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Senemar S, Kuzma BA, Ramezanli T, Ghosh P, Raney SG, Rantou E, Stagni G. Bioequivalence Evaluation of Topical Metronidazole Products Using Dermal Microdialysis in New Zealand Rabbits. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:204. [PMID: 37789133 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02660-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative assessment of cutaneous pharmacokinetics (cPK) by dermal microdialysis (dMD) appears to be suitable to evaluate the bioequivalence (BE) of topical dermatological drug products applied to the skin (TDDPs). Although dMD studies in the literature have reported inconclusive BE assessments, we have addressed several methodological deficiencies to improve dMD's capability to assess BE between reference (R) and approved generic (referred to as test (T)) gel and cream products of metronidazole (MTZ). The 90% confidence interval (CI) of the geometric mean ratios for the Ln(AUC0-24) and Ln(Cmax) endpoints was centered within the BE limits of 80-125%. The CIs extended outside this range as the proof-of-principle study was not statistically powered to demonstrate BE (N = 7 rabbits). A power analysis suggests that, with the variability observed in this study, 21 rabbits for the cream and 11 rabbits for the gel would be sufficient to support an evaluation of BE with the 2 probe replicates we used, and only 10 and 5 rabbits would be sufficient to power the study for the cream and gel, respectively, if 4 probe replicates are used for each treatment per rabbit. These results indicate that dMD when properly controlling variables can be used to support BE assessments for TDDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharareh Senemar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, 75 DeKalb Ave., Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
| | - Benjamin A Kuzma
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, 75 DeKalb Ave., Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tannaz Ramezanli
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sam G Raney
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena Rantou
- Division of Biometrics VIII, Office of Biostatistics, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Grazia Stagni
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, 75 DeKalb Ave., Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA.
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Raney SG, Ghosh P, Ramezanli T, Lehman PA, Franz TJ. Cutaneous Pharmacokinetic Approaches to Compare Bioavailability and/or Bioequivalence for Topical Drug Products. Dermatol Clin 2022; 40:319-332. [PMID: 35750415 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of bioequivalence (BE) involves comparing the test product to its reference product in a study whose fundamental scientific principles allow inferring of the clinical performance of the products. Several test methods have been discussed and developed to evaluate topical bioavailability (BA) and BE. Pharmacokinetics-based approaches characterize the rate and extent to which an active ingredient becomes available at or near its site of action in the skin. Such methodologies are considered to be among the most accurate, sensitive, and reproducible approaches for determining the BA or BE of a product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam G Raney
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tannaz Ramezanli
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Paul A Lehman
- QPS Holdings, LLC, 3 Innovation Way, Suite 240, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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Kuzma BA, Senemar S, Ramezanli T, Ghosh P, Raney SG, Stagni G. The dose-duration effect on cutaneous pharmacokinetics of metronidazole from topical dermatological formulations in Yucatan mini-pigs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 175:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Rapalli VK, Mahmood A, Waghule T, Gorantla S, Kumar Dubey S, Alexander A, Singhvi G. Revisiting techniques to evaluate drug permeation through skin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1829-1842. [PMID: 34826250 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.2010702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Investigating the transportation of a drug molecule through various layers of skin and determining the amount of drug retention in skin layers is of prime importance in transdermal and topical drug delivery. The information regarding drug permeation and retention in skin layers aids in optimizing a formulation and provides insight into the therapeutic efficacy of a formulation. AREAS COVERED This perspective covers various methods that have been explored to estimate drug/therapeutics in skin layers using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo conditions. In vitro methods such as diffusion techniques, ex vivo methods such as isolated perfused skin models and in vivo techniques including dermato-pharmacokinetics employing tape stripping, and microdialysis are discussed. Application of all techniques at various stages of formulation development where various local and systemic effects need to be considered. EXPERT OPINION The void in the existing methodologies necessitates improvement in the field of dermatologic research. Standardization of protocols, experimental setups, regulatory guidelines, and further research provides information to select an alternative for human skin to perform skin permeation experiments to increase the reliability of data generated through the available techniques. There is a need to utilize multiple techniques for appropriate dermato-pharmacokinetics evaluation and formulation's efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamshi Krishna Rapalli
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
| | - Arisha Mahmood
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
| | - Tejashree Waghule
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
| | - Srividya Gorantla
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Medical Research, R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, Kolkata, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
