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Vaher U, Ilves N, Ilves N, Laugesaar R, Männamaa M, Loorits D, Kool P, Ilves P. Vascular syndrome predicts the development and course of epilepsy after perinatal stroke. Epileptic Disord 2024; 26:471-483. [PMID: 38727601 DOI: 10.1002/epd2.20239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epilepsy develops in one third of the patients after perinatal stroke. It is still unclear which vascular syndrome of ischemic stroke carries higher risk of epilepsy. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the risk of epilepsy according to the vascular syndrome of perinatal stroke. METHODS The study included 39 children with perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (13 with anterior or posterior trunk of the distal middle cerebral artery occlusion, 23 with proximal or distal M1 middle cerebral artery occlusion and three with lenticulostriate arteria infarction), and 44 children with presumed perinatal venous infarction. Magnetic resonance imaging obtained at the chronic stage was used to evaluate the vascular syndrome of stroke. RESULTS The median follow-up time was 15.1 years (95% CI: 12.4-16.5 years), epilepsy developed in 19/83 (22.9%) patients. The cumulative probability to be without epilepsy at 15 years was 75.4% (95% CI: 65.8-86.4). The probability of having epilepsy was higher in the group of proximal or distal M1 artery occlusion compared to patients with periventricular venous infarction (HR 7.2, 95% CI: 2.5-26, p = .0007). Patients with periventricular venous infarction had significantly more often status epilepticus or spike-wave activation in sleep ≥85% of it compared to patients with anterior or posterior trunk of the distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (OR = 81; 95% CI: 1.3-5046, p = .029). SIGNIFICANCE The emphasis of this study is placed on classifying the vascular syndrome of perinatal stroke and on the targeted follow-up of patients for epilepsy until young adulthood. The risk for having epilepsy after perinatal stroke is the highest in children with proximal or distal M1 middle cerebral artery occlusion. Patients with periventricular venous infarction have a more severe course of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulvi Vaher
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Norman Ilves
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Radiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nigul Ilves
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Radiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rael Laugesaar
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mairi Männamaa
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dagmar Loorits
- Radiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pille Kool
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pilvi Ilves
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Radiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
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Pabst L, Hoyt CR, Felling RJ, Smith AE, Harpster K, Pardo AC, Bridge JA, Jiang B, Gehred A, Lo W. Neuroimaging and Neurological Outcomes in Perinatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pediatr Neurol 2024; 157:19-28. [PMID: 38848613 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prediction of outcomes in perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS) is challenging. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether infarct characteristics can predict outcomes in PAIS. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using five databases in January 2023. Studies were included if the sample included children with neonatal or presumed PAIS; if infarct size, location, or laterality was indicated; and if at least one motor, cognitive, or language outcome was reported. The level of evidence and risk of bias were evaluated using the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions tool. Meta-analyses were conducted comparing infarct size or location with neurological outcomes when at least three studies could be analyzed. RESULTS Eighteen full-text articles were included in a systematic review with nine included in meta-analysis. Meta-analyses revealed that small strokes were associated with a lower risk of cerebral palsy/hemiplegia compared with large strokes (risk ratio [RR] = 0.263, P = 0.001) and a lower risk of epilepsy (RR = 0.182, P < 0.001). Middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarcts were not associated with a significantly different risk of cerebral palsy/hemiplegia compared with non-MCA strokes (RR = 1.220, P = 0.337). Bilateral infarcts were associated with a 48% risk of cerebral palsy/hemiplegia, a 26% risk of epilepsy, and a 58% risk of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS Larger stroke size was associated with worse outcomes across multiple domains. Widely heterogeneous reporting of infarct characteristics and outcomes limits the comparison of studies and the analysis of outcomes. More consistent reporting of infarct characteristics and outcomes will be important to advance research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pabst
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Primary Children's Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Catherine R Hoyt
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Department of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ryan J Felling
- Department of Neurology & Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alyssa E Smith
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Karen Harpster
- Division of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Andrea C Pardo
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffrey A Bridge
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Center for Suicide Prevention and Research, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Section, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Alison Gehred
- Nationwide Children's Hospital Library, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Warren Lo
- Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
