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Thornton SK, Hoare DJ, Yates AM, Willis KR, Scutt P, Kitterick PT, Dixit A, Jayasinghe DS. UK and US risk factors for hearing loss in neonatal intensive care unit infants. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0291847. [PMID: 39047012 PMCID: PMC11268654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Early detection and intervention of hearing loss may mitigate negative effects on children's development. Children who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) as babies are particularly susceptible to hearing loss and risk factors are vital for surveillance. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS This single-centre retrospective cohort study included data from 142 inborn infants who had been admitted to the NICU in a tertiary regional referral centre. Data were recorded for 71 infants with confirmed permanent congenital hearing loss hearing loss. To determine impact of NICU admission independently of prematurity, babies were individually matched with 71 inborn infants on gestational age, birthweight, and sex. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Neonatal indicators were recorded for all children with permanent congenital hearing loss. Presence of UK and US risk factors for hearing loss were collected on the neonatal population with hearing loss and for the matched controls. RESULTS A fifth (21%) of babies with hearing loss had one or more UK risk factors whereas most (86%) had at least one US risk factor. False positives would be evident if US factors were used whereas the matched controls had no UK risk factors. Ten babies who at birth had no UK or US risk factors did not have any significant neonatal indicators identified in their records, one was ventilated for one day and two had a genetic anomaly. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Current risk factors for hearing loss we identified for follow-up in this high-risk group are highly specific for congenital hearing loss. UK risk factors were highly specific for hearing loss but not sensitive and conversely, US risk factors are sensitive but not specific so false positives would be recorded. A national study of neonatal indicators could provide the utility to test which combinations of risk factors provide high sensitivity without losing specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally K. Thornton
- Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J. Hoare
- Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alice M. Yates
- Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karen R. Willis
- The Children’s Audiology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Polly Scutt
- Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Padraig T. Kitterick
- Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abhijit Dixit
- Clinical Genetics, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dulip S. Jayasinghe
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Pawale D, Fursule A, Tan J, Wagh D, Patole S, Rao S. Prevalence of hearing impairment in neonatal encephalopathy due to hypoxia-ischemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03261-w. [PMID: 38769399 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03261-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review was undertaken to estimate the overall prevalence of hearing impairment in survivors of neonatal HIE. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, EMCARE and Cochrane databases, mednar (gray literature) were searched till January 2023. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies were included. The main outcome was estimation of overall prevalence of hearing impairment in survivors of HIE. RESULTS A total of 71studies (5821 infants assessed for hearing impairment) were included of which 56 were from high income countries (HIC) and 15 from low- or middle-income countries (LMIC). Overall prevalence rate of hearing impairment in cooled infants was 5% (95% CI: 3-6%, n = 4868) and 3% (95% CI: 1-6%, n = 953) in non-cooled HIE infants. The prevalence rate in cooled HIE infants in LMICs was 7% (95% CI: 2-15%) and in HICs was 4% (95% CI: 3-5%). The prevalence rate in non-cooled HIE infants in LMICs was 8% (95% CI: 2-17%) and HICs was 2% (95% CI: 0-4%). CONCLUSIONS These results would be useful for counseling parents, and in acting as benchmark when comparing institutional data, and while monitoring future RCTs testing new interventions in HIE. There is a need for more data from LMICs and standardization of reporting hearing impairment. IMPACT The overall prevalence rate of hearing impairment in cooled infants with HIE was 5% (95% CI: 3-6%) and 3% (95% CI: 1-6%) in the non-cooled infants. The prevalence rate in cooled HIE infants in LMICs was 7% (95% CI: 2-15%) and in HICs was 4% (95% CI: 3-5%). The prevalence rate in non-cooled HIE infants in LMICs was 8% (95% CI: 2-17%) and HICs was 2% (95% CI: 0-4%). These results would be useful for counseling parents, and in acting as benchmark when comparing institutional data, and while monitoring future RCTs testing new interventions in HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Pawale
- Department of Neonatology, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anurag Fursule
- Department of Neonatology, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jason Tan
- Department of Neonatology, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Deepika Wagh
- Department of Neonatology, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Sanjay Patole
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Neonatology, King Edwards Memorial Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Shripada Rao
