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Lin TY, Lai YF, Chen YH, Lu DW. The Latest Evidence of Erythropoietin in the Treatment of Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416038. [PMID: 36555679 PMCID: PMC9784015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a circulating hormone conventionally considered to be responsible for erythropoiesis. In addition to facilitating red blood cell production, EPO has pluripotent potential, such as for cognition improvement, neurogenesis, and anti-fibrotic, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects. In human retinal tissues, EPO receptors (EPORs) are expressed in the photoreceptor cells, retinal pigment epithelium, and retinal ganglion cell layer. Studies have suggested its potential therapeutic effects in many neurodegenerative diseases, including glaucoma. In this review, we discuss the correlation between glaucoma and EPO, physiology and potential neuroprotective function of the EPO/EPOR system, and latest evidence for the treatment of glaucoma with EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Da-Wen Lu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-87927163
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2
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In vitro and in vivo evaluations of a 3-month sustained-release microsphere depot formulation of leuprolide acetate. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Sawant A, Kamath S, KG H, Kulyadi GP. Solid-in-Oil-in-Water Emulsion: An Innovative Paradigm to Improve Drug Stability and Biological Activity. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:199. [PMID: 34212274 PMCID: PMC8249250 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract An emulsion is a biphasic dosage form comprising of dispersed phase containing droplets that are uniformly distributed into a surrounding liquid which forms the continuous phase. An emulsifier is added at the interface of two immiscible liquids to stabilize the thermodynamically unstable emulsion. Various types of emulsions such as water-in-oil (w-o), oil-in-water (o-w), microemulsions, and multiple emulsions are used for delivering certain drugs in the body. Water (aqueous) phase is commonly used for encapsulating proteins and several other drugs in water-in-oil-in-water (w-o-w) emulsion technique. But this method has posed certain problems such as decreased stability, burst release, and low entrapment efficiency. Thus, a novel “solid-in-oil-in-water” (s-o-w) emulsion system was developed for formulating certain drugs, probiotics, proteins, antibodies, and tannins to overcome these issues. In this method, the active ingredient is encapsulated as a solid and added to an oil phase, which formed a solid-oil dispersion. This dispersion was then mixed with water to form a continuous phase for enhancing the drug absorption. This article focuses on the various studies done to investigate the effectiveness of formulations prepared as solid-oil-water emulsions in comparison to conventional water-oil-water emulsions. A summary of the results obtained in each study is presented in this article. The s-o-w emulsion technique may become beneficial in near future as it has shown to improve the stability and efficacy of the entrapped active ingredient. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Tan HY, Ng KY, Koh RY, Chye SM. Pharmacological Effects of Melatonin as Neuroprotectant in Rodent Model: A Review on the Current Biological Evidence. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:25-51. [PMID: 31435851 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The progressive loss of structure and functions of neurons, including neuronal death, is one of the main factors leading to poor quality of life. Promotion of functional recovery of neuron after injury is a great challenge in neuroregenerative studies. Melatonin, a hormone is secreted by pineal gland and has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Besides that, melatonin has high cell permeability and is able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Apart from that, there are no reported side effects associated with long-term usage of melatonin at both physiological and pharmacological doses. Thus, in this review article, we summarize the pharmacological effects of melatonin as neuroprotectant in central nervous system injury, ischemic-reperfusion injury, optic nerve injury, peripheral nerve injury, neurotmesis, axonotmesis, scar formation, cell degeneration, and apoptosis in rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ying Tan
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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5
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Chan PS, Xian JW, Li Q, Chan CW, Leung SSY, To KKW. Biodegradable Thermosensitive PLGA-PEG-PLGA Polymer for Non-irritating and Sustained Ophthalmic Drug Delivery. