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Hu W, Wang M, Sun G, Zhang L, Lu H. Early B Cell Factor 3 (EBF3) attenuates Parkinson's disease through directly regulating contactin-associated protein-like 4 (CNTNAP4) transcription: An experimental study. Cell Signal 2024; 118:111139. [PMID: 38479556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a gradually debilitating neurodegenerative syndrome. Here, we analyzed GSE7621 chip data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to explore the pathogenesis of PD. Early B Cell Factor 3 (EBF3), a member of the highly evolutionarily conserved EBF-transcription factor family, is involved in neuronal development. EBF3 expression is low in the substantia nigra of patients with PD. However, whether EBF3 is implicated in dopaminergic neuron death during PD has not yet been investigated. Therefore, we aimed to reveal the potential anti-apoptotic effect and molecular mechanism of EBF3 in PD. We established a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mouse model in vivo and a 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+)-induced SH-SY5Y cell model in vitro. EBF3 was downregulated in the substantia nigra of PD mice and SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP+, and the m6A methylation modification level was low. Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) siRNA upregulated m6A methylation modification of EBF3 and extended the EBF3 mRNA half-life. Functionally, as demonstrated by the results of the open-field test, pole test and gait analysis, EBF3 overexpression ameliorated MPTP-induced behavioral disorder. Further, EBF3 overexpression suppressed neuronal apoptosis in vivo, as evidenced by decreased TUNEL+ cells, and the increased activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Similar results were obtained in vitro, as reflected by increased cell viability, decreased LDH activity and restored mitochondrial function, collectively protecting SH-SY5Y cells from MPP+-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, the results of luciferase reporter, ch-IP and DNA pull-down assays confirmed that, as a transcription factor, EBF3 bound to the promoter of CNTNAP4 (a protein associated with neuronal differentiation) and directly regulated CNTNAP4 transcription. Strikingly, CNTNAP4 knockdown markedly abolished the effect of EBF3 on cell apoptosis, thus aggravating PD. In conclusion, the low level of m6A methylation modification may contribute to the low expression of EBF3 during PD. Additionally, EBF3 attenuates PD by activating CNTNAP4 transcription, suggesting that EBF3 may be a novel therapeutic target in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Hu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Menghan Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Guifang Sun
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
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Batie SF, Ashbrook CQ, Coco CT, Baker LA, Stanasel I. Urologic manifestations of hypotonia, ataxia, and delayed development syndrome (HADDS), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder. J Pediatr Urol 2023; 19:751.e1-751.e9. [PMID: 37718233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2023.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early B-cell factor 3 (EBF3) is a transcription factor involved in neuronal differentiation and maturation. Pathogenic variants are associated with hypotonia, ataxia, and delayed development syndrome (HADDS) (MIM#617330). Urologic manifestations are common and may have implications regarding long term renal function. OBJECTIVE To review all known patients with pathogenic variants of the EBF3 gene resulting in HADDS with urologic manifestations. We hypothesize a high rate of bladder dysfunction secondary to the EBF3 variant's impact on relaxation of the urinary sphincter leading to detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD). METHODS The PubMed database was queried for publications of the EBF3 mutation between January 2017 and January 2023. Search terms were "EBF3 mutation OR HADDS AND urology OR phenotype". Retrospective analysis of HADDS patients cared for in our institution was performed. Demographic and clinical information was collected. RESULTS We identified 52 patients (33F:19M) through literature (28F:18M) and retrospective review (5F:1M). There was a high prevalence of genitourinary physical exam abnormalities, history of urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), and diagnosis of neurogenic bladder. Within the literature review cohort, 67% had a urologic diagnosis. Females were disproportionately affected with urologic manifestations. In our cohort, four of six children were diagnosed with VUR and severe voiding dysfunction consistent with neurogenic bladder (67%). These children were managed with a vesicostomy. Five children had bowel dysfunction requiring therapy. Urodynamics suggested a high prevalence of external sphincter dyssynergia. Less severe forms of DSD were felt to be implicated in the abnormal voiding parameters in children who presented later in life based on non-invasive flow studies. DISCUSSION There is significant variability in the phenotypic presentation of patients with HADDS. While EBF3 plays a clear role in neurodevelopment, it also impacts muscle development and may impact muscle relaxation. The location of the genetic variant may impact the degree of DSD, with more severe forms leading to earlier presentations. Initial work-up should include a renal ultrasound (RUS) and post void residual (PVR). Consideration can be given to obtaining a VCUG, DMSA scan or urodynamic studies. Yearly screening should be pursued with an RUS and PVR in those with an initial unremarkable work-up given the variable timing and severity of presentation. CONCLUSION Urologic manifestations of HADDS include high rates of bladder dysfunction secondary to DSD, vesicoureteral reflux, urinary tract infection, and cryptorchidism. These patients are at risk of renal deterioration if urinary abnormalities are not properly diagnosed and managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane F Batie
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Caleb Q Ashbrook
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Caitlin T Coco
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Linda A Baker
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Irina Stanasel