- Department of Neonatology, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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Hemmingsen D, Moster D, Engdahl B, Klingenberg C. Hearing impairment after asphyxia and neonatal encephalopathy: a Norwegian population-based study. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:1163-1172. [PMID: 37991501 PMCID: PMC10950958 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between perinatal asphyxia, neonatal encephalopathy, and childhood hearing impairment. This is a population-based study including all Norwegian infants born ≥ 36 weeks gestation between 1999 and 2014 and alive at 2 years (n = 866,232). Data was linked from five national health registries with follow-up through 2019. Perinatal asphyxia was defined as need for neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission and an Apgar 5-min score of 4-6 (moderate) or 0-3 (severe). We coined infants with seizures and an Apgar 5-min score < 7 as neonatal encephalopathy with seizures. Infants who received therapeutic hypothermia were considered to have moderate-severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The reference group for comparisons were non-admitted infants with Apgar 5-min score ≥ 7. We used logistic regression models and present data as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The aOR for hearing impairment was increased in all infants admitted to NICU: moderate asphyxia aOR 2.2 (95% CI 1.7-2.9), severe asphyxia aOR 5.2 (95% CI 3.6-7.5), neonatal encephalopathy with seizures aOR 7.0 (95% CI 2.6-19.0), and moderate-severe HIE aOR 10.7 (95% CI 5.3-22.0). However, non-admitted infants with Apgar 5-min scores < 7 did not have increased OR of hearing impairment. The aOR for hearing impairment for individual Apgar 5-min scores in NICU infants increased with decreasing Apgar scores and was 13.6 (95% CI 5.9-31.3) when the score was 0. Conclusions: An Apgar 5-min score < 7 in combination with NICU admission is an independent risk factor for hearing impairment. Children with moderate-severe HIE had the highest risk for hearing impairment. What is Known: • Perinatal asphyxia and neonatal encephalopathy are associated with an increased risk of hearing impairment. • The strength of the association, and how other co-morbidities affect the risk of hearing impairment, is poorly defined. What is New: • Among neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), decreased Apgar 5-min scores, and increased severity of neonatal encephalopathy, were associated with a gradual rise in risk of hearing impairment. • Neonates with an Apgar 5-min score 7, but without NICU admission, did not have an increased risk of hearing impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagny Hemmingsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of North Norway, N-9038, Tromsø, Norway.
- Paediatric Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Dag Moster
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bo Engdahl
- Department of Physical Health and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claus Klingenberg
- Paediatric Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Puzone S, Diplomatico M, Caredda E, Maietta A, Miraglia Del Giudice E, Montaldo P. Hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia in neonatal encephalopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2023; 109:18-25. [PMID: 37316160 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-325592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia represent the most common metabolic problem in neonates, there is still uncertainty regarding the effects of glucose homoeostasis on the neurological outcomes of infants with neonatal encephalopathy (NE). OBJECTIVE To systematically investigate the association between neonatal hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia with adverse outcome in children who suffered from NE. STUDY SELECTION We searched Pubmed, Embase and Web of Science databases to identify studies which reported prespecified outcomes and compared infants with NE who had been exposed to neonatal hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia with infants not exposed. DATA ANALYSIS We assessed the risk of bias (ROBINS-I), quality of evidence (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE)) for each of the studies. RevMan was used for meta-analysis (inverse variance, fixed effects). MAIN OUTCOME Death or neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months of age or later. RESULTS 82 studies were screened, 28 reviewed in full and 12 included. Children who were exposed to neonatal hypoglycaemia had higher odds of neurodevelopmental impairment or death (6 studies, 685 infants; 40.6% vs 25.4%; OR=2.17, 95% CI 1.46 to 3.25; p=0.0001). Neonatal exposure to hyperglycaemia was associated with death or neurodisability at 18 months or later (7 studies, 807 infants; 46.1% vs 28.0%; OR=3.07, 95% CI 2.17 to 4.35; p<0.00001). These findings were confirmed in the subgroup analysis, which included only the infants who underwent therapeutic hypothermia. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that neonatal hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia may be associated with the neurodevelopmental outcome later on in infants with NE. Further studies with long-term follow-up are needed to optimise the metabolic management of these high-risk infants. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022368870.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Puzone
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Diplomatico