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Heimgärtner M, Gschaidmeier A, Schnaufer L, Staudt M, Wilke M, Lidzba K. The long-term negative impact of childhood stroke on language. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1338855. [PMID: 38774297 PMCID: PMC11106365 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1338855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to investigate the long-term language outcome in children with unilateral childhood stroke in comparison to those with perinatal strokes and typically developing individuals and to explore the impact of lesion-specific modifiers. Methods We examined nine patients with childhood stroke, acquired between 0;2 and 16;1 years (CHILD; 3 female, median = 13.5 years, 6 left-sided), 23 patients with perinatal strokes (PERI; 11 female, median = 12.5 years, 16 left-sided), and 33 age-matched typically developing individuals (CONTROL; 15 female, median = 12.33 years). The language outcome was assessed using age-appropriate tasks of the Potsdam Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (P-ITPA) or the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). For group comparisons, study-specific language z-scores were calculated. Non-verbal intelligence was assessed using the Test of Non-verbal Intelligence (TONI-4), language lateralization with functional MRI, and lesion size with MRI-based volumetry. Results All four patients with childhood stroke who initially presented with aphasic symptoms recovered from aphasia. Patients with childhood stroke showed significantly lower language scores than those in the control group, but their scores were similar to those of the patients with perinatal stroke, after adjusting for general intelligence (ANCOVA, language z-score CHILD = -0.30, PERI = -0.38, CONTROL = 0.42). Among the patients with childhood stroke, none of the possible modifying factors, including lesion side, correlated significantly with the language outcome. Conclusion Childhood stroke, regardless of the affected hemisphere, can lead to chronic language deficits, even though affected children show a "full recovery." The rehabilitation of children and adolescents with childhood stroke should address language abilities, even after the usually quick resolution of clear aphasic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Heimgärtner
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children’s Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alisa Gschaidmeier
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany
- Division of Neuropediatrics, Development and Rehabilitation, University Children’s Hospital Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schnaufer
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children’s Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- Experimental Pediatric Neuroimaging, Children’s Hospital and Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Staudt
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children’s Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Pediatric Palliative Care, Dr von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marko Wilke
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children’s Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- Experimental Pediatric Neuroimaging, Children’s Hospital and Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karen Lidzba
- Division of Neuropediatrics, Development and Rehabilitation, University Children’s Hospital Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Bektaş Ö, Göktaş ÖA, Atasay B, Teber S. Investigating the Impact on Long-Term Outcomes and the Necessity of Hereditary Thrombophilia Screening in Presumed or Perinatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2024; 30:10760296241231944. [PMID: 38327150 PMCID: PMC10851766 DOI: 10.1177/10760296241231944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the influence of prothrombotic risk factors on long-term outcomes of patients with perinatal arterial ischemic stroke. The study was conducted through an analysis of monitoring results that were regularly maintained for approximately 20 years at a tertiary stroke-monitoring center. The study assessed prothrombotic risk factors, radiological area of involvement, clinical presentation, treatments, clinical outcomes, and long-term outcomes of the 48 patients included in the study, with a mean monitoring time of 77.6 ± 45.7 months (range: 6-204). Our results showed that the presence of prothrombotic risk factors did not affect long-term outcomes. However, patients with middle cerebral artery infarction had the highest risk of developing cerebral palsy, whereas those with presumed stroke had the highest risk of developing epilepsy. This study suggests that prothrombotic risk factors should not be evaluated during the acute stage unless there is a strong suspicion of the patient's history, and prevention or early diagnosis of presumed stroke patients will positively impact their long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Bektaş
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özben Akıncı Göktaş
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Begüm Atasay
- Department of Neonatology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serap Teber
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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Vaher U, Ilves N, Ilves N, Laugesaar R, Männamaa M, Loorits D, Kool P, Ilves P. The thalamus and basal ganglia are smaller in children with epilepsy after perinatal stroke. