1
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Gettler RC, Mehregan S, Koenig HD, Kaess AM, Young MJ. Nonequilibrium Anion Detection in Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16443-16457. [PMID: 38617695 PMCID: PMC11007695 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Low-cost and portable nitrate and phosphate sensors are needed to improve farming efficiency and reduce environmental and economic impact arising from the release of these nutrients into waterways. Ion selective electrodes (ISEs) could provide a convenient platform for detecting nitrate and phosphate, but existing ionophore-based nitrate and phosphate selective membrane layers used in ISEs are high cost, and ISEs using these membrane layers suffer from long equilibration time, reference potential drift, and poor selectivity. In this work, we demonstrate that constant current operation overcomes these shortcomings for ionophore-based anion-selective ISEs through a qualitatively different response mechanism arising from differences in ion mobility rather than differences in ion binding thermodynamics. We develop a theoretical treatment of phase boundary potential and ion diffusion that allows for quantitative prediction of electrode response under applied current. We also demonstrate that under pulsed current operation, we can create functional solid-contact ISEs using lower-cost molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). MIP-based nitrate sensors provide comparable selectivity against chloride to costlier ionophore-based sensors and exhibit >100,000 times higher selectivity against perchlorate. Likewise, MIP-based solid contact ion-selective electrode phosphate sensors operated under pulsed current provide competitive selectivity against chloride, nitrate, perchlorate, and carbonate anions. The theoretical treatment and conceptual demonstration of pulsed-current ISE operation we report will inform the development of new materials for membrane layers in ISEs based on differences in ion mobility and will allow for improved ISE sensor designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Gettler
- Chemical
and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Shima Mehregan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Henry D. Koenig
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Andie M. Kaess
- Chemical
and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Matthias J. Young
- Chemical
and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Institute, University
of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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2
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A preliminary investigation into the use of amino acids as potential ion pairs for diclofenac transdermal delivery. Int J Pharm 2022; 623:121906. [PMID: 35716976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ion pairing is a potential strategy used to increase the partition and permeation of ionisable drug molecules. This work outlines the process of identifying, selecting and testing potential counter ions for diclofenac (DF). Three screening criteria were considered in the initial selection process. The first, toxicity, was used to eliminate counter ion candidates that could not be used in topical formulations. The second related to the balancing of charges. As DF is a free acid in its unionised state, counter ions should be of a basic character. Finally, molecular size, as represented by molecular mass (Da), was used. Because of the impact on ion pair formation, the counter ion was required to have a lower molecular weight than diclofenac. Basic amino acids L-Arginine, L-Histidine, L-Lysine and their salts were chosen. The selection process concluded with Partition Coefficient (PC) studies. These were used to identify any counter ions able to interact electrostatically with the ionised DF, enabling the 'neutral' ion pair to partition from an aqueous into an organic layer. Permeation studies using porcine skin were performed to test the efficacy of any selected counter ion. These preliminary studies suggest that amino acids may be used as counter ions to increase the partition and permeation of ionisable drugs.
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3
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Cristofoli M, Kung CP, Hadgraft J, Lane ME, Sil BC. Ion Pairs for Transdermal and Dermal Drug Delivery: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:909. [PMID: 34202939 PMCID: PMC8234378 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion pairing is a strategy used to increase the permeation of topically applied ionised drugs. Formation occurs when the electrostatic energy of attraction between oppositely charged ions exceeds their mean thermal energy, making it possible for them to draw together and attain a critical distance. These ions then behave as a neutral species, allowing them to partition more readily into a lipid environment. Partition coefficient studies may be used to determine the potential of ions to pair and partition into an organic phase but cannot be relied upon to predict flux. Early researchers indicated that temperature, size of ions and dielectric constant of the solvent system all contributed to the formation of ion pairs. While size is important, this may be outweighed by improved lipophilicity of the counter ion due to increased length of the carbon chain. Organic counter ions are more effective than inorganic moieties in forming ion pairs. In addition to being used to increase permeation, ion pairs have been used to control and even prevent permeation of the active ingredient. They have also been used to stabilise solid lipid nanoparticle formulations. Ion pairs have been used in conjunction with permeation enhancers, and permeation enhancers have been used as counter ions in ion pairing. This review attempts to show the various ways in which ion pairs have been used in drug delivery via the skin. It also endeavours to extract and consolidate common approaches in order to inform future formulations for topical and transdermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mignon Cristofoli
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK;
| | - Chin-Ping Kung
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (C.-P.K.); (J.H.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Jonathan Hadgraft
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (C.-P.K.); (J.H.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Majella E. Lane
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (C.-P.K.); (J.H.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Bruno C. Sil
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK;
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4