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, AORN San Giuseppe Moscati, Avellino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Caredda
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maietta
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Montaldo
- Imperial Neonatal Service, Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Polise O, Newberry D. The Use of Cerebral Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Adv Neonatal Care 2023; 23:547-554. [PMID: 38038671 DOI: 10.1097/anc.0000000000001114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy (cNIRS) is a noninvasive technology used to trend cerebral perfusion at the bedside. cNIRS has potential as a valuable tool in the evaluation of infants with suspected hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Trending cerebral perfusion with cNIRS can provide information regarding cerebral metabolism as HIE is evolving, which may offer insight into the extent of brain injury. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the use of cNIRS as a neurocritical tool in the management of neonatal HIE by evaluating its ability to detect acute neurological compromise, including acute brain injury and seizure activity, as well as its potential to identify infants at high risk for long-term neurodevelopmental impairment. METHODS A literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases to review articles investigating cNIRS technology in the acute management of HIE. RESULTS Eight studies were identified and included in this systematic review. Correlations were observed between cNIRS trends and neurological outcomes as later detected by MRI. cNIRS has potential as a bedside neuromonitoring tool in the management of HIE to detect infants at high risk for brain injury. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Existing research supports the value of trending cNIRS in HIE management. Documented normal cNIRS values for both term and preterm infants in the first few days of life is approximately 60% to 80%. A steadily increasing cNIRS reading above an infant's baseline and a value of more than 90% should prompt further evaluation and concern for significant neurological injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Polise
- Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina
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Ni K, Liu H, Lai K, Shen L, Li X, Wang J, Shi H. Upregulation of A-type potassium channels suppresses neuronal excitability in hypoxic neonatal mice. FEBS J 2023; 290:4092-4106. [PMID: 37059697 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal excitability is a critical feature of central nervous system development, playing a fundamental role in the functional maturation of brain regions, including the hippocampus, cerebellum, auditory and visual systems. The present study aimed to determine the mechanism by which hypoxia causes brain dysfunction through perturbation of neuronal excitability in a hypoxic neonatal mouse model. Functional brain development was assessed in humans using the Gesell Development Diagnosis Scale. In mice, gene transcription was evaluated via mRNA sequencing and quantitative PCR; furthermore, patch clamp recordings assessed potassium currents. Clinical observations revealed disrupted functional brain development in 6- and 18-month-old hypoxic neonates, and those born with normal hearing screening unexpectedly exhibited impaired central auditory function at 3 months. In model mice, CA1 pyramidal neurons exhibited reduced spontaneous activity, largely induced by excitatory synaptic input suppression, despite the elevated membrane excitability of hypoxic neurons compared to that of control neurons. In hypoxic neurons, Kcnd3 gene transcription was upregulated, confirming upregulated hippocampal Kv 4.3 expression. A-type potassium currents were enhanced, and Kv 4.3 participated in blocking excitatory presynaptic inputs. Elevated Kv 4.3 activity in pyramidal neurons under hypoxic conditions inhibited excitatory presynaptic inputs and further decreased neuronal excitability, disrupting functional brain development in hypoxic neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanwei Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Lai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiping Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Hearing loss is one of the most common congenital defects in infancy; it increases speech and language delays and adversely affects academic achievement and socialemotional development. The risk of hearing loss in premature infants is higher than that in normal newborns, and because of the fragility of the auditory nervous system, it is more vulnerable to different risk factors. The hearing screening guidelines in current use were proposed by the American Academy of Pediatrics and updated in 2007, but there are no uniform guidelines for hearing screening in preterm infants. This review focuses on the risk factors related to hearing loss in premature infants, hearing screening strategies, and reasons for failure. The aim is to provide a more comprehensive understanding of hearing development in preterm infants to achieve early detection and early intervention. At the same time, attention should be paid to delayed auditory maturation in preterm infants to avoid excessive intervention. KEY POINTS: · Hearing loss is very common in infancy, especially in premature infants.. · Genetic factors, infection, hyperbilirubinemia, drugs, and noise are the main causes.. · We should pay attention to the delayed hearing maturity of premature infants and avoid excessive intervention..