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1252472. [PMID: 37840930 PMCID: PMC10568465 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1252472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is one of the most serious consequences of perinatal stroke. Epilepsy itself has been proposed as a risk factor for impaired cognitive, language, and behavioral functioning. It is still unclear which children develop epilepsy after perinatal stroke. The current study aimed to evaluate the volume of the thalamus and the basal ganglia in children after perinatal stroke in relation to poststroke epilepsy. Methods The follow-up study included 29 children with perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (AIS), 33 children with presumed periventricular venous infarction (PVI), and 46 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in children between the ages of 4 and 18 years, and volumetric analysis by segmentation was used to evaluate the size of the thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens. Results During a median follow-up time of 12.8 years [interquartile range (IQR): 10.8-17.3] in the AIS group and 12.5 years (IQR: 9.3-14.8) in the PVI group (p = 0.32), epilepsy developed in 10 children (34.5%) with AIS and in 4 (12.1%) children with PVI, p = 0.036 [odds ratio (OR) = 3.8, 95%, confidence interval (CI): 1.04-14]. Epilepsy and interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) without clinical seizures were more often expressed in children with AIS (n = 16, 55%) than in children with PVI (n = 7, 21.2%), p = 0.0057 (OR = 3.8 95% CI: 1.04-14). In the AIS group, the ipsilesional and contralesional thalamus, ipsilesional caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens were significantly smaller in children with epilepsy compared to children without epilepsy. In the PVI group, the ipsilesional thalamus, caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens were smaller in the pooled group of epilepsy plus IED alone compared to children without epilepsy. Conclusion In children with AIS, epilepsy or IED occurred more often compared to children with PVI. Both patients with AIS and PVI with severe damage to the basal ganglia and the thalamus have a higher risk of developing poststroke epilepsy and should be monitored more closely throughout childhood to initiate timely antiseizure medication and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulvi Vaher
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Norman Ilves
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nigul Ilves
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Radiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rael Laugesaar
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mairi Männamaa
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dagmar Loorits
- Radiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pille Kool
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pilvi Ilves
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Radiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
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Ilves N, Pajusalu S, Kahre T, Laugesaar R, Šamarina U, Loorits D, Kool P, Ilves P. High Prevalence of Collagenopathies in Preterm- and Term-Born Children With Periventricular Venous Hemorrhagic Infarction. J Child Neurol 2023; 38:373-388. [PMID: 37427422 PMCID: PMC10467006 DOI: 10.1177/08830738231186233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic risk factors in term-born children with antenatal periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI), presumed antenatal periventricular venous infarction and periventricular hemorrhagic infarction in preterm neonates. METHODS Genetic analysis and magnetic resonance imaging were performed in 85 children: term-born children (≥36 gestational weeks) with antenatal periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (n = 6) or presumed antenatal (n = 40) periventricular venous infarction and preterm children (<36 gestational weeks) with periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (n = 39). Genetic testing was performed using exome or large gene panel (n = 6700 genes) sequencing. RESULTS Pathogenic variants associated with stroke were found in 11 of 85 (12.9%) children with periventricular hemorrhagic infarction/periventricular venous infarction. Among the pathogenic variants, COL4A1/A2 and COL5A1 variants were found in 7 of 11 (63%) children. Additionally, 2 children had pathogenic variants associated with coagulopathy, whereas 2 other children had other variants associated with stroke. Children with collagenopathies had significantly more often bilateral multifocal stroke with severe white matter loss and diffuse hyperintensities in the white matter, moderate to severe hydrocephalus, moderate to severe decrease in size of the ipsilesional basal ganglia and thalamus compared to children with periventricular hemorrhagic infarction/periventricular venous infarction without genetic changes in the studied genes (P ≤ .01). Severe motor deficit and epilepsy developed more often in children with collagenopathies compared to children without genetic variants (P = .0013, odds ratio [OR] = 233, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.8-531; and P = .025, OR = 7.3, 95% CI: 1.3-41, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Children with periventricular hemorrhagic infarction/periventricular venous infarction have high prevalence of pathogenic variants in collagene genes (COL4A1/A2 and COL5A1). Genetic testing should be considered for all children with periventricular hemorrhagic infarction/periventricular venous infarction; COL4A1/A2 and COL5A1/A2 genes should be investigated first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Ilves
- Radiology Clinic of Tartu University Hospital; Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sander Pajusalu
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiina Kahre
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rael Laugesaar
- Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ustina Šamarina
- Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dagmar Loorits
- Department of Radiology, Radiology Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pille Kool
- Department of Radiology, Radiology Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pilvi Ilves
- Radiology Clinic of Tartu University Hospital; Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Rubio Atienza Y, Ibiza Palacios E, del Peral Samaniego MP, Álvarez Montañana P, Molina Corbacho M, Modesto i Alapont V. Intraparenchymal brain hemorrhage due to rupture of aneurysm in infants: report of two cases. EGYPTIAN PEDIATRIC ASSOCIATION GAZETTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43054-022-00111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Cerebral or brain hemorrhage due to the rupture of intracranial aneurysms is extremely rare in pediatric population. The aim of our work is to describe two cases in children and to review the existent bibliography about this issue.