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:59. [PMID: 31020458 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Challenges of ophthalmic drug delivery arise from not only the limited solubility of hydrophobic therapeutics, but also the restricted permeability and fast clearance of drugs due to the complex anatomy and physiology of the eyes. Biodegradable thermosensitive polymer, poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide-b-ethylene glycol-b-dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) is a desirable ophthalmic drug delivery system because it can be formulated into injectable solution which forms gel in situ to provide prolonged drug release. In this study, excellent biocompatibility of blank PLGA-PEG-PLGA (1800-1500-1800) thermogel was demonstrated with insignificant difference from saline noted in rat eye enucleation test, in vivo inflammation test upon topical instillation, and subconjunctival injection. After subconjunctival injection, thermogel formulations loaded with hydrophilic (rhodamine B) or hydrophobic (coumarin 6) fluorescent dyes were retained up to 4 weeks in eye tissues and significantly higher level was detected than rhodamine B solution or coumarin 6 suspension in weeks 3 and 4. Moreover, in vivo whole body imaging showed that dye-loaded (sulfo-cyanine 7 NHS ester, Cy7; or cyanine 7.5 alkyne, Cy7.5) thermogels had longer retention at the injection site and retarded release to other body parts than dye solutions. Generally, the release rate of hydrophobic dyes (coumarin 6 and Cy7.5) was much slower than that of the hydrophilic dyes (rhodamine B and Cy7) from the thermogel. In summary, the thermogel was safe for ophthalmic drug delivery and could deliver both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds for sustained drug release into eye tissues with single subconjunctival injection for better patient compliance and reduced risks on repeated injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Shan Chan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jia Wen Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun Wai Chan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sharon S Y Leung
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Pietrucha-Dutczak M, Amadio M, Govoni S, Lewin-Kowalik J, Smedowski A. The Role of Endogenous Neuroprotective Mechanisms in the Prevention of Retinal Ganglion Cells Degeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:834. [PMID: 30524222 PMCID: PMC6262299 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal neurons are not able to undergo spontaneous regeneration in response to damage. A variety of stressors, i.e., UV radiation, high temperature, ischemia, allergens, and others, induce reactive oxygen species production, resulting in consecutive alteration of stress-response gene expression and finally can lead to cell apoptosis. Neurons have developed their own endogenous cellular protective systems. Some of them are preventing cell death and others are allowing functional recovery after injury. The high efficiency of these mechanisms is crucial for cell survival. In this review we focus on the contribution of the most recently studied endogenous neuroprotective factors involved in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival, among which, neurotrophic factors and their signaling pathways, processes regulating the redox status, and different pathways regulating cell death are the most important. Additionally, we summarize currently ongoing clinical trials for therapies for RGC degeneration and optic neuropathies, including glaucoma. Knowledge of the endogenous cellular protective mechanisms may help in the development of effective therapies and potential novel therapeutic targets in order to achieve progress in the treatment of retinal and optic nerve diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Pietrucha-Dutczak
- Chair and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marialaura Amadio
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Govoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Joanna Lewin-Kowalik
- Chair and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adrian Smedowski
- Chair and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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7
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Microspheres as intraocular therapeutic tools in chronic diseases of the optic nerve and retina. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 126:127-144. [PMID: 29339146 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pathologies affecting the optic nerve and the retina are one of the major causes of blindness. These diseases include age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR) and glaucoma, among others. Also, there are genetic disorders that affect the retina causing visual impairment. The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases of the posterior segment is increased as most of them are related with the elderly. Even with the access to different treatments, there are some challenges in managing patients suffering retinal diseases. One of them is the need for frequent interventions. Also, an unpredictable response to therapy has suggested that different pathways may be playing a role in the development of these diseases. The management of these pathologies requires the development of controlled drug delivery systems able to slow the progression of the disease without the need of frequent invasive interventions, typically related with endophthalmitis, retinal detachment, ocular hypertension, cataract, inflammation, and floaters, among other. Biodegradable microspheres are able to encapsulate low molecular weight substances and large molecules such as biotechnological products. Over the last years, a large variety of active substances has been encapsulated in microspheres with the intention of providing neuroprotection of the optic nerve and the retina. The purpose of the present review is to describe the use of microspheres in chronic neurodegenerative diseases affecting the retina and the optic nerve. The advantage of microencapsulation of low molecular weight drugs as well as therapeutic peptides and proteins to be used as neuroprotective strategy is discussed. Also, a new use of the microspheres in the development of animal models of neurodegeneration of the posterior segment is described.