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Zhu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Department of Perinatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoping Lei
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Department of Perinatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenbin Dong
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Department of Perinatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Early Blood Glucose Level Post-Admission Correlates with the Outcomes and Oxidative Stress in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010039. [PMID: 35052543 PMCID: PMC8773159 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant defense system is involved in the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). To analyze the relationship between first serum blood glucose levels and outcomes in neonatal HIE, seventy-four patients were divided, based on the first glucose level, into group 1 (>0 mg/dL and <60 mg/dL, n =11), group 2 (≥60 mg/dL and <150 mg/dL, n = 49), and group 3 (≥150 mg/dL, n = 14). Abnormal glucose levels had poor outcomes among three groups in terms of the clinical stage (p = 0.001), brain parenchymal lesion (p = 0.004), and neurodevelopmental outcomes (p = 0.029). Hearing impairment was more common in group 3 than in group 1 (p = 0.062) and group 2 (p = 0.010). The MRI findings of group 3 exhibited more thalamus and basal ganglion lesions than those of group 1 (p = 0.012). The glucose level was significantly correlated with clinical staging (p< 0.001), parenchymal brain lesions (p = 0.044), hearing impairment (p = 0.003), and neurodevelopmental outcomes (p = 0.005) by Pearson’s test. The first blood glucose level in neonatal HIE is an important biomarker for clinical staging, MRI findings, as well as hearing and neurodevelopment outcomes. Hyperglycemic patients had a higher odds ratio for thalamus, basal ganglia, and brain stem lesions than hypoglycemic patients with white matter and focal ischemic injury. Hyperglycemia can be due to prolonged or intermittent hypoxia and can be associated with poor outcomes.
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Oluwole OG, James K, Yalcouye A, Wonkam A. Hearing loss and brain disorders: A review of multiple pathologies. Open Med (Wars) 2021; 17:61-69. [PMID: 34993346 PMCID: PMC8678477 DOI: 10.1515/med-2021-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several causative factors are associated with hearing loss (HL) and brain disorders. However, there are many unidentified disease modifiers in these conditions. Our study summarised the most common brain disorders associated with HL and highlighted mechanisms of pathologies. We searched the literature for published articles on HL and brain disorders. Alzheimer's disease/dementia, Parkinson's disease, cognitive impairment, autism spectrum disorder, ataxia, epilepsy, stroke, and hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy majorly co-interact with HL. The estimated incidence rate was 113 per 10,000 person-years. Genetic, epigenetic, early life/neonatal stress, hypoxia, inflammation, nitric oxide infiltration, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and excess glutamate were the distinguished modifiers identified. Various mechanisms like adhesion molecules, transport proteins, hair cell apoptosis, and neurodegeneration have been implicated in these conditions and are serving as potential targets for therapies. To improve the quality of life of patients, these understandings will improve clinical diagnoses and management of HL and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi Gabriel Oluwole
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 3.14 Wernher & Beit North Building, P.O Box 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kili James
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 3.14 Wernher & Beit North Building, P.O Box 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Abdoulaye Yalcouye
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 3.14 Wernher & Beit North Building, P.O Box 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 3.14 Wernher & Beit North Building, P.O Box 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
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10
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Chen DY, Lee IC, Wang XA, Wong SH. Early Biomarkers and Hearing Impairments in Patients with Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11112056. [PMID: 34829404 PMCID: PMC8620896 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11112056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying biomarkers for hearing impairments (HIs) in patients with neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), to initialize early hearing habilitation, is crucial. Seventy-eight neonates with HIE were divided into the following two groups: those with HIs and those without HIs. We compared those patients with 11,837 newborns without HIE, and analyzed the risk factors of HIs among neonatal HIE. Of the 78 patients, 11 were confirmed to have an HI, which is a substantially higher percentage than in the 11,837 newborns without HIE (14.1% vs. 0.87%; p < 0.001). More patients with moderate-to-severe HIE had confirmed HIs (p = 0.020; odds ratio, 8.61) than those with mild HIE. Clinical staging, and blood lactate and glucose levels could be predictive factors for HIs among patients with HIE. The patients who exhibited HIs had significantly higher lactate (104.8 ± 51.0 vs. 71.4 ± 48.4; U = 181, p = 0.032) and serum glucose (159.5 ± 86.1 vs. 112.1 ± 62.3; U = 166, p = 0.036) levels than those without HIs. A higher prevalence of HIs was noted in the patients with stage III HIE than those with stage II HIE (43.8% vs. 10%; p = 0.008). The degree of HI correlated with brain anomalies and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 1 year of age. Clinical staging, and blood lactate and glucose levels could be predictive factors for HIs among patients with HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Yang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (D.-Y.C.); (S.-H.W.)
