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Dahley C, Goss KU, Ebert A. Revisiting the pK a-Flux method for determining intrinsic membrane permeability. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 191:106592. [PMID: 37751809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic membrane permeability is one of several factors that critically determine the intestinal absorption of a chemical. The intrinsic membrane permeability of a chemical is usually extracted from transwell experiments with Caco-2 or MDCK cells, preferably by the pKa-Flux method, which is considered the method of choice when aqueous boundary layer effects need to be excluded. The pKa-Flux method has two variants, the iso-pH method, where apical and basolateral pH are equal, and the gradient-pH method, where apical and basolateral pH are different. The most commonly used method is the gradient-pH method, as it is intended to reflect the pH-conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. However, concentration-shift effects caused by the applied pH-difference between apical and basolateral compartment in the gradient-pH method have not been considered in the evaluation of the experimental data in the past. Consequently, incorrect intrinsic membrane permeabilities have been determined. In this work, we present a revised method for extracting the intrinsic membrane permeability from gradient-pH data that considers concentration-shift effects in the basolateral aqueous boundary layer and filter as well as in the cytosol. Furthermore, we propose the use of the iso-pH method, where only concentration-shift effects in the cytosol need to be considered, as an alternative to the gradient-pH method. We use the five lipophilic bases amantadine, chloroquine, propranolol, venlafaxine and verapamil as examples to compare gradient-pH method and iso-pH method with regard to the extractability of the intrinsic membrane permeability. For lipophilic bases, the iso-pH method proves to be advantageous. All intrinsic membrane permeabilities determined in this work were substantially higher than the intrinsic membrane permeabilities reported in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Dahley
- Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Goss
- Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Andrea Ebert
- Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
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Martinez MN, Wu F, Sinko B, Brayden DJ, Grass M, Kesisoglou F, Stewart A, Sugano K. A Critical Overview of the Biological Effects of Excipients (Part II): Scientific Considerations and Tools for Oral Product Development. AAPS J 2022; 24:61. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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In Vitro–In Silico Modeling of Caffeine and Diclofenac Permeation in Static and Fluidic Systems with a 16HBE Lung Cell Barrier. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020250. [PMID: 35215362 PMCID: PMC8876625 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Static in vitro permeation experiments are commonly used to gain insights into the permeation properties of drug substances but exhibit limitations due to missing physiologic cell stimuli. Thus, fluidic systems integrating stimuli, such as physicochemical fluxes, have been developed. However, as fluidic in vitro studies display higher complexity compared to static systems, analysis of experimental readouts is challenging. Here, the integration of in silico tools holds the potential to evaluate fluidic experiments and to investigate specific simulation scenarios. This study aimed to develop in silico models that describe and predict the permeation and disposition of two model substances in a static and fluidic in vitro system. For this, in vitro permeation studies with a 16HBE cellular barrier under both static and fluidic conditions were performed over 72 h. In silico models were implemented and employed to describe and predict concentration–time profiles of caffeine and diclofenac in various experimental setups. For both substances, in silico modeling identified reduced apparent permeabilities in the fluidic compared to the static cellular setting. The developed in vitro–in silico modeling framework can be expanded further, integrating additional cell tissues in the fluidic system, and can be employed in future studies to model pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug behavior.
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Bittermann K, Goss KU. Predicting apparent passive permeability of Caco-2 and MDCK cell-monolayers: A mechanistic model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190319. [PMID: 29281711 PMCID: PMC5744993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimentally derived apparent permeabilities, Papp, through cell monolayers such as Caco-2 and MDCK are considered to be an in-vitro gold standard for assessing the uptake efficiency of drugs. Here, we present a mechanistic model that describes 'passive' Papp values (i.e., neglecting active transport) by accounting for the different resistances solutes encounter when permeating a cell monolayer. We described three parallel permeation pathways, namely a cytosolic-, paracellular-, and lateral route, each of which consists of a number of serial resistances. These resistances were accounted for via a mechanistic depiction of the underlying processes that are largely based on literature work. For the present Papp dataset, about as much chemicals are dominated by the cytosolic route as were dominated by the paracellular route, while the lateral route was negligible. For the cytosolic route by far the most chemicals found their main resistance in the various water layers and not in the membrane. Although correlations within the subclasses of chemicals dominated by a specific permeation route were rather poor, we could overall satisfyingly predict Papp for 151 chemicals at a pH of 7.4 (R2 = 0.77, RMSE = 0.48). For a specific evaluation of the intrinsic membrane permeability, Pm, a second experimental dataset based on experiments with black lipid membranes, BLM, was evaluated. Pm could be predicted for 37 chemicals with R2 = 0.91 and RMSE = 0.64 log units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bittermann
- Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Goss
- Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Heikkinen AT, Fowler S, Gray L, Li J, Peng Y, Yadava P, Railkar A, Parrott N. In Vitro to in Vivo Extrapolation and Physiologically Based Modeling of Cytochrome P450 Mediated Metabolism in Beagle Dog Gut Wall and Liver. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1388-99. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300692k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aki T. Heikkinen
- Faculty of Health Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Non-Clinical Safety, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Fowler
- pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Non-Clinical Safety, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lynn Gray
- pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Non-Clinical Safety, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Nutley, New Jersey, United States
| | - Jia Li
- pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Nutley, New Jersey, United States
| | - Ying Peng
- pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Nutley, New Jersey, United States
| | - Preeti Yadava
- pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Nutley, New Jersey, United States
| | - Aruna Railkar
- pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Nutley, New Jersey, United States
| | - Neil Parrott
- pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Non-Clinical Safety, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Estimation of Michaelis–Menten constant of efflux transporter considering asymmetric permeability. Int J Pharm 2011; 418:161-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chiu VM, Lukus PA, Doyle JL, Schenk JO. Mass transport at rotating disk electrodes: effects of synthetic particles and nerve endings. Anal Biochem 2011; 418:58-65. [PMID: 21801709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An unstirred layer (USL) exists at the interface of solids with solutions. Thus, the particles in brain tissue preparations possess a USL as well as at the surface of a rotating disk electrode (RDE) used to measure chemical fluxes. Time constraints for observing biological kinetics based on estimated thicknesses of USLs at the membrane surface in real samples of nerve endings were estimated. Liposomes, silica, and Sephadex were used separately to model the tissue preparation particles. Within a solution stirred by the RDE, both diffusion and hydrodynamic boundary layers are formed. It was observed that the number and size of particles decreased the following: the apparent diffusion coefficient excluding Sephadex, boundary layer thicknesses excluding silica, sensitivity excluding diluted liposomes (in agreement with results from other laboratories), limiting current potentially due to an increase in the path distance, and mixing time. They have no effect on the detection limit (6 ± 2 nM). The RDE kinetically resolves transmembrane transport with a timing of approximately 30 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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