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Bodenlenz M, Augustin T, Birngruber T, Tiffner KI, Boulgaropoulos B, Schwingenschuh S, Raney SG, Rantou E, Sinner F. Variability of Skin Pharmacokinetic Data: Insights from a Topical Bioequivalence Study Using Dermal Open Flow Microperfusion. Pharm Res 2020; 37:204. [PMID: 32989514 PMCID: PMC7522073 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dermal open flow microperfusion (dOFM) has previously demonstrated its utility to assess the bioequivalence (BE) of topical drug products in a clinical study. We aimed to characterize the sources of variability in the dermal pharmacokinetic data from that study. METHODS Exploratory statistical analyses were performed with multivariate data from a clinical dOFM-study in 20 healthy adults evaluating the BE, or lack thereof, of Austrian test (T) and U.S. reference (R) acyclovir cream, 5% products. RESULTS The overall variability of logAUC values (CV: 39% for R and 45% for T) was dominated by inter-subject variability (R: 82%, T: 91%) which correlated best with the subject's skin conductance. Intra-subject variability was 18% (R) and 9% (T) of the overall variability; skin treatment sites or methodological factors did not significantly contribute to that variability. CONCLUSIONS Inter-subject variability was the major component of overall variability for acyclovir, and treatment site location did not significantly influence intra-subject variability. These results support a dOFM BE study design with T and R products assessed simultaneously on the same subject, where T and R treatment sites do not necessarily need to be next to each other. Localized variation in skin microstructure may be primarily responsible for intra-subject variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Bodenlenz
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Augustin
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Birngruber
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Katrin I Tiffner
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Beate Boulgaropoulos
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Simon Schwingenschuh
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Sam G Raney
- Division of Therapeutic Performance Office of Research and Standards Office of Generic Drugs, United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, MD, 20993, Silver Spring, USA
| | - Elena Rantou
- Division of Biostatistics VIII, Office of Biostatistics, Office of Translational Sciences, United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, MD, 20993, Silver Spring, USA
| | - Frank Sinner
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria.
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Longuespée R, Theile D, Fresnais M, Burhenne J, Weiss J, Haefeli WE. Approaching sites of action of drugs in clinical pharmacology: New analytical options and their challenges. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:858-874. [PMID: 32881012 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical pharmacology is an important discipline for drug development aiming to define pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and optimum exposure to drugs, i.e. the concentration-response relationship and its modulators. For this purpose, information on drug concentrations at the anatomical, cellular and molecular sites of action is particularly valuable. In pharmacological assays, the limited accessibility of target cells in readily available samples (i.e. blood) often hampers mass spectrometry-based monitoring of the absolute quantity of a compound and the determination of its molecular action at the cellular level. Recently, new sample collection methods have been developed for the specific capture of rare circulating cells, especially for the diagnosis of circulating tumour cells. In parallel, new advances and developments in mass spectrometric instrumentation now allow analyses to be scaled down to the cellular level. Together, these developments may permit the monitoring of minute drug quantities and show their effect at the cellular level. In turn, such PK/PD associations on a cellular level would not only enrich our pharmacological knowledge of a given compound but also expand the basis for PK/PD simulations. In this review, we describe novel concepts supporting clinical pharmacology at the anatomical, cellular and molecular sites of action, and highlight the new challenges in mass spectrometry-based monitoring. Moreover, we present methods to tackle these challenges and define future needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Longuespée
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Theile
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margaux Fresnais
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Burhenne
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter E Haefeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Baumann KY, Church MK, Clough GF, Quist SR, Schmelz M, Skov PS, Anderson CD, Tannert LK, Giménez-Arnau AM, Frischbutter S, Scheffel J, Maurer M. Skin microdialysis: methods, applications and future opportunities-an EAACI position paper. Clin Transl Allergy 2019; 9:24. [PMID: 31007896 PMCID: PMC6456961 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-019-0262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin microdialysis (SMD) is a versatile sampling technique that can be used to recover soluble endogenous and exogenous molecules from the extracellular compartment of human skin. Due to its minimally invasive character, SMD can be applied in both clinical and preclinical settings. Despite being available since the 1990s, the technique has still not reached its full potential use as a tool to explore pathophysiological mechanisms of allergic and inflammatory reactions in the skin. Therefore, an EAACI Task Force on SMD was formed to disseminate knowledge about the technique and its many applications. This position paper from the task force provides an overview of the current use of SMD in the investigation of the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, psoriasis, and in studies of cutaneous events during type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. Furthermore, this paper covers drug hypersensitivity, UVB-induced- and neurogenic inflammation, and drug penetration investigated by SMD. The aim of this paper is to encourage the use of SMD and to make the technique easily accessible by providing an overview of methodology and applications, supported by standardized operating procedures for SMD in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Y Baumann