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Tijani AO, Nunez E, Singh K, Khanna G, Puri A. Transdermal Route: A Viable Option for Systemic Delivery of Antidepressants. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3129-3149. [PMID: 34089714 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The high rise in the population suffering from depression depicts the need for improved and highly effective treatment options for this condition. Efforts to develop existing drugs into user-friendly dosage forms with a number of advantages in major depressive states, including but not limited to: sustained drug release, reduced drug dosing frequency, improved tolerance and adherence, suitability for use in diverse populations and different treatment scenarios, as well as less central nervous system side effects are required. One such non-invasive drug delivery route that could provide the aforementioned benefits in the treatment of depression is the transdermal route. A number of conventional and emerging transdermal delivery strategies have been investigated for some potent antidepressants and results depict the potential of this route as a viable means for systemic delivery of therapeutically relevant doses of the tested agents, with Emsam®, the commercially available patch of selegiline, being an evidence for the same. The investigated approaches include the formulation of transdermal patches, use of vesicular drug carriers, pro-drug approach, microemulsification, chemical as well as physical enhancement technologies. This review provides a comprehensive account of the rationale, developments made till date, scope and future prospects of delivering antidepressants via the transdermal1 route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeemat O Tijani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Estefany Nunez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Karyn Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Garima Khanna
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab 160014, India
| | - Ashana Puri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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5
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Tijani AO, Thakur D, Mishra D, Frempong D, Chukwunyere UI, Puri A. Delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin: Current state and future perspectives. J Control Release 2021; 334:427-451. [PMID: 33964365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adequate evidence exists in the literature indicating a relatively positive shift with regards to the legal acceptance of cannabis and cannabis-derived products for medicinal purposes in some countries. Concomitantly, scientists are showing renewed interest in cannabis-related research work. Over the years, clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic significance of cannabinoids for diverse indications. Additionally, efforts are being made to develop cannabis-related products into acceptable prescription products. FDA authorization for the commercial use of four cannabinoid-derived products, available as oral dosage forms is a significant progress already. However, there are certain drawbacks associated with the conventional delivery forms of cannabinoids. These include low oral bioavailability due to hepatic degradation, gastric instability, poor water solubility, and the side effects experienced upon the use of high doses of psychotropic cannabinoids associated with heightened plasma concentrations of the drug. These are however, limitable with the aid of transcutaneous drug delivery. Emerging topical and transdermal strategies could be exploited for the successful development of highly effective delivery systems for cannabinoids. This review discusses the feasibility of delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin and provides a comprehensive account of the supporting research studies that have been reported in the literature till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeemat O Tijani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Divya Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Dhruv Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.
| | - Dorcas Frempong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | - Umeh I Chukwunyere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | - Ashana Puri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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6
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Sukanya, Kumara Swamy B, Shashikumara J. Voltammetric investigation of uric acid in existence of dopamine at Poly(benzydamine) modified carbon paste electrode. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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7
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Ali A, Wahlgren M, Pedersen L, Engblom J. Will a water gradient in oral mucosa affect transbuccal drug absorption? J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Comparative study of photodynamic activity of methylene blue in the presence of salicylic acid and curcumin phenolic compounds on human breast cancer. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 34:239-246. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Song T, Quan P, Xiang R, Fang L. Regulating the Skin Permeation Rate of Escitalopram by Ion-pair Formation with Organic Acids. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:1267-1273. [PMID: 26762339 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to regulate the skin permeation rate (flux) of escitalopram (ESP), ion-pair strategy was used in our work. Five organic acids with different physicochemical properties, benzoic acid (BA), ibuprofen (IB), salicylic acid (SA), benzenesulfonic acid (BSA), and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), were employed as counter-ions to regulate the permeation rate of ESP across the rabbit abdominal skin in vitro. The interaction between ESP and organic acids was characterized by FTIR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Results showed that all organic acids investigated in this study performed a controlling effect on ESP flux. To further analyze the factors concerned with the permeation capability of ESP-acid complex, a multiple linear regression model was used. It is concluded that the steady-state flux (J) of ESP-acid complexes had a positive correlation with log K o/w (the n-octanol/water partition coefficient of ion-pair complex) and pK a (the acidity of organic acid counter-ion), but a negative correlation with MW (the molecular weight of ion-pair complex). The logK o/w of ion-pair complex is the primary one in all the factors that influence the skin permeation rate of ESP. The results demonstrated that organic acid with appropriate physicochemical properties can be considered as suitable candidate for the transdermal drug delivery of escitalopram.