| | - Inn-Chi Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2473-9535; Fax: +886-4-2471-0934
| | - Xing-An Wang
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
| | - Swee-Hee Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (D.-Y.C.); (S.-H.W.)
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
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11
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Pinchefsky EF, Schneider J, Basu S, Tam EWY, Gale C. Nutrition and management of glycemia in neonates with neonatal encephalopathy treated with hypothermia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 26:101268. [PMID: 34301501 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2021.101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adequate nutrition and glycemic homeostasis are increasingly recognized as potentially neuroprotective for the developing brain. In the context of hypoxia-ischemia, evidence is scarce regarding optimal nutritional support and administration route, as well as the short- and long-term consequences of such interventions. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on disturbances of brain metabolism of glucose and substrates by hypoxia-ischemia, and compound effects of these mechanisms on brain injury characterized by specific patterns on EEG and MRI. Risks and benefits of nutrition delivery via parenteral or enteral routes are examined. Nutrition could mitigate adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, and the impact of nutritional strategies and specific nutritional interventions are reviewed. Limited literature highlights the need for further studies to understand the changes in energy metabolism during and after hypoxic-ischemic injury, to optimize nutritional regimens and glucose management, and to inform the neuroprotective role of nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Pinchefsky
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montréal, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - J Schneider
- Department of Woman-Mother-Child, Clinic of Neonatology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - S Basu
- Department of Paediatrics, The George Washington University. Division of Neonatology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - E W Y Tam
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - C Gale
- Neonatal Medicine, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy due to perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy [HIE]) occurs at a rate of 1 to 3 per 1000 live births. Therapeutic hypothermia is the standard of care and the only currently available therapy to reduce the risk of death or disability in newborns with moderate to severe HIE. Hypothermia therapy needs to be initiated within 6 hours after birth in order to provide the best chance for neuroprotection. All pediatricians and delivery room attendants should be trained to recognize encephalopathy and understand the eligibility criteria for treatment. The modified Sarnat examination is the most frequently used tool to assess the degree of encephalopathy and has six categories, each of which can have mild, moderate, severe abnormalities. Apart from historical and biochemical criteria, a neonate must have 3 of 6 categories scored in the moderate or severe range in order to qualify for hypothermia as was done in the randomized trials. Whether an infant qualifies or there is concern that an infant might have HIE, transfer to a center that can perform treatment should be initiated immediately. Hypothermia significantly reduces the risk of death or moderate to severe impairments at 2 years and at school age. On average, only 7 neonates need to be treated for one neonate to benefit. Although easy in concept, implementation of hypothermia does require expertise and should be carried out under the guidance of a neonatologist. If infants are passively cooled prior to transport, core temperature needs to be closely monitored with a target of 33.5°C ± 0.5°C. Maintenance of homeostasis is important in order to prevent conditions that may result in additional brain injury. Seizures are common in neonates with HIE, but electrographic seizures are rare in the first few hours after birth if the insult occurred during labor and delivery. Prophylactic antiepileptic drugs should not be administered. Brain monitoring in the form of electroencephalogram (EEG) and or amplitude-integrated EEG should be implemented as soon as possible to help with prognosis and to accurately diagnose seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lomeli Bonifacio
- NeuroNICU, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, 750 Welch Road, Suite 315, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Shandee Hutson
- Department of Neonatology, NICN, Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women and Newborns, 8555 Aero Drive #104, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
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13