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Wan Y, Wu N, Song L, Wang X, Liu Z, Yuan W, Gan J. Levodopa/Benserazide Loaded Microspheres Alleviate L-dopa Induced Dyskinesia through Preventing the Over-Expression of D1R/Shp-2/ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:331. [PMID: 29093677 PMCID: PMC5651254 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The long-term intermittent Levodopa (L-dopa) stimulation contributes to an aberrant activation of D1 receptor (D1R) mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinases1/2 (ERK1/2) in the striatal medium spiny neurons, resulting in the occurrence of L-dopa induced dyskinesia (LID). Recently, a novel signaling pathway, D1R/Shp-2/ERK1/2, was proposed to be required for the occurrence of LID. Here we designed the study in which two different methods of L-dopa delivery [continuous dopamine stimulation (CDS) vs. intermittent dopamine stimulation] were used to further identify: (1) the role of D1R/Shp-2/ERK1/2 signaling pathway in the occurrence of LID; (2) whether CDS alleviated LID though preventing the over-expression of the D1R/Shp-2/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Methods: 6-OHDA-lesioned rat models of Parkinson's disease (PD) were randomly divided into two groups to receive intermittent L-dopa stimulation (L-dopa/benserazide standard group, LS group) or CDS (L-dopa/benserazide loaded microspheres, LBM group) for 21 days. Dyskinesia and anti-parkinsonian effect were compared between the two groups through the AIMs assessment and cylinder test. The critical protein changes in the D1R/Shp-2/ERK1/2 signaling pathway were compared between the two groups through Western blotting. Results: Intermittent L-dopa administration induced serious dyskinetic movements in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, and the anti-parkinsonian effect of L-dopa was gradually counteracted by the occurrence of dyskinesia. Intermittent L-dopa administration enhanced the expression of membrane D1R, and induced a robust increase of phosphorylation of Shp-2, Src, DARPP-32, and ERK1/2 in the 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum. In contrast, CDS played a dose-dependent anti-parkinsonian role, without inducing such apparent dyskinetic movements. Moreover, CDS induced no change of membrane D1R expression or phosphorylation of Shp-2, Src, DARPP-32, and ERK1/2 in the 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum. Conclusion: The aberrant activation of D1R/Shp-2 complex was evidenced to be required for the D1R mediating ERK1/2 phosphorylation and the occurrence of LID. CDS effectively prevented the overexpression of D1R/Shp-2/ERK1/2 signaling pathway, resulting in the reduction of LID in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weien Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Gan
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Nuzzi R, Tridico F. Glaucoma: Biological Trabecular and Neuroretinal Pathology with Perspectives of Therapy Innovation and Preventive Diagnosis. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:494. [PMID: 28928631 PMCID: PMC5591842 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common degenerative disease affecting retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and optic nerve axons, with progressive and chronic course. It is one of the most important reasons of social blindness in industrialized countries. Glaucoma can lead to the development of irreversible visual field loss, if not treated. Diagnosis may be difficult due to lack of symptoms in early stages of disease. In many cases, when patients arrive at clinical evaluation, a severe neuronal damage may have already occurred. In recent years, newer perspective in glaucoma treatment have emerged. The current research is focusing on finding newer drugs and associations or better delivery systems in order to improve the pharmacological treatment and patient compliance. Moreover, the application of various stem cell types with restorative and neuroprotective intent may be found appealing (intravitreal autologous cellular therapy). Advances are made also in terms of parasurgical treatment, characterized by various laser types and techniques. Moreover, recent research has led to the development of central and peripheral retinal rehabilitation (featuring residing cells reactivation and replacement of defective elements), as well as innovations in diagnosis through more specific and refined methods and inexpensive tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nuzzi
- Eye Clinic Section, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Ophthalmic HospitalTurin, Italy
| | - Federico Tridico
- Eye Clinic Section, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Ophthalmic HospitalTurin, Italy
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Park S, Kim DH, Kim Y, Park JH, Lee M, Song IS, Shim CK. Comparative in vitro release and clinical pharmacokinetics of leuprolide from Luphere 3M Depot, a 3-month release formulation of leuprolide acetate. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 43:441-447. [PMID: 27824264 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1258409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A 3-month depot formulation of leuprolide acetate (Luphere 3M Depot) with a mean microsphere diameter of 22.3 μm was prepared aseptically by spray-drying glacial acetic acid solution of the drug and polylactic acid, and lyophilization in a d-mannitol solution. The encapsulation efficiency and loading content of the drug in the Luphere 3M Depot were 94.7% and 9.92% (w/w), respectively. The in vitro release of leuprolide from the depot was substantially delayed and the release profile was similar to that of Lucrin Depot (Abbott Korea, Korea). The safety and pharmacokinetics of leuprolide were investigated over a period of 42 days in 20 prostate cancer patients following a subcutaneous injection of Luphere 3M or Lucrin Depot suspensions (leuprolide acetate dose of 11.25 mg) in a multi-center, randomized, single dose, parallel study. Both formulations were well tolerated by the patients and no serious adverse effects were observed during and after the study. No significant differences were observed in the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUClast) of leuprolide between the two formulations. The results suggest comparable safety and efficacy profiles of Luphere 3M Depot and Lucrin Depot in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghoon Park