- RefLab ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark.,2Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin K Church
- 3Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sven Roy Quist
- 5Clinic of Dermatology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Skin Center MDZ, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Schmelz
- 7Department of Experimental Pain Research, CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Per Stahl Skov
- RefLab ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark.,8Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Chris D Anderson
- 9Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Line Kring Tannert
- 8Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ana Maria Giménez-Arnau
- 10Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Autònoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan Frischbutter
- 3Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Scheffel
- 3Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Maurer
- 3Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Ma J, Gao Y, Sun Y, Ding D, Zhang Q, Sun B, Wang M, Sun J, He Z. Tissue distribution and dermal drug determination of indomethacin transdermal-absorption patches. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 7:617-624. [PMID: 28534130 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The tissue distribution and percutaneous drug absorption of indomethacin (IND) patches were studied using commercial IND as a comparison. The concentration of IND in skin, plasma, and muscle in mice was measured by LC-MS/MS, and the IND concentration in the dermis of rats was also monitored by microdialysis. After percutaneous administration, the "double-peak" phenomenon occurred in different tissues, and the IND concentration was ranked as skin first, followed by plasma and then muscle. In particular, skin acted as a reservoir for drug release, and the "secondary hump" in tissue distribution was attributed to the subsequent release of lipophilic IND in skin. It was concluded that examination of the tissue distribution and application of a microdialysis technique provided an effective means of evaluating indomethacin pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ma
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yinghua Sun
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Dawei Ding
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Bingjun Sun
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Menglin Wang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
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Abstract
Background The availability of generic topical dermatological drug products is constrained by the limited methods established to assess topical bioequivalence (BE). A novel cutaneous pharmacokinetic approach, dermal open-flow microperfusion (dOFM), can continuously assess the rate and extent to which a topical drug becomes available in the dermis, to compare in vivo dermal bioavailability (BA) and support BE evaluations for topical products. Objective To evaluate whether dOFM is an accurate, sensitive, and reproducible in vivo method to characterize the intradermal BA of acyclovir from 5 % acyclovir creams, comparing a reference (R) product either to itself or to a different test (T) product. Methods In a single-center clinical study, R or T products were applied to six randomized treatment sites on the skin of 20 healthy human subjects. Two dOFM probes were inserted in each treatment site to monitor the intradermal acyclovir concentration for 36 h. Comparative BA (of R vs. R and T vs. R) was evaluated based on conventional BE criteria for pharmacokinetic endpoints (area under the curve and maximum plasma concentration) where the 90 % confidence interval of the geometric mean ratio between the T and R falls within 0.80–1.25. Results The positive control products (R vs. R) were accurately and reproducibly confirmed to be bioequivalent, while the negative control products (T vs. R) were sensitively discriminated not to be bioequivalent. Conclusions dOFM accurately, sensitively, and reproducibly characterized the dermal BA in a manner that can support BE evaluations for topical acyclovir 5 % creams in a study with n = 40 (20 subjects in this study).
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Wang M, Li L, Xie J, Sun Y, Ling G, He Z. Transdermal Adhesive Patches Loaded with Ketoprofen Evaluated by Dynamic Detection of Percutaneous Absorption. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2141-2148. [PMID: 28035612 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical delivery has many benefits toward NSAIDs administration, and the best-selling transdermal preparation in 2015 was the NSAID patch MOHRUS®. Herein, we report a ketoprofen adhesive patch (KAP) and evaluate the penetration and absorption compared to MOHRUS®. Microdialysis sampling technique was applied to determine drug penetration in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Simultaneously, blood samples were withdrawn over time to obtain the drug absorption in plasma. The ketoprofen concentrations in the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and plasma were compared with the commercially available patch (MOHRUS®). Based on the detection, pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0-8h were determined for both the formulations. No significant differences were found in the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and plasma in rats according to the bioequivalence assessment. The KAP demonstrated multiple therapeutic advantages including the controlled drug release and the sustained drug concentration in the skin as well as in plasma. The pharmacokinetic study coupled with microdialysis sampling provided an effective strategy to evaluate transdermal delivery.