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Nair V, Janakiraman S, Whittaker S, Quail J, Foster T, Loganathan PK. Permanent childhood hearing impairment in infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit: nested case-control study. Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180:2083-2089. [PMID: 33594542 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-03983-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of permanent childhood hearing impairment (PCHI) in infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is higher than that in the general population. Our study objective was to identify risk factors associated with PCHI in infants who required admission to the NICU for more than 48 h. We performed a case-control study, including infants of all gestational ages who were admitted to NICU for more than 48 h and who underwent newborn hearing screening between 2005 and 2019. Infants admitted to NICU and diagnosed with PCHI by formal audiology were classified as "cases". The "controls" were infants who were admitted to NICU and did not have PCHI. Cases and controls (1:4) were matched based on their birth gestation, birthing place, and treating NICU. The prevalence of PCHI in infants admitted to NICU was 6.3% as compared with our general population prevalence of 0.25%. There were 77 cases and 269 controls during the study period. The median age at diagnosis of PCHI in these infants was 132 days (interquartile range 75.5-518.5). Using regression analysis, "any ventilation episodes", presence of seizures, and major congenital anomalies were significantly associated with PCHI in infants of all gestational ages. There were higher prevalence of PCHI in preterms (<32 weeks) who received furosemide and lower prevalence with antenatal use of magnesium sulphate.Conclusions: In our study, the prevalence of hearing loss was high in infants admitted to NICU. Gestation-specific risk factors identified in this case-control study would help in counselling of parents. What is Known: • In the UK, 1-2/1000 infants are born with hearing loss and infants admitted to the neonatal unit for 48 h or more have increased prevalence of hearing loss (1 in 100 live births). • Identification of risk factors in infants admitted to neonatal unit would help with risk stratification and further management. What is New: • In our study, infants admitted to the neonatal unit had higher prevalence of hearing loss (6.3 in 100 live births). • In infants across all gestational age "any ventilation episodes", presence of seizures, and severe congenital anomalies were associated with a statistically significant increase in prevalence of hearing loss. Higher prevalence of hearing loss was noted in preterm infants (<32 weeks) who received furosemide treatment and lower prevalence was noted with antenatal use of magnesium sulphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda Nair
- James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK.,Clinical Academic Office, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sundaram Janakiraman
- James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK.,Clinical Academic Office, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah Whittaker
- Newborn Hearing Screening Programme, Co. Durham, Tees Valley, Hambleton and Richmondshire, UK
| | - Jenna Quail
- Audiology Department, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Trevor Foster
- Audiology Department, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Prakash Kannan Loganathan
- James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK. .,Clinical Academic Office, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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14
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Palma S, Roversi MF, Alberici MP, Negri M, Chiossi C, Berardi A, Genovese E. Newborn hearing screening programme based on an integrated hospital and community care system. Results of the first 4 years of activity. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 141:110554. [PMID: 33341716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Since January 2012, babies born in the province of Modena, Italy, have routinely undergone hearing testing as part of a two-stage screening programme. Newborn hearing screening (NHS) has been based on an integrated hospital and community care system and this study aims to assess screening coverage, referral rates, the prevalence, type and extent of hearing loss several years into the programme. Data were collected from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2015. Coverage was over 99% in all five facilities of the province. The ratio of "fails of the screening" to the total number of infants tested varied over the period from 1.2% to 0.9% in the third level facility, and from 0.8% to 0.4% in the other four. Although hearing loss was mainly associated with dysmorphic\syndromic diseases or a family history of hearing loss, some 23% of cases were identified with no known risk factors. We highlight the importance of the NHSP and the need for strong support from healthcare administrators to ensure high coverage. This is especially true since although the prevalence of hearing loss was higher among infants with audiological risk factors, several cases of hearing loss were found in newborns with no known risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Federica Roversi
- Paediatric Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Berardi
- Paediatric Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Genovese
- Audiology, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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15