Case presentation
Both of our patients presented with nonspecific symptoms and subsequent neurological deficit. The brain imaging test revealed intraparenchymal hemorrhage. In both cases, the aneurysm was located at the distal portion of the middle cerebral artery. Surgical intervention was needed, clipping the aneurysm due to the impossibility of intravascular embolization. After the surgery, one patient presented with persistent hydrocephalus secondary to intraventricular hemorrhage, requiring the placement of a cerebrospinal fluid shunt. Over time, the child presented with refractory epilepsy compatible with West syndrome. The second patient did not present postoperative complications but died suddenly 2 months after.
Conclusions
Our two patients presented with a middle cerebral artery aneurysm at the distal level, which seems to be the most frequent location according to literature. The correct diagnosis can be delayed because of the nonspecific initial symptoms, as occurred in one of our patients with a delay of 3 days from the onset of symptoms. In both patients, surgical treatment was preferred over endovascular treatment, due to the anatomical characteristics of the aneurysm and the patient’s age.
Torpid evolution is also described, with one of our patients dying at 2 months, probably due to rebleeding, and the other suffering right hemiparesis and epilepsy compatible with West syndrome.
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Ilves N, Laugesaar R, Rull K, Metsvaht T, Lintrop M, Laan M, Loorits D, Kool P, Ilves P. Maternal Pyelonephritis as a Potential Cause of Perinatal Periventricular Venous Infarction in Term-Born Children. J Child Neurol 2022; 37:677-688. [PMID: 35821576 DOI: 10.1177/08830738221109340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The study was designed to assess the prevalence of pregnancy and delivery associated risk factors in children suffering from neonatal or presumed periventricular venous infarction. Methods: Antenatal records and pregnancy outcome data were retrospectively assessed in children with presumed periventricular venous infarction (n = 43, born ≥36 gestational weeks) or neonatal periventricular venous infarction (n = 86, born <36 gestational weeks) and compared to a matched control group (n = 2168, ≥36 gestational weeks) from a prospective study. Results: Children with presumed periventricular venous infarction had significantly more maternal bacterial infections compared to the control group (47% vs 20%, respectively, P < .001), whereas no difference was found compared to the neonatal periventricular venous infarction group (49%, P = .80). Mothers with bacterial infection in the presumed periventricular venous infarction group had significantly more often pyelonephritis compared to the control group (50% vs 3.4%, respectively, P < .001). Conclusions: Our data show an increased risk for developing periventricular venous infarction in the case of maternal bacterial infections, especially between gestational weeks 21 and 31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Ilves
- 37544Radiology Clinic of Tartu University Hospital; Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, 37546University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rael Laugesaar
- 37544Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, 37546University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Rull
- 37544Women's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital; Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine; University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Metsvaht
- 37544Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Clinic of Tartu University Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, 37546University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mare Lintrop
- 37544Radiology Clinic of Tartu University Hospital; Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, 37546University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maris Laan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine; 37544University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dagmar Loorits
- 37544Radiology Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pille Kool
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pilvi Ilves
- 37544Radiology Clinic of Tartu University Hospital; Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, 37546University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Khan U, Watson R, Pearse JE, Irwin L, Rapley T, Basu AP. Grappling with uncertainty - Experiences of parents of infants following perinatal stroke. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 124:104201. [PMID: 35227987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The term perinatal stroke describes focal damage to the developing brain due to cerebrovascular disease and occurring either before or shortly after birth. Aetiology, presentation and evolution differ from stroke in adults. AIMS We aimed to explore early parental experiences related to having a child with perinatal stroke, including how parental psychological wellbeing had been impacted, to consider how support for families could be improved. METHODS AND PROCEDURES We undertook a qualitative research study, using in-depth interviews of parents of infants with perinatal stroke when the infants were 5-6 months corrected gestational age. Sixteen parents (11 female, 5 male) of 11 infants with perinatal stroke took part. Thematic analysis was used in data interpretation. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Parents described distress related to the lack of information regarding likely outcome following perinatal stroke, as well as confusion around the term 'stroke'. Guilt and self-blame were expressed, with increased emotional sensitivity. Seeking information about stroke to reduce uncertainty was a useful strategy for some, but overwhelming for others. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The diagnosis of perinatal stroke led to psychological distress in parents. Uncertainty following diagnosis produced significant emotional difficulties. Recommendations for practice include providing timely, paced information and psychological support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umme Khan