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Lu M, Xing H, Chen X, Xian L, Jiang J, Yang T, Ding P. Advance in bioequivalence assessment of topical dermatological products. Asian J Pharm Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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12
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Ruela ALM, Perissinato AG, Lino MEDS, Mudrik PS, Pereira GR. Evaluation of skin absorption of drugs from topical and transdermal formulations. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502016000300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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13
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Erdő F, Hashimoto N, Karvaly G, Nakamichi N, Kato Y. Critical evaluation and methodological positioning of the transdermal microdialysis technique. A review. J Control Release 2016; 233:147-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Raney SG, Franz TJ, Lehman PA, Lionberger R, Chen ML. Pharmacokinetics-Based Approaches for Bioequivalence Evaluation of Topical Dermatological Drug Products. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 54:1095-106. [PMID: 26063051 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic approach has accelerated the development of high-quality generic medicines with extraordinary cost savings, transforming the pharmaceutical industry and healthcare system in the USA. While this is true for systemically absorbed drug products, the availability of generic versions of topical dermatological products remains constrained due to the limited methods accepted for bioequivalence evaluation of these products. The current review explores the possibility of developing appropriate bioequivalence approaches based on pharmacokinetic principles for topical dermatological products. This review focuses on the strengths and limitations of the three most promising pharmacokinetics-based methods to evaluate the performance and bioequivalence of topical dermatological products, which include in vivo skin stripping, in vivo microdialysis, and in vitro permeation testing (IVPT) with excised human skin. It is hoped that recent advances in pharmaceutical and regulatory science will facilitate the development of robust bioequivalence approaches for these dosage forms, enable more efficient methodologies to compare the performance of new drug products in certain pre-approval or post-approval change situations, and promote the availability of high-quality generic versions of topical dermatological products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam G Raney
- Office of Research and Standards, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| | - Thomas J Franz
- , 10716 SE Forest View Lane, Happy Valley, OR, 97086, USA
| | | | - Robert Lionberger
- Office of Research and Standards, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Mei-Ling Chen
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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15
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Research Techniques Made Simple: Drug Delivery Techniques, Part 2: Commonly Used Techniques to Assess Topical Drug Bioavailability. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:e43-e49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Variability in Capsaicin-stimulated Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Release from Human Dental Pulp. J Endod 2016; 42:542-6. [PMID: 26898566 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The unique innervation and anatomic features of dental pulp contribute to the remarkable finding that any physical stimulation of pulpal tissue is painful. Furthermore, when pathological processes such as caries affect teeth and produce inflammation of the pulp, the pain experienced can be quite intense and debilitating. To better understand these underlying neurobiological mechanisms and identify novel analgesic targets for pulpally derived pain, we have developed a powerful ex vivo model using human tooth slices. METHODS Noncarious, freshly extracted teeth were collected and sectioned longitudinally into 1-mm-thick slices containing both dental pulp and the surrounding mineralized tissues. Tooth slices from 36 patients were exposed to 60 μmol/L capsaicin to stimulate the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from nerve terminals in the pulp. Patient factors were analyzed for their effects on capsaicin-stimulated CGRP release using a mixed model analysis of variance. RESULTS Approximately one third of the variability observed in capsaicin-evoked CGRP release was attributable to differences between individuals. In terms of individual factors, there was no effect of anesthesia type, sex, or age on capsaicin-stimulated CGRP release. Using a within-subject study design, a significant effect of capsaicin on CGRP release was observed. CONCLUSIONS Capsaicin-stimulated CGRP release from dental pulp is highly variable between individuals. A within-subject study design improves the variability and maximizes the potential of this powerful translational model to test the efficacy of novel pharmacotherapeutic agents on human peripheral nociceptors.
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Grosser S, Park M, Raney SG, Rantou E. Determining Equivalence for Generic Locally Acting Drug Products. Stat Biopharm Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19466315.2015.1093541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shah PP, Desai PR, Boakye CHA, Patlolla R, Kikwai LC, Babu RJ, Singh M. Percutaneous delivery of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone for the treatment of imiquimod-induced psoriasis. J Drug Target 2015; 24:537-47. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1103743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Punit P. Shah
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA,
| | - Pinaki R. Desai
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA,
| | - Cedar H. A. Boakye
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA,
| | - Ram Patlolla
- Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Integrated Product Development, Bachupallyi, Hyderabad, India, and
| | - Loice C. Kikwai
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA,
| | - R. Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA,
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Abstract
The study of a drug's dermal penetration profile provides important pharmaceutical data for the rational development of topical and transdermal delivery systems because the skin is a broadly used delivery route for local and systemic drugs and a potential route for gene therapy and vaccines. Monitoring drug penetration across the skin and quantifying its levels in different skin layers have been constant challenges due to the detection limitations of the available techniques, as well as the inherent interference in this tissue. This review explores and discusses several bionalytical methods that are indispensable tools to study drugs across the skin. In addressing the main topic, we structure the review highlighting the skin as an important route of drug administration and its structure, skin membrane models most used and its properties, in vitro and in vivo assays most used in the study of drug delivery to the skin, the techniques for processing the skin for subsequent analysis by bioanalytical methods that have a theoretical and practical approach showing its applicability, limitations and also including examples of its use. This review has a comprehensive approach in order to help researchers design their experiments and update the applicability and advances in this area of expertise.