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Michniewicz B, Wroblewska-Seniuk K, Amara JA, Al-Saad SR, Szyfter W, Karbowski LM, Gadzinowski J, Szymankiewicz M, Szpecht D. Hearing Impairment in Infants with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Treated with Hypothermia. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2021; 12:8-15. [PMID: 33512300 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2020.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia acts as the standard of care for infants with moderate to severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). A proportion of neonates who undergo hypothermia due to HIE have shown to develop various degrees of hearing impairment. Analyzing and identifying infants at high risk of developing hearing difficulties is fundamental for early intervention of such auditory complications. The aim was to assess clinical factors in the development of hearing impairment following therapeutic hypothermia in HIE infants. A retrospective analysis was performed on infants hospitalized in our neonatology department in Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland. All infants experienced moderate to severe HIE, and were treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Risk factors for hearing impairment were identified in all infants included in the study. Clinical data during hospital stay and follow-up hearing status were analyzed. A total of 87 HIE infants were included in the study. Seventy-six infants (40 male and 36 female) had otoacoustic emission (OAE) examination following birth, of which 14 (18.4%) demonstrated abnormal (positive) results. Infants with abnormal OAE results had significantly lower blood pH (6.86 ± 0.16, p = 0.001) and base excess (BE) (-22.46 ± 2.59, p = 0.006). Of the 49 infants who returned for follow-up assessment, 4 (8.2%) were diagnosed with sensorineural bilateral hearing impairment (1 infant, mild [<40 dB], 2 moderate [41-70 dB], and 1 profound [>90 dB]). The biochemical analysis following birth revealed significantly lower umbilical BE levels (-23.90 ± 4.99, p = 0.041) and higher lactate levels (160.67 ± 4.93, p = 0.019) in the infants with eventual sensorineural hearing deficit. Infants with moderate or severe HIE are at risk of delayed onset hearing loss. Diligent efforts to monitor auditory status are required, even if early screening results for hearing are insignificant. Exploring biochemical parameters, such as lactate, BE, and blood pH, can prove beneficial in identifying HIE infants at risk of developing a hearing impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Michniewicz
- Chair and Department of Neonatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Jasmine A Amara
- Students' Research Group at the Department of Neonatology, and Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Salwan R Al-Saad
- Students' Research Group at the Department of Neonatology, and Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Witold Szyfter
- Department of Otolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Lukasz M Karbowski
- Students' Research Group at the Department of Neonatology, and Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Janusz Gadzinowski
- Chair and Department of Neonatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marta Szymankiewicz
- Chair and Department of Neonatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dawid Szpecht
- Chair and Department of Neonatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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16
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Kaplama ME, Yukkaldiran A, Ak S. Newborn hearing screening results: Comparison of Syrian and Turkish newborns; factors influencing the difference. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 138:110390. [PMID: 33152981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare the hearing screening results of Syrian and Turkish newborns and reveal the risk factors faced by Syrian refugees. METHODS The neonatal hearing screening results of newborns born in, or admitted to, the Sanliurfa Research and Education Hospital, Sanliurfa/Turkey, between January 01, 2018, and December 31, 2018, were analyzed. Newborns with congenital anomalies and syndromes were excluded from the study. Also, the neonatal hearing screening results and risk factors of newborns diagnosed with hearing loss were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 6034 Syrian and 37,219 Turkish newborns were included in the study. Hearing loss was found in 84 (0.2%) of 37,219 Turkish newborns and 26 (0.4%) of 6034 Syrian newborns. In this study, the risk factors such as consanguineous marriages, familial hearing loss, hospitalization in intensive care, prematurity, low birth weight (less than 1500 g), hyperbilirubinemia, use of ototoxic drugs, history of congenital infection, blood incompatibility, and trauma at birth were found in newborns with hearing loss. The risk factors were present in 41.7% of Turkish newborns and 65.4% of Syrian newborns with hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS The high hearing loss rates found in Syrian newborns showed how accurate it was to include the Syrian migrants born in Turkey into the neonatal hearing screening program and the newborns with hearing loss into appropriate rehabilitation programs. Further studies should focus on the risk factors faced by Syrian migrants so that the number of Syrian newborns with hearing loss can be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Erkan Kaplama
- University of Health Sciences, M. Akif Inan Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Yukkaldiran
- Sanliurfa Education and Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | - Semih Ak