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Rose Watson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Janice Elizabeth Pearse
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, UK; Therapy Services, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - Tim Rapley
- Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Northumbria University, UK
| | - Anna Purna Basu
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, UK; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Great North Childrens Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Ilves N, Männamaa M, Laugesaar R, Ilves N, Loorits D, Vaher U, Kool P, Ilves P. Language lateralization and outcome in perinatal stroke patients with different vascular types. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2022; 228:105108. [PMID: 35334446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2022.105108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal stroke affects child's language development and can change language lateralization. Language generation and comprehension tasks in functional magnetic resonance imaging were used to determine language lateralization in term born children with perinatal left-side arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) (n = 9, mean age (SD) 13.4 (3.1) y.) and periventricular venous infarction (PVI) (n = 12, 11.8 (2.8) y.), and in healthy right-handed controls (n = 30, 11.6 (2.6) y.). Lateralization index was calculated for the Broca and Wernicke areas and correlated with language and cognitive outcomes measured by the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children II ed. Language outcome in children with perinatal stroke is poorer compared to healthy controls. Children with small AIS lesions and most children with PVI showed left-side language activation. Most children with large AIS lesions and one child with large PVI had language activation reorganized to the right hemisphere. Language reorganization to the unlesioned right hemisphere did not ensure normal language outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigul Ilves
- Radiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Radiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mairi Männamaa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rael Laugesaar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Norman Ilves
- Radiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Radiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dagmar Loorits
- Department of Radiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ulvi Vaher
- Department of Radiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pille Kool
- Department of Radiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pilvi Ilves
- Radiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Radiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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11
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Ilves N, Lõo S, Ilves N, Laugesaar R, Loorits D, Kool P, Talvik T, Ilves P. Ipsilesional volume loss of basal ganglia and thalamus is associated with poor hand function after ischemic perinatal stroke. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:23. [PMID: 35022000 PMCID: PMC8753896 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02550-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal stroke (PS) is the leading cause of hemiparetic cerebral palsy (CP). Involvement of the corticospinal tract on neonatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is predictive of motor outcome in patients with hemiparetic CP. However, early MRI is not available in patients with delayed presentation of PS and prediction of hemiparesis severity remains a challenge. AIMS To evaluate the volumes of the basal ganglia, amygdala, thalamus, and hippocampus following perinatal ischemic stroke in relation to hand motor function in children with a history of PS and to compare the volumes of subcortical structures in children with PS and in healthy controls. METHODS Term born PS children with arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) (n = 16) and with periventricular venous infarction (PVI) (n = 18) were recruited from the Estonian Pediatric Stroke Database. MRI was accuired during childhood (4-18 years) and the volumes of the basal ganglia, thalamus, amygdala and hippocampus were calculated. The results of stroke patients were compared to the results of 42 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Affected hand function was evaluated by Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA) and classified by the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS). RESULTS Compared to the control group, children with AIS had smaller volumes of the ipsi- and contralesional thalami, ipsilesional globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens and hippocampus (p < 0.005). Affected hand function in children with AIS was correlated with smaller ipsilesional thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus, hippocampus, amygdala and contralesional amygdala (r > 0.5; p < 0.05) and larger volume of the contralesional putamen and hippocampus (r < - 0.5; p < 0.05). In children with PVI, size of the ipsilesional caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, thalamus (p ≤ 0.001) and hippocampus (p < 0.03) was smaller compared to controls. Smaller volume of the ipsi- and contralesional thalami and ipsilesional caudate nucleus was correlated with affected hand function (r > 0.55; p < 0.05) in children with PVI. CONCLUSIONS Smaller volume of ipsilesional thalamus was associated with poor affected hand function regardless of the perinatal stroke subtype. The pattern of correlation between hand function and volume differences in the other subcortical structures varied between children with PVI and AIS. Evaluation of subcortical structures is important in predicting motor outcome following perinatal stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigul Ilves
- Radiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.