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea
| | - Yoon Kim
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea
| | - Jeong Hwa Park
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea
| | - MinSeok Lee
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea
| | - Im-Sook Song
- b College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Chang-Koo Shim
- a Daewoong Pharmaceutical , Life Science Institute , Yongin , Gyeonggi-Do , South Korea.,c College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea
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Jafarifar E, Hajialyani M, Akbari M, Rahimi M, Shokoohinia Y, Fattahi A. Preparation of a reproducible long-acting formulation of risperidone-loaded PLGA microspheres using microfluidic method. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 22:836-843. [PMID: 27494230 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2016.1221426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to prepare risperidone-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres within microfluidic system and to achieve a formulation with uniform size and monotonic and reproducible release profile. In comparison to batch method, T-junction and serpentine chips were utilized and optimizing study was carried out at different processing parameters (e.g. PLGA and surfactant concentration and flow rates ratio of outer to inner phase). The computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling was performed, and loading and release study were carried out. CFD simulation indicates that increasing the flow rate of aqueous phase cause to decrease the droplet size, while the change in size of microspheres did not follow a specific pattern in the experimental results. The most uniform microspheres and narrowest standard deviation (66.79 μm ± 3.32) were achieved using T-junction chip, 1% polyvinylalcohol, 1% PLGA and flow rates ratio of 20. The microfluidic-assisted microspheres were more uniform with narrower size distribution. The release of risperidone from microspheres produced by the microfluidic method was more reproducible and closer to zero-order kinetic model. The release profile of formulation with 2:1 drug-to-polymer ratio was the most favorable release, in which 41.85% release could be achieved during 24 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Jafarifar
- a Student Research Committee , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Marziyeh Hajialyani
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Mona Akbari
- c CFD Research Center, Chemical Engineering Department , Razi University , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Masoud Rahimi
- c CFD Research Center, Chemical Engineering Department , Razi University , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Yalda Shokoohinia
- d Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Ali Fattahi
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.,d Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
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12
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Zhai P, Chen XB, Schreyer DJ. PLGA/alginate composite microspheres for hydrophilic protein delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 56:251-9. [PMID: 26249587 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres and PLGA/alginate composite microspheres were prepared by a novel double emulsion and solvent evaporation technique and loaded with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or rabbit anti-laminin antibody protein. The addition of alginate and the use of a surfactant during microsphere preparation increased the encapsulation efficiency and reduced the initial burst release of hydrophilic BSA. Confocal laser scanning microcopy (CLSM) of BSA-loaded PLGA/alginate composite microspheres showed that PLGA, alginate, and BSA were distributed throughout the depths of microspheres; no core/shell structure was observed. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that PLGA microspheres erode and degrade more quickly than PLGA/alginate composite microspheres. When loaded with anti-laminin antibody, the function of released antibody was well preserved in both PLGA and PLGA/alginate composite microspheres. The biocompatibility of PLGA and PLGA/alginate microspheres were examined using four types of cultured cell lines, representing different tissue types. Cell survival was variably affected by the inclusion of alginate in composite microspheres, possibly due to the sensitivity of different cell types to excess calcium that may be released from the calcium cross-linked alginate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, S7N5E5, Canada; Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, S7N5A9, Canada
| | - X B Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, S7N5A9, Canada; Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, S7N5A9, Canada
| | - David J Schreyer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, S7N5E5, Canada; Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, S7N5A9, Canada.