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10
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Gilmer CM, Bowden NB. Highly Cross-Linked Epoxy Nanofiltration Membranes for the Separation of Organic Chemicals and Fish Oil Ethyl Esters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:24104-24111. [PMID: 27552234 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane separations are highly desired for the chemical industry because they are inexpensive, avoid the use of heat, can be applied to the purification of a wide range of chemicals, and can be scaled to industrial levels. Separating chemicals with molecular weights between 100 and 300 g mol(-1) remains a significant challenge in the field of organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) due to their similar sizes and rotational flexibility. In this work, we report the fabrication of poly(epoxy) membranes that show excellent selectivity of over 100:1 for chemicals in this range. The membranes are easily tuned to obtain different flux and selectivity by using interchangeable amine and epoxide monomers. These membranes were used to separate the important nutritional omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters eicosapentaenoic ethyl ester (EPA-EE) and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester (DHA-EE) from each other, despite a small difference in molecular weight (26 g mol(-1)). This is the first example of a separation of EPA-EE and DHA-EE using a membrane process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Gilmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Ned B Bowden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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11
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Sonawane SJ, Kalhapure RS, Jadhav M, Rambharose S, Mocktar C, Govender T. Transforming linoleic acid into a nanoemulsion for enhanced activity against methicillin susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16248c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schematic of formation of linoleic acid nanoemulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep J. Sonawane
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - Rahul S. Kalhapure
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - Mahantesh Jadhav
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - Sanjeev Rambharose
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - Chunderika Mocktar
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - Thirumala Govender
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
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12
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Samiei N, Shafaati A, Zarghi A, Moghimi H, Foroutan S. Enhancement and in vitro evaluation of amifostine permeation through artificial membrane (PAMPA) via ion pairing approach and mechanistic selection of its optimal counter ion. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 51:218-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Gupta A, Bowden NB. Separation of cis-fatty acids from saturated and trans-fatty acids by nanoporous polydicyclopentadiene membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:924-933. [PMID: 23281782 DOI: 10.1021/am3025867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the separation of mixtures of fatty acid salts using a new organic solvent nanofiltration membrane based on polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD). Mixtures of free fatty acids could not be separated by the membranes because they permeated at similar rates. When triisobutylamine was added to the fatty acids, the cis-fatty acid salts (oleic, petroselinic, vaccenic, linoleic, and linolenic acid) had slower permeation though the membranes than saturated (stearic acid) and trans-fatty acid (elaidic acid) salts. The reason for the difference in permeation was due to the formation of stable salt pairs between the amine and fatty acids that increased their cross-sectional areas. The fatty acid salts derived from saturated and trans-fatty acids were smaller than the critical area cutoff for the PDCPD membranes, so they readily permeated. In contrast, the fatty acid salts derived from the cis-fatty acids had critical areas larger than critical area cutoff of the PDPCD membranes and had slowed permeation. The partitioning coefficients of fatty acids and fatty acid salts were investigated to demonstrate that they were not responsible for the difference in permeation. The use of pressure was investigated to greatly accelerate the permeation through the membranes. For a solvent mixture of 35/65 (v/v) toluene/hexanes, the permeation of solvent was approximately 39 L m(-2) h(-1). This value is similar to values reported for permeation through membranes used in industry. The separation of a mixture of fatty acids based on the composition of soybean oil was investigated using pressure. The saturated fatty acid salts were almost completely removed from the cis-fatty acid salts when iBu(3)N was used as the amine to form the salt pairs. The separation of the cis-fatty acids found in soybean oil was investigated with Pr(3)N as the amine. The oleic acid salt (oleic acid has one cis double bond) preferentially permeated the membrane while the linoleic (two cis double bonds) and linolenic (three cis double bonds) salts were partly retained. The separation of fatty acids using membranes may have real applications in industry to purify fatty acids on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinaba Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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14
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The influence of self-assembling supramolecular structures on the passive membrane transport of ion-paired molecules. Int J Pharm 2012; 439:334-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Provin C, Fujii T. Reaction-diffusion phenomena in a PDMS matrix can modify its topography. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:2948-2954. [PMID: 21776508 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20218a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Various reagents and solvents can be absorbed into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which may be a concern for many applications. We hypothesize that these absorbed reagents can also react with each other within the elastomer matrix. Here we demonstrate this phenomenon and use it as a means to physically modify the surface topography of the PDMS by generating wrinkles or pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Provin