- Department of Radiology, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Silva Lõo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of Helsinki; Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Norman Ilves
- Radiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Radiology, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rael Laugesaar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dagmar Loorits
- Radiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pille Kool
- Department of Radiology, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiina Talvik
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pilvi Ilves
- Radiology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Radiology, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
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12
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Larsen N, Craig BT, Hilderley AJ, Virani S, Murias K, Brooks BL, Kirton A, Carlson HL. Frontal interhemispheric structural connectivity, attention, and executive function in children with perinatal stroke. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2433. [PMID: 34825521 PMCID: PMC8785614 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal stroke affects ∼1 in 1000 births and concomitant cognitive impairments are common but poorly understood. Rates of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are increased 5-10× and executive dysfunction can be disabling. We used diffusion imaging to investigate whether stroke-related differences in frontal white matter (WM) relate to cognitive impairments. Anterior forceps were isolated using tractography and sampled along the tract. Resulting metrics quantified frontal WM microstructure. Associations between WM metrics and parent ratings of ADHD symptoms (ADHD-5 rating scale) and executive functioning (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF)) were explored. Eighty-three children were recruited (arterial ischemic stroke [AIS] n = 26; periventricular venous infarction [PVI] n = 26; controls n = 31). WM metrics were altered for stroke groups compared to controls. Along-tract analyses showed differences in WM metrics in areas approximating the lesion as well as more remote differences at midline and in the nonlesioned hemisphere. WM metrics correlated with parental ratings of ADHD and executive function such that higher diffusivity values were associated with poorer function. These findings suggest that underlying microstructure of frontal white matter quantified via tractography may provide a relevant biomarker associated with cognition and behavior in children with perinatal stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Larsen
- Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada
| | - Brandon T Craig
- Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Alicia J Hilderley
- Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Shane Virani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kara Murias
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Brian L Brooks
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Adam Kirton
- Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Helen L Carlson
- Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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13
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Elgendy MM, Puthuraya S, LoPiccolo C, Liu W, Aly H, Karnati S. Neonatal stroke: Clinical characteristics and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Pediatr Neonatol 2022; 63:41-47. [PMID: 34509386 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal stroke can potentially result in significant neurological sequelae in affected infants. Studies on neurodevelopmental outcomes and the need for rehabilitation therapies in the first two years are limited. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, diagnostic evaluation, and neurodevelopmental outcomes of a cohort of infants with neonatal stroke. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of infants with neonatal stroke, from 2011 to 2020. Maternal and infant characteristics were described. Placental pathology, echocardiogram results, and prothrombotic evaluations were reported. The neurodevelopmental outcomes using Bayley scale of infant development (BSID III), rates of epilepsy and cerebral palsy, and the need for rehabilitation therapies at two years were described. RESULTS During the study period, 55 infants had neonatal stroke. Majority (93%) were term or late preterm infants. Maternal chorioamnionitis and perinatal HIE were diagnosed in about a third of the infants. Most (66%) of the infants presented with seizures. On brain MRI, the lesions were unilateral in 76% and arterial in origin in 86% of the infants. Meconium exposure (42%), intrauterine inflammation/infection (37%) and fetal vascular malperfusion (16%) were seen on placental histopathology. At two-year BSID III assessment, median (min, max) composite cognitive, language, and motor scores were 100 (55-145), 97 (47-124), and 100 (46-141), respectively. Among this cohort, epilepsy (27%), cerebral palsy (16%) and the need for rehabilitation therapies (physical -24%, occupational -18%, speech -21%) were reported at two years. CONCLUSION Neonatal stroke presented commonly in term or late preterm infants with seizures. It was unilateral and arterial in origin in most infants. Maternal chorioamnionitis and perinatal HIE were the most commonly associated conditions at birth. About one-fifth of the infants had mild or severe developmental delays at two years. Epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and need for rehabilitation therapies were noted in a significant proportion of infants at two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Elgendy
- Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Subhash Puthuraya
- Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Carmela LoPiccolo
- Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OHio, USA
| | - Hany Aly
- Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sreenivas Karnati
- Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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14