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Ciaccio C, Pantaleoni C, Moscatelli M, Chiapparini L, Nigro V, Valente EM, Sciacca F, Canafoglia L, Bulgheroni S, D'Arrigo S. Neurologic, Neuropsychologic, and Neuroradiologic Features of EBF3-Related Syndrome. NEUROLOGY GENETICS 2023; 9:e200049. [PMID: 37090941 PMCID: PMC10117703 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and ObjectivesHeterozygous mutations or deletions of theEBF3gene are known to cause a syndrome characterized by intellectual disability, neurodevelopmental disorders, facial dysmorphisms, hypotonia, and ataxia; the latter is quite common despite in most patients brain MRI is reported to be normal. Despite the predominant neurologic involvement ofEBF3-related syndrome, a systematic definition of neurologic, cognitive/behavioral, and neuroradiologic features is lacking.MethodsWe report on 6 patients (2 females and 4 males, age range 2–12 years), of whom 4 carrying a heterozygous point mutation of theEBF3gene and 2 with 10q26 deletion encompassing the gene, diagnosed at Carlo Besta Neurologic Institute of Milan, Italy. Clinical evaluation was performed by a pediatric neurologist and pediatric dysmorphologist; ataxia severity was rated by Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA); brain MRIs were reviewed by expert neuroradiologists; general quotient levels were obtained through standardized Griffiths Mental Development Scales. Patients carrying a 10q26.3 deletion were diagnosed by array-CGH, whereasEBF3variants were detected by whole exome sequencing.ResultsPhenotype was consistent in all patients, but with wide variability in severity. Developmental milestones were invariably delayed and resulted in an extremely variable cognitive impairment. All patients showed ataxic signs, as confirmed by SARA scores, often associated with hypotonia. Brain MRI revealed in all children a cerebellar malformation with vermis hypoplasia and a peculiar foliation anomaly characterized by a radial disposition of cerebellar folia (dandelion sign). Neurophysiologic examinations were unremarkable.DiscussionEBF3-related syndrome has been so far described as a neurodevelopmental condition with dysmorphic traits, with limited emphasis on the neurologic features; we highlight the predominant neurologic involvement of these patients, which can be explained at least in part by the underlying cerebellar malformation. We therefore propose thatEBF3-related syndrome should be classified and treated as a congenital, nonprogressive ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ciaccio
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences (C.C., C.P., S.B., S.D.A.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Neuroradiology Unit (M.M., Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (M.M.), University of Milan; Neuroradiology Unit (Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) (V.N.), Pozzuoli; Department of Precision Medicine (V.N.), Università Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.M.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia; Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics Lab-Neurogenetics Research Center (E.M.V.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Laboratory of Cytogenetics (F.S.), Unit of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; and Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy (Laura Canafoglia), Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Pantaleoni
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences (C.C., C.P., S.B., S.D.A.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Neuroradiology Unit (M.M., Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (M.M.), University of Milan; Neuroradiology Unit (Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) (V.N.), Pozzuoli; Department of Precision Medicine (V.N.), Università Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.M.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia; Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics Lab-Neurogenetics Research Center (E.M.V.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Laboratory of Cytogenetics (F.S.), Unit of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; and Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy (Laura Canafoglia), Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Moscatelli
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences (C.C., C.P., S.B., S.D.A.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Neuroradiology Unit (M.M., Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (M.M.), University of Milan; Neuroradiology Unit (Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) (V.N.), Pozzuoli; Department of Precision Medicine (V.N.), Università Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.M.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia; Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics Lab-Neurogenetics Research Center (E.M.V.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Laboratory of Cytogenetics (F.S.), Unit of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; and Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy (Laura Canafoglia), Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Chiapparini
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences (C.C., C.P., S.B., S.D.A.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Neuroradiology Unit (M.M., Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (M.M.), University of Milan; Neuroradiology Unit (Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) (V.N.), Pozzuoli; Department of Precision Medicine (V.N.), Università Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.M.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia; Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics Lab-Neurogenetics Research Center (E.M.V.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Laboratory of Cytogenetics (F.S.), Unit of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; and Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy (Laura Canafoglia), Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences (C.C., C.P., S.B., S.D.A.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Neuroradiology Unit (M.M., Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (M.M.), University of Milan; Neuroradiology Unit (Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) (V.N.), Pozzuoli; Department of Precision Medicine (V.N.), Università Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.M.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia; Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics Lab-Neurogenetics Research Center (E.M.V.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Laboratory of Cytogenetics (F.S.), Unit of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; and Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy (Laura Canafoglia), Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences (C.C., C.P., S.B., S.D.A.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Neuroradiology Unit (M.M., Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (M.M.), University of Milan; Neuroradiology Unit (Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) (V.N.), Pozzuoli; Department of Precision Medicine (V.N.), Università Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.M.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia; Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics Lab-Neurogenetics Research Center (E.M.V.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Laboratory of Cytogenetics (F.S.), Unit of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; and Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy (Laura Canafoglia), Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sciacca
