a new methodology supported by AHRQ and the Cochrane Collaboration, the authors documented the extent and distribution of published evidence supporting translations of developmental screeners. Data extraction focused on 3 steps of the translation and validation process: (1) translation methods used, (2) collection of normative data in the target language, and (3) evidence for reliability and validity. RESULTS The authors identified 63 distinct translations among the 9 screeners, of which 44 had supporting evidence published in peer-reviewed sources. Of the 63 translations, 35 had at least some published evidence regarding translation methods used, 28 involving normative data, and 32 regarding reliability and/or construct validity. One-third of the translations found were of the Denver Developmental Screening Test. Specific methods used varied greatly across screeners, as did the level of detail with which results were reported. CONCLUSION Few developmental screeners have been translated into many languages. Evidence map of the authors demonstrates considerable variation in both the amount and the comprehensiveness of information available about translated instruments. Informal guidelines exist for conducting translation of psychometric instruments but not for documentation of this process. The authors propose that uniform guidelines be established for reporting translation research in peer-reviewed journals, similar to those for clinical trials and studies of diagnostic accuracy.
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