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Yang N, He X, Yin C, Zhao L. Clinical analysis of 33 cases with neonatal cerebral infarction. Pak J Med Sci 2021; 37:1800-1807. [PMID: 34912398 PMCID: PMC8613021 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.37.7.4720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of neonatal cerebral infarction (NCI) to further improve the understanding of the disease. Methods: Clinical data and follow-up results of 33 cases of NCI in neonatal intensive care unit of a first-class hospital from September 2009 to September 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: All 33 patients were diagnosed with NCI by MRI. Among them, 31 cases (93.94%) were full-term infants, 25 cases (75.76%) were mother’s first birth, and 18 (54.55%) cases were males. Pregnancy complications were reported in 18 cases (54.55%), and 19 cases (57.58%) had perinatal hypoxia history. Seizures were the most common first symptom and clinical manifestation in the course of disease (81.8%). There were 27 cases (81.82%) of patent foramen ovale (PFO) among NCI cohort. Ischemic cerebral infarction occurred in 32 cases (96.97%). The middle cerebral artery and its branches were more frequently involved, mainly on the left side. The acute stage of NCI was managed by symptomatic support treatment, and the recovery stage involved mainly rehabilitation treatment. Among the 33 cases, five cases were lost to follow-up, two patients died, 26 patients survived without complications, one case had cerebral palsy, one case had language retardation, and six cases had dyskinesia. Poor prognosis was associated with the involvement of deep gray matter nuclei or multiple lobes, and intrapartum complications. Vaginal mode of delivery and longer hospital stay were associated with better prognosis. Conclusions: Complications leading to placental circulation disorder during pregnancy and perinatal hypoxia are common high-risk factors of NCI. The seizure is the most common clinical manifestation. There is a possible correlation between PFO and NCI. Involvement of deep gray matter or multiple lobes and intrapartum complications may indicate poor prognosis, while vaginal delivery and prolonged hospitalizations are associated with better prognosis of NCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Ning Yang, Neonatal Department, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou 253000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojun He
- Xiaojun He, Neonate Department, Ningjin County People's Hospital, Dezhou 253400, Shandong, China
| | - Cuixia Yin
- Cuixia Yin, Neonate Department, Ningjin County People's Hospital, Dezhou 253400, Shandong, China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Lihua Zhao, Neonate Department, Ningjin County People's Hospital, Dezhou 253400, Shandong, China
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15
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Perinatal stroke: mapping and modulating developmental plasticity. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:415-432. [PMID: 34127850 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Most cases of hemiparetic cerebral palsy are caused by perinatal stroke, resulting in lifelong disability for millions of people. However, our understanding of how the motor system develops following such early unilateral brain injury is increasing. Tools such as neuroimaging and brain stimulation are generating informed maps of the unique motor networks that emerge following perinatal stroke. As a focal injury of defined timing in an otherwise healthy brain, perinatal stroke represents an ideal human model of developmental plasticity. Here, we provide an introduction to perinatal stroke epidemiology and outcomes, before reviewing models of developmental plasticity after perinatal stroke. We then examine existing therapeutic approaches, including constraint, bimanual and other occupational therapies, and their potential synergy with non-invasive neurostimulation. We end by discussing the promise of exciting new therapies, including novel neurostimulation, brain-computer interfaces and robotics, all focused on improving outcomes after perinatal stroke.
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16
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Dunbar MJ, Woodward K, Leijser LM, Kirton A. Antenatal diagnosis of fetal intraventricular hemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 2021; 63:144-155. [PMID: 33094492 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine how the severity of antenatally diagnosed germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) relates to morbidity and mortality, and to explore potential risk factors. METHOD We conducted a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of antenatally diagnosed fetal GMH-IVH. The primary outcomes were mortality and morbidity. Potential associations with clinical factors during pregnancy were explored. Analysis employed Fisher's exact test and logistic regression. RESULTS We included 240 cases from 80 studies. Presence of venous infarction was associated with mortality (odds ratio [OR] 4.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-13.25), motor impairment (OR 103.2, 95% CI 8.6-1238), epilepsy (OR 6.46, 95% CI 2.64-16.06), and developmental delay (OR 8.55, 95% CI 2.12-48.79). Shunt placement was associated with gestational age at GMH-IVH diagnosis and in utero progression. Many cases had uncomplicated pregnancies but possible co-occurring conditions included twin gestation, small for gestational age, and congenital anomalies. INTERPRETATION Severity of fetal GMH-IVH, specifically venous infarction, is associated with overall mortality and morbidity. Risk factors for fetal GMH-IVH are poorly understood and controlled studies are required. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Preterm germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) grading can be applied to fetuses. Many fetal germinal matrix hemorrhages occur in otherwise typical pregnancies. Half of fetuses with post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation receive a shunt after delivery. Fetuses with grade I or II GMH-IVH have few sequelae. Fetuses with periventricular hemorrhagic infarction have a high burden of motor impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Dunbar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Clinician Investigator Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kristine Woodward