- Institute of Industrial Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Center for International Research on MicroMechatronics, 4-6-1-FW601, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
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16
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Nogueira IR, Carneiro G, Yoshida MI, de Oliveira RB, Ferreira LA. Preparation, characterization, and topical delivery of paromomycin ion pairing. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:1083-9. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.559660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Long TR, Gupta A, Miller II AL, Rethwisch DG, Bowden NB. Selective flux of organic liquids and solids using nanoporous membranes of polydicyclopentadiene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10970g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Ma X, Fang L, Guo J, Zhao N, He Z. Effect of counter-ions and penetration enhancers on the skin permeation of flurbiprofen. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:1826-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Wang M, Fang L, Ren C, Li T. Effect of ion-pairing and enhancers on scutellarin skin permeability. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:429-35. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.4.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of enhancers and organic amines on the in-vitro percutaneous absorption of the major pharmacologically active compound, scutellarin, obtained from breviscapine extract. The donor vehicle consisted of isopropyl myristate-ethanol in a ratio of 4:1. Percutaneous absorption across full thickness rat skin was investigated in-vitro using 2-chamber diffusion cells, with reverse-phase HPLC for quantification of the permeating scutellarin. Organic amines increased scutellarin permeation by ion-pair formation. We also found that the cumulative amount of scutellarin over a period of 12 h of scutellarin was inversely related to the molecular weight of organic amines (r = 0.9134), as well as the logarithm of scutellarin permeability coefficient inversely related to the partition coefficient of organic amines (r = 0.8929). All the permeation enhancers tested increased the cumulative amount of scutellarin over a period of 12 h, and the order of this increase was n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, oleic acid, menthol or Azone. Drug solubility in donor phase was markedly increased by Azone and n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and reduced by menthol and oleic acid. The combined effects of ethanolamine plus Azone, ethanolamine plus menthol, and Azone plus menthol were also investigated. Azone plus menthol had a synergistic effect on the cumulative amount of scutellarin over a period of 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
- College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, 3999 Huashan Road, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Changshun Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
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20
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Vávrová K, Lorencová K, Novotný J, Holý A, Hrabálek A. Permeation enhancer dodecyl 6-(dimethylamino)hexanoate increases transdermal and topical delivery of adefovir: Influence of pH, ion-pairing and skin species. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:901-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Melero A, Garrigues T, Almudever P, Villodre AM, Lehr C, Schäfer U. Nortriptyline hydrochloride skin absorption: Development of a transdermal patch. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 69:588-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Ma R, Fang L, Niu X, Jiang Y, He Z. Effect of ion-pairing on the permeation of glibenclamide through rat skin. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(08)50053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Frum Y, Eccleston GM, Meidan VM. Evidence that drug flux across synthetic membranes is described by normally distributed permeability coefficients. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007; 67:434-9. [PMID: 17459683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over recent decades, the use of in vitro diffusion cell studies to assess skin permeability has evolved into a major research tool, providing key insights into the relationships between skin, drug and formulation. Sometimes, such studies involve synthetic membranes as this approach can yield useful inferences with respect to drug-skin partitioning and diffusion phenomena. Yet despite the popularity of such studies, it is still not at all known whether typical solute transport across synthetic barriers results in a normal distribution of permeability coefficients or alternatively some type of skewed distribution. The present study aims to shed light on this issue. To this end, five compounds (testosterone, oestradiol, corticosterone, aldosterone and adenosine) exhibiting a broad range of octanol-water partition coefficient values were selected as test penetrants. The protocol involved taking multiple replicate measurements of each drug's passive steady state flux through poly(dimethylsiloxane) membrane. Each penetrant's resultant permeability coefficient database was subjected to a Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test for normality. It was found that the permeability coefficients of all five drugs were distributed in a Gaussian-normal fashion. The theoretical significance and practical impact of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakov Frum
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SIPBS, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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