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences (C.C., C.P., S.B., S.D.A.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Neuroradiology Unit (M.M., Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (M.M.), University of Milan; Neuroradiology Unit (Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) (V.N.), Pozzuoli; Department of Precision Medicine (V.N.), Università Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.M.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia; Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics Lab-Neurogenetics Research Center (E.M.V.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Laboratory of Cytogenetics (F.S.), Unit of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; and Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy (Laura Canafoglia), Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Canafoglia
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences (C.C., C.P., S.B., S.D.A.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Neuroradiology Unit (M.M., Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (M.M.), University of Milan; Neuroradiology Unit (Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) (V.N.), Pozzuoli; Department of Precision Medicine (V.N.), Università Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.M.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia; Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics Lab-Neurogenetics Research Center (E.M.V.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Laboratory of Cytogenetics (F.S.), Unit of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; and Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy (Laura Canafoglia), Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Bulgheroni
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences (C.C., C.P., S.B., S.D.A.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Neuroradiology Unit (M.M., Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (M.M.), University of Milan; Neuroradiology Unit (Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) (V.N.), Pozzuoli; Department of Precision Medicine (V.N.), Università Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.M.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia; Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics Lab-Neurogenetics Research Center (E.M.V.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Laboratory of Cytogenetics (F.S.), Unit of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; and Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy (Laura Canafoglia), Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Arrigo
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences (C.C., C.P., S.B., S.D.A.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Neuroradiology Unit (M.M., Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (M.M.), University of Milan; Neuroradiology Unit (Luisa Chiapparini), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) (V.N.), Pozzuoli; Department of Precision Medicine (V.N.), Università Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples; Department of Molecular Medicine (E.M.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia; Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics Lab-Neurogenetics Research Center (E.M.V.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia; Laboratory of Cytogenetics (F.S.), Unit of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; and Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy (Laura Canafoglia), Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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Zhu J, Li W, Yu S, Lu W, Xu Q, Wang S, Qian Y, Guo Q, Xu S, Wang Y, Zhang P, Zhao X, Ni Q, Liu R, Li X, Wu B, Zhou S, Wang H. Further delineation of EBF3-related syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder in twelve Chinese patients. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1091532. [PMID: 36937983 PMCID: PMC10020332 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1091532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) have heterogeneity in both clinical characteristics and genetic factors. EBF3 is a recently discovered gene associated with a syndromic form of NDDs characterized by hypotonia, ataxia and facial features. In this study, we report twelve unrelated individuals with EBF3 variants using next-generation sequencing. Five missense variants (four novel variants and one known variant) and seven copy number variations (CNVs) of EBF3 gene were identified. All of these patients exhibited developmental delay/intellectual disability. Ataxia was observed in 33% (6/9) of the patients, and abnormal muscle tone was observed in 55% (6/11) of the patients. Aberrant MRI reports were noted in 64% (7/11) of the patients. Four novel missense variants were all located in the DNA-binding domain. The pathogenicity of these variants was validated by in vitro experiments. We found that the subcellular protein localization of the R152C and F211L mutants was changed, and the distribution pattern of the R163G mutant was changed from even to granular. Luciferase assay results showed that the four EBF3 mutants' transcriptional activities were all significantly decreased (p < 0.01). Our study further expanded the gene mutation spectrum of EBF3-related NDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitao Zhu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Neurology Department, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Sha Yu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Xu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Sujuan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Qian
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiufang Guo
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Suzhen Xu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Zhao
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Ni
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Renchao Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbing Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence: Bingbing Wu Shuizhen Zhou Huijun Wang
| | - Shuizhen Zhou
- Neurology Department, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence: Bingbing Wu Shuizhen Zhou Huijun Wang
| | - Huijun Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence: Bingbing Wu Shuizhen Zhou Huijun Wang
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