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lara M Leijser
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adam Kirton
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Gschaidmeier A, Heimgärtner M, Schnaufer L, Hernáiz Driever P, Wilke M, Lidzba K, Staudt M. Non-verbal Intelligence in Unilateral Perinatal Stroke Patients With and Without Epilepsies. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:660096. [PMID: 34136439 PMCID: PMC8200455 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.660096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The risk factors for impaired cognitive development after unilateral perinatal stroke are poorly understood. Non-verbal intelligence seems to be at particular risk, since language can shift to the right hemisphere and may thereby reduce the capacity of the right hemisphere for its originary functions. Pharmaco-refractory epilepsies, a frequent complication of perinatal strokes, often lead to impaired intelligence. Yet, the role of well-controlled epilepsies is less well-understood. Here, we investigated whether well-controlled epilepsies, motor impairment, lesion size, lesion side, and lateralization of language functions influence non-verbal functions. Methods: We recruited 8 patients with well-controlled epilepsies (9-26 years), 15 patients without epilepsies (8-23 years), and 23 healthy controls (8-27 years). All underwent the Test of Non-verbal Intelligence, a motor-independent test, which excludes biased results due to motor impairment. Language lateralization was determined with functional MRI, lesion size with MRI-based volumetry, and hand motor impairment with the Jebson-Taylor Hand Function-Test. Results: Patients with epilepsies showed significantly impaired non-verbal intelligence [Md = 89.5, interquartile range (IQR) = 13.5] compared with controls (Md = 103, IQR = 17). In contrast, patients without epilepsies (Md = 97, IQR = 15.0) performed within the range of typically developing children. A multiple regression analysis revealed only epilepsy as a significant risk factor for impaired non-verbal functions. Conclusion: In patients with unilateral perinatal strokes without epilepsies, the neuroplastic potential of one healthy hemisphere is able to support the development of normal non-verbal cognitive abilities, regardless of lesion size, lesion side, or language lateralization. In contrast, epilepsy substantially reduces this neuroplastic potential; even seizure-free patients exhibit below-average non-verbal cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Gschaidmeier
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.,Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Magdalena Heimgärtner
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Schnaufer
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.,Experimental Pediatric Neuroimaging, Children's Hospital and Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pablo Hernáiz Driever
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marko Wilke
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.,Experimental Pediatric Neuroimaging, Children's Hospital and Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karen Lidzba
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.,Division of Neuropediatrics, Development, and Rehabilitation, University Children's Hospital Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Staudt
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.,Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany
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18
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Fluss J, Lidzba K. Cognitive and academic profiles in children with cerebral palsy: A narrative review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2020; 63:447-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Aoki H, Fujino M, Arai I, Yasuhara H, Ebisu R, Ohgitani A, Minowa H. The efficacy of routine brain MRI for term neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 35:2932-2935. [PMID: 32865058 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1814240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The efficacy of routine brain MRI for term infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) has not been well studied. This study aimed to investigate the types and frequencies of abnormal findings on routine brain MRI and the predictors of abnormality for term infants in an NICU setting. METHODS We examined the results of routine brain MRI of 239 term infants who were hospitalized in the NICU. Data on the perinatal factors were also collected, and the association with MRI abnormalities was assessed. RESULTS Of the 239 MRI scans, we found abnormal findings in 52 (21.8%) patients. Intracranial hemorrhage accounted for 74% of the abnormal findings, including subdural, intraparenchymal, cerebellar, and subependymal hemorrhages. Twenty-six percent of these were ischemic lesions, including cerebral infarction, white matter abnormal intensities, and cystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Five (2.1%) MRI scans required detailed examination or were known to be associated with a poor neurological prognosis. No patient needed treatment for the findings. An Apgar score ≤7 points at 5 min was identified as a perinatal factor significantly associated with abnormal MRI findings (adjusted OR = 3.034, 95% CI: 1.107-8.315, p = .031). CONCLUSION The efficacy of routine brain MRI for term infants admitted to the NICU was limited. Routine brain MRI is not recommended for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosato Aoki
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara, Japan
| | - Maho Fujino
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Arai
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara, Japan
| | - Hajime Yasuhara
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara, Japan
| | - Reiko Ebisu
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara, Japan
| | - Ayako Ohgitani
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara, Japan
| | - Hideki Minowa
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara, Japan
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