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20
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Ba W, Li Z, Wang L, Wang D, Liao W, Fan W, Wu Y, Liao F, Yu J. Optimization and evaluation of pluronic lecithin organogels as a transdermal delivery vehicle for sinomenine. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 21:535-45. [PMID: 25757643 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1022791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to prepare and optimize sinomenine (SIN) pluronic lecithin organogels system (PLO), and to evaluate the permeability of the optimized PLO in vitro and in vivo. Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the PLO and the optimized formulation was pluronic F127 of 19.61%, lecithin of 3.60% and SIN of 1.27%. The formulation was evaluated its skin permeation and drug deposition both in vitro and in vivo compared with gel. Permeation and deposition studies of PLO were carried out with Franz diffusion cells in vitro and with microdialysis in vivo. In vitro studies, permeation rate (Jss) of SIN from PLO was 146.55 ± 2.93 μg/cm(2)/h, significantly higher than that of gel (120.39 μg/cm(2)/h) and the amount of SIN deposited in skin from the PLO was 10.08 ± 0.86 μg/cm(2), significantly larger than that from gel (6.01 ± 0.04 μg/cm(2)). In vivo skin microdialysis studies showed that the maximum concentration (Cmax) of SIN from PLO in "permeation study" and "drug-deposition study" were 150.27 ± 20.85 μg/ml and 67.95 μg/ml, respectively, both significantly higher than that of SIN from gel (29.66 and 6.73 μg/ml). The results recommend that PLO can be used as an advantageous transdermal delivery vehicle to enhance the permeation and skin deposition of SIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Ba
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Zhou Li
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Lisheng Wang
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Ding Wang
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Weiguo Liao
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Wentao Fan
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Yinai Wu
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Fengyun Liao
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Jianye Yu
- a School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
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21
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Azeredo FJ, Dalla Costa T, Derendorf H. Role of microdialysis in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: current status and future directions. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 53:205-212. [PMID: 24452811 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in medical practice are still generally based on blood concentrations of drugs and/or biomolecules despite the knowledge that biochemical events and pharmacological effects usually take place in tissue rather than in the bloodstream. Microdialysis is a semi-invasive technique that is able to measure concentrations of the free, active drug or endogenous compounds in almost all human tissues and organs. It is currently being used to monitor brain metabolic processes and quantify tissue biomarkers, and determine transdermal drug distribution and tissue pharmacokinetics, confirming its importance as a widely used sampling technique in clinical drug monitoring and drug development as well as therapy and disease follow-up, contributing to rationalizing drug dosing regimens and influencing the clinical decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Dalla Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Hartmut Derendorf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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22
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Zhou W, He S, Yang Y, Jian D, Chen X, Ding J. Formulation, characterization and clinical evaluation of propranolol hydrochloride gel for transdermal treatment of superficial infantile hemangioma. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:1109-19. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.931968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Role of microdialysis in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: current status and future directions. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014. [PMID: 24452811 DOI: 10.1007/s40262–014-0131–8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in medical practice are still generally based on blood concentrations of drugs and/or biomolecules despite the knowledge that biochemical events and pharmacological effects usually take place in tissue rather than in the bloodstream. Microdialysis is a semi-invasive technique that is able to measure concentrations of the free, active drug or endogenous compounds in almost all human tissues and organs. It is currently being used to monitor brain metabolic processes and quantify tissue biomarkers, and determine transdermal drug distribution and tissue pharmacokinetics, confirming its importance as a widely used sampling technique in clinical drug monitoring and drug development as well as therapy and disease follow-up, contributing to rationalizing drug dosing regimens and influencing the clinical decision-making process.
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24
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Current challenges in bioequivalence, quality, and novel assessment technologies for topical products. Pharm Res 2014; 31:837-46. [PMID: 24395404 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1259-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarises the proceedings of a recent workshop which brought together pharmaceutical scientists and dermatologists from academia, industry and regulatory agencies to discuss current regulatory issues and industry practices for establishing therapeutic bioequivalence (BE) of dermatologic topical products. The methods currently available for assessment of BE were reviewed as well as alternatives and the advantages and disadvantages of each method were considered. Guidance on quality and performance of topical products was reviewed and a framework to categorise existing and alternative methods for evaluation of BE was discussed. The outcome of the workshop emphasized both a need for greater attention to quality, possibly, via a Quality-By-Design (QBD) approach and a need to develop a "whole toolkit" approach towards the problem of determination of rate and extent in the assessment of topical bioavailability. The discussion on the BE and clinical equivalence of topical products revealed considerable concerns about the variability present in the current methodologies utilized by the industry and regulatory agencies. It was proposed that academicians, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry and regulators work together to evaluate and validate alternative methods that are based on both the underlying science and are adapted to the drug product itself instead of single "universal" method.