- University of Health Sciences, M. Akif Inan Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
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Rh-CSF1 Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Neuronal Apoptosis via the CSF1R/PLCG2/PKA/UCP2 Signaling Pathway in a Rat Model of Neonatal HIE. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6801587. [PMID: 33101590 PMCID: PMC7568161 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6801587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) and neuronal apoptosis are major pathological processes after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), binding to CSF1 receptor (CSF1R), has been shown to reduce neuronal loss after hypoxic-ischemia- (HI-) induced brain injury. In the present study, we hypothesized that CSF1 could alleviate OS-induced neuronal degeneration and apoptosis through the CSF1R/PLCG2/PKA/UCP2 signaling pathway in a rat model of HI. A total of 127 ten-day old Sprague Dawley rat pups were used. HI was induced by right common carotid artery ligation with subsequent exposure to hypoxia for 2.5 h. Exogenous recombinant human CSF1 (rh-CSF1) was administered intranasally at 1 h and 24 h after HI. The CSF1R inhibitor, BLZ945, or phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCG2) inhibitor, U73122, was injected intraperitoneally at 1 h before HI induction. Brain infarct volume measurement, cliff avoidance test, righting reflex test, double immunofluorescence staining, western blot assessment, 8-OHdG and MitoSOX staining, Fluoro-Jade C staining, and TUNEL staining were used. Our results indicated that the expressions of endogenous CSF1, CSF1R, p-CSF1R, p-PLCG2, p-PKA, and uncoupling protein2 (UCP2) were increased after HI. CSF1 and CSF1R were expressed in neurons and astrocytes. Rh-CSF1 treatment significantly attenuated neurological deficits, infarct volume, OS, neuronal apoptosis, and degeneration at 48 h after HI. Moreover, activation of CSF1R by rh-CSF1 significantly increased the brain tissue expressions of p-PLCG2, p-PKA, UCP2, and Bcl2/Bax ratio, but reduced the expression of cleaved caspase-3. The neuroprotective effects of rh-CSF1 were abolished by BLZ945 or U73122. These results suggested that rh-CSF1 treatment attenuated OS-induced neuronal degeneration and apoptosis after HI, at least in part, through the CSF1R/PLCG2/PKA/UCP2 signaling pathway. Rh-CSF1 may serve as therapeutic strategy against brain damage in patients with HIE.
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18
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Hemmingsen D, Mikalsen C, Hansen AR, Fjalstad JW, Stenklev NC, Klingenberg C. Hearing in Schoolchildren After Neonatal Exposure to a High-Dose Gentamicin Regimen. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2019-2373. [PMID: 31915192 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-2373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between gentamicin exposure in the neonatal period and hearing in school age. METHODS This study included children exposed to a high-dose (6 mg/kg) gentamicin regimen as neonates (2004-2012), invited for follow-up at school age, and a healthy age-matched control group. We assessed hearing with pure tone audiometry including the extended high-frequency (EHF) range. Outcomes were average hearing thresholds in the midfrequencies (0.5-4 kHz) and the EHFs (9-16 kHz). The measures of gentamicin exposure were cumulative dose and highest trough plasma concentration. We used linear regression models to assess the impact of gentamicin exposure, and other peri- and postnatal morbidities, on hearing thresholds. RESULTS A total of 219 gentamicin-exposed and 33 healthy-control children were included in the audiological analysis. In the gentamicin cohort, 39 (17%) had a birth weight <1500 g. Median cumulative doses and trough plasma concentrations were 30 (interquartile range 24-42) mg/kg and 1.0 (interquartile range 0.7-1.2) mg/L, respectively. Median hearing thresholds for the midfrequencies and the EHFs were 2.5 (0 to 6.3) dB hearing level and -1.7 (-5.0 to 5.0) dB hearing level, both of which were within the normal range. In an adjusted analysis, increasing hearing thresholds were associated with lower birth weight and postnatal middle-ear disease but not level of gentamicin exposure. After adjusting for birth weight, there was no difference in hearing threshold between the gentamicin-exposed cohort and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to a high-dose gentamicin regimen in the neonatal period was not associated with an increase in hearing thresholds in schoolchildren being able to complete audiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagny Hemmingsen
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery and.,Paediatric Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Univeristy of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; and
| | - Camilla Mikalsen
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery and
| | | | - Jon Widding Fjalstad
- Paediatric Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Univeristy of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; and
| | | | - Claus Klingenberg
- Paediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; .,Paediatric Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Univeristy of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; and
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