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25
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Shukla C, Bashaw E, Stagni G, Benfeldt E. Applications of dermal microdialysis: a review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Bodenlenz M, Aigner B, Dragatin C, Liebenberger L, Zahiragic S, Höfferer C, Birngruber T, Priedl J, Feichtner F, Schaupp L, Korsatko S, Ratzer M, Magnes C, Pieber TR, Sinner F. Clinical applicability of dOFM devices for dermal sampling. Skin Res Technol 2013; 19:474-83. [PMID: 23581539 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sampling the dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) allows the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dermatological drugs to be studied directly at their site of action. Dermal open-flow microperfusion (dOFM) is a recently developed technique that can provide minimally invasive, continuous, membrane-free (thus unfiltered) access to the dermal ISF. Herein, we evaluate the clinical applicability and reliability of novel wearable dOFM devices in a clinical setting. METHODS Physicians inserted 141 membrane-free dOFM probes into the dermis of 17 healthy and psoriatic volunteers and sampled dermal ISF for 25 h by using wearable push-pull pumps. The tolerability, applicability, reproducibility, and reliability of multiple insertions and 25 h continuous sampling was assessed by pain scoring, physician feedback, ultrasound probe depth measurements, and 25 h-drift and variability of the sodium relative recovery. RESULTS Insertion pain was moderate and decreased with each additional probe. Probe insertion was precise, although slightly deeper in lesional skin. The wearable push-pull pump enabled uninterrupted ISF sampling over 25 h with low variability. The relative recovery was drift-free and highly reproducible. CONCLUSION dOFM sampling devices are tolerable and reliable for prolonged continuous dermal sampling in a multiprobe clinical setting. These devices should enable the study of a wide range of drugs and their biomarkers in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bodenlenz
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
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27
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Bodenlenz M, Höfferer C, Magnes C, Schaller-Ammann R, Schaupp L, Feichtner F, Ratzer M, Pickl K, Sinner F, Wutte A, Korsatko S, Köhler G, Legat FJ, Benfeldt EM, Wright AM, Neddermann D, Jung T, Pieber TR. Dermal PK/PD of a lipophilic topical drug in psoriatic patients by continuous intradermal membrane-free sampling. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81:635-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Dancik Y, Anissimov YG, Jepps OG, Roberts MS. Convective transport of highly plasma protein bound drugs facilitates direct penetration into deep tissues after topical application. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 73:564-78. [PMID: 21999217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT Many products are applied to human skin for local effects in deeper tissues. Animal studies suggest that deep dermal and/or subcutaneous delivery may be facilitated by both dermal diffusion and transport via the cutaneous vasculature. However, the relationship between the extent and pathways of penetration, drug physicochemical properties and deeper tissue physiology is not well understood. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS We have used a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to analyze published human cutaneous microdialysis data, complemented by our own in vitro skin penetration studies. We found that convective blood, lymphatic and interstitial flow led to significant deep tissue concentrations for drugs that are highly plasma protein bound. In such cases, deeper tissue concentrations will occur earlier and may be several orders of magnitude greater than predicted by passive dermal diffusion alone. AIMS To relate the varying dermal, subcutaneous and muscle microdialysate concentrations found in man after topical application to the nature of the drug applied and to the underlying physiology. METHODS We developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model in which transport to deeper tissues was determined by tissue diffusion, blood, lymphatic and intersitial flow transport and drug properties. The model was applied to interpret published human microdialysis data, estimated in vitro dermal diffusion and protein binding affinity of drugs that have been previously applied topically in vivo and measured in deep cutaneous tissues over time. RESULTS Deeper tissue microdialysis concentrations for various drugs in vivo vary widely. Here, we show that carriage by the blood to the deeper tissues below topical application sites facilitates the transport of highly plasma protein bound drugs that penetrate the skin, leading to rapid and significant concentrations in those tissues. Hence, the fractional concentration for the highly plasma protein bound diclofenac in deeper tissues is 0.79 times that in a probe 4.5 mm below a superficial probe whereas the corresponding fractional concentration for the poorly protein bound nicotine is 0.02. Their corresponding estimated in vivo lag times for appearance of the drugs in the deeper probes were 1.1 min for diclofenac and 30 min for nicotine. CONCLUSIONS Poorly plasma protein bound drugs are mainly transported to deeper tissues after topical application by tissue diffusion whereas the transport of highly plasma protein bound drugs is additionally facilitated by convective blood, lymphatic and interstitial transport to deep tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Dancik
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4120, Australia
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29
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Mugglestone CJ, Mariz S, Lane ME. The development and registration of topical pharmaceuticals. Int J Pharm 2012; 435:22-6. [PMID: 22486961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
From our own experience we have seen that over the past 60 years topical delivery of drugs with its advantages and disadvantages has become much more widely understood and much more is now known about the disposition of drugs in the skin. Today, pharmaceutical scientists produce dermatological vehicles which are tailored to patients' needs and better appreciate how the formulation may affect rates of drug delivery, and ultimately, efficacy and safety. The guidelines for developing a New Chemical Entity (NCE) to be administered by the topical route are rather straightforward. What appears to be less well understood are the pathways for development, and the regulatory routes for topical formulations of a known established Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) either in a new formulation, at a different concentration, or with APIs where topical administration is an alternative route of administration. This article provides guidance, on the regulatory routes which can help achieve marketing approval in Europe for topical formulations, with particular emphasis on clinical development. Some comments on NCE's will be given, and further detail is provided in cases where the topical route is a new method of administration for delivering a known API.
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30
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Holmgaard R, Benfeldt E, Nielsen JB, Gatschelhofer C, Sorensen JA, Höfferer C, Bodenlenz M, Pieber TR, Sinner F. Comparison of Open-Flow Microperfusion and Microdialysis Methodologies When Sampling Topically Applied Fentanyl and Benzoic Acid in Human Dermis Ex Vivo. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1808-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Paskauskas S, Parseliunas A, Kerkadze V, Nobiling R, Schmidt J, Ryschich E. Blockade of leukocyte haptokinesis and haptotaxis by ketoprofen, diclofenac and SC-560. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:64. [PMID: 22078067 PMCID: PMC3247092 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) represent a one of the most widely used anti-inflammatory substances. Their anti-inflammatory effects are mainly based on inhibition of cyclooxygenase. The potential direct effect of NSAID on leukocyte migration was poorly investigated. Using time-lapse microscopy and 96-well fluorescence-based assay, we studied the effect of three different NSAID, ketoprofen, diclofenac and SC-560, on leukocyte haptokinesis and haptotaxis in vivo and in vitro. Results NSAID induced an immediate inhibiting effect on leukocyte migration both in vitro and in vivo. This effect was dose-dependent and was not restricted to a specific type of leukocytes. The inhibition of leukocyte migration by NSAID was partially re-stored after removal of inhibiting agent. Only complete blockade of leukocyte migration was accompanied by a strong reduction of [Ca2+]i. Conclusions NSAID strongly supress leukocyte migration. The results of the present study may have important clinical implications since blockade of leukocyte migration can be achieved after topical application of NSAID.
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32
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Wei H, Wang S, Xu F, Xu L, Zheng J, Chen Y. Topical bioequivalence of acyclovir creams using dermal microdialysis in pigs: a new model to evaluate bioequivalence for topical formulations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 38:785-91. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.625032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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33
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Jiang W, Kim S, Zhang X, Lionberger RA, Davit BM, Conner DP, Yu LX. The role of predictive biopharmaceutical modeling and simulation in drug development and regulatory evaluation. Int J Pharm 2011; 418:151-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Juluru R, Shukla C, Yin H, Stagni G. Skin microdialysis-based estimation of systemic bioavailability fraction. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:405-13. [PMID: 21935951 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Systemic bioavailability is usually determined from plasma data. However, when plasma is difficult to access, as in young children, alternative methods would be particularly beneficial. The present study investigates the possibility of calculating systemic bioavailability fraction (F) from skin concentrations measured by two microdialysis (MD) sampling methods: continuous microdialysis and intermittent microdialysis. When the drug concentration in skin is a linear and time-invariant function of plasma concentration, the area under the drug concentration curve in skin is directly proportional to the drug absorbed systemically. To verify this theory, we compared the F estimated from MD concentrations in the skin with that obtained from the plasma data in the same experiment. Two model drugs were selected for the study: amoxicillin and ketoprofen. Drugs were administered to rabbits as intravenous infusion or oral suspension according to a randomized crossover design. F estimated by either MD method was not significantly different from that obtained from the plasma for both drugs tested. However, the skin data exhibited a larger variability. These results confirm that skin MD could be an alternative way to obtain data for the calculation of systemic fraction of drug absorbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Juluru
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA
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35
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Au WL, Skinner MF, Benfeldt E, Verbeeck RK, Kanfer I. Application of dermal microdialysis for the determination of bioavailability of clobetasol propionate applied to the skin of human subjects. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 25:17-24. [PMID: 21860254 DOI: 10.1159/000330489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dermal microdialysis was used to assess the bioavailability of a topical corticosteroid, clobetasol propionate, following application onto the skin of human subjects. The penetration of clobetasol propionate from a 4% m/v ethanolic solution applied onto 4 sites on one forearm of healthy human volunteers was studied. A lipid emulsion, Intralipid®, was used as the perfusate and linear microdialysis probes with a 2-kDa cutoff were inserted intradermally at the designated sites. The results indicated that Intralipid could be used as a suitable perfusate for in vivo microdialysis of this lipophilic drug of interest. Furthermore, the study clearly demonstrated the application of dermal microdialysis as a valuable tool to assess the bioavailability/bioequivalence of clobetasol propionate penetration into the skin following topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Au
- Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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36
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Holmgaard R, Benfeldt E, Bangsgaard N, Sorensen JA, Brosen K, Nielsen F, Nielsen JB. Probe depth matters in dermal microdialysis sampling of benzoic acid after topical application: an ex vivo study in human skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 25:9-16. [PMID: 21849814 DOI: 10.1159/000330491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microdialysis (MD) in the skin - dermal microdialysis (DMD) - is a unique technique for sampling of topically as well as systemically administered drugs at the site of action, e.g. sampling of dermatological drug concentrations in the dermis. Debate has concerned the existence of a correlation between the depth of the sampling device - the probe - in the dermis and the amount of drug sampled following topical drug administration. This study evaluates the relation between probe depth and drug sampling using dermal DMD sampling ex vivo in human skin. We used superficial (<1 mm), intermediate (1-2 mm) and deep (>2 mm) positioning of the linear MD probe in the dermis of human abdominal skin, followed by topical application of 4 mg/ml of benzoic acid (BA) in skin chambers overlying the probes. Dialysate was sampled every hour for 12 h and analysed for BA content by high-performance liquid chromatography. Probe depth was measured by 20-MHz ultrasound scanning. The area under the time-versus-concentration curve (AUC) describes the drug exposure in the tissue during the experiment and is a relevant parameter to compare for the 3 dermal probe depths investigated. The AUC(0-12) were: superficial probes: 3,335 ± 1,094 μg·h/ml (mean ± SD); intermediate probes: 2,178 ± 1,068 μg·h/ml, and deep probes: 1,159 ± 306 μg·h/ml. AUC(0-12) sampled by the superficial probes was significantly higher than that of samples from the intermediate and deeply positioned probes (p value <0.05). There was a significant inverse correlation between probe depth and AUC(0-12) sampled by the same probe (p value <0.001, r(2) value = 0.5). The mean extrapolated lag-times (±SD) for the superficial probes were 0.8 ± 0.1 h, for the intermediate probes 1.7 ± 0.5 h, and for the deep probes 2.7 ± 0.5 h, which were all significantly different from each other (p value <0.05). In conclusion, this paper demonstrates that there is an inverse relationship between the depth of the probe in the dermis and the amount of drug sampled following topical penetration ex vivo. The result is of relevance to the in vivo situation, and it can be predicted that the differences in sampling at different probe depths will have a more significant impact in the beginning of a study or in studies of short duration. Based on this study it can be recommended that studies of topical drug penetration using DMD sampling should include measurements of probe depth and that efforts should be made to minimize probe depth variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Holmgaard
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. rikkeholmgaard @ gmail.com
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37
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Assessment of topical bioequivalence using dermal microdialysis and tape stripping methods. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2165-75. [PMID: 21499834 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the bioequivalence of two commercial topical formulations of oxytetracycline HCl by tape stripping and microdialysis in healthy volunteers. METHODS Tape stripping study was conducted on 12 healthy volunteers. After a 30-minute application of the formulations, adhesive tapes were used to sample stratum corneum at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 hr. Ten of these volunteers were included in the microdialysis study with a period of 4 weeks between the experiments. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the dermis of the forearm. Following the application of the test and reference simultaneously, dialysates were collected in 30-minute sampling intervals up to 4 hr. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic evaluation by microdialysis yielded that the test could not be said to be bioequivalent to the reference at 90% CI. The intersubject variability of oxytetracycline content in stratum corneum was moderate when it was compared to the dermal levels. The test was found to be bioequivalent to reference according to the dermatopharmacokinetic evaluation by tape stripping. CONCLUSIONS No significant correlations were found between microdialysis and tape stripping methods as regarding the topical bioequivalence of oxytetracycline HCl formulations.
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Bioequivalence for Topical Products—An Update. Pharm Res 2010; 27:2590-601. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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