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Entezari M, Esmaeili M, Yaseri M. A pilot study of the effect of intravenous erythropoetin on improvement of visual function in patients with recent indirect traumatic optic neuropathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1309-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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14
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Rong X, Yuan W, Lu Y, Mo X. Safety evaluation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/poly(lactic-acid) microspheres through intravitreal injection in rabbits. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:3057-68. [PMID: 25028546 PMCID: PMC4077605 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s64100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and/or poly(lactic-acid) (PLA) microspheres are important drug delivery systems. This study investigated eye biocompatibility and safety of PLGA/PLA microspheres through intravitreal injection in rabbits. Normal New Zealand rabbits were randomly selected and received intravitreal administration of different doses (low, medium, or high) of PLGA/PLA microspheres and erythropoietin-loaded PLGA/PLA microspheres. The animals were clinically examined and sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postadministration, and retinal tissues were prepared for analysis. Retinal reactions to the microspheres were evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end staining and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry. Retinal structure changes were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy. Finally, retinal function influences were explored by the electroretinography test. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end staining revealed no apoptotic cells in the injected retinas; immunohistochemistry did not detect any increased glial fibrillary acidic protein expression. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy revealed no micro- or ultrastructure changes in the retinas at different time points postintravitreal injection. The electroretinography test showed no significant influence of scotopic or photopic amplitudes. The results demonstrated that PLGA/PLA microspheres did not cause retinal histological changes or functional damage and were biocompatible and safe enough for intravitreal injection in rabbits for controlled drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfang Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weien Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofen Mo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Kang J, Wu F, Cai Y, Xu M, He M, Yuan W. Development of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) sustained-release microspheres by a low temperature aqueous phase/aqueous phase emulsion method. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:141-7. [PMID: 24907681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A novel method has been developed to protect Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres using an aqueous phase/aqueous phase emulsion and S/O/W multi-emulsion method. This method develops a novel rhGH sustained-release system, which is based on the combination of rhGH-loaded dextran microparticles and PLGA microspheres. The process to fabricate rhGH-loaded dextran microparticles involves an aqueous phase/aqueous phase emulsion system formed at the reduced temperature. RhGH was first dissolved in water together with dextran and polyethylene glycol, followed by stirring at the speed of 2000 rpm for 20-30s at 0°C, and then a freezing process could enable the dextran phase to separate from the continuous PEG phase and rhGH could preferentially be loaded with dextran. The sample after freezing and phase separation was then lyophilized to powder and washed with dichloromethane to remove the PEG. Once loaded in the dextran microparticles (1-4 μm in diameter), rhGH gained resistance to interface tensions and was encapsulated into PLGA microspheres without aggregation thereafter. RhGH released from PLGA microspheres was in a sustained manner with minimal burst and maximally reduced incomplete release in vitro. Single subcutaneous injection of rhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres to rats resulted in a stable plasma concentration for 30 days avoiding the drug concentration fluctuations after multiple injections of protein solutions. In a hypophysectomized rat model, the IGF-1 and bodyweight results showed that there were higher than the levels obtained for the sustained release formulation by W/O/W for 40 days. These results suggest that the microsphere delivery system had the potential to be an injectable depot for sustained-release of the biocompatible protein of rhGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yunpeng Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingxin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mu He
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Weien Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Balaban’yan VY, Ul’yanov AM, Elizarova OS, Solev IN, Litvinova SA, Garibova TL, Voronina TA. Targeted transport of low-sialylated recombinant human erythropoietin by polymer nanoparticles through the blood-brain barrier. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363213120566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Xu D, Wu F, Chen Y, Wei L, Yuan W. pH-sensitive degradable nanoparticles for highly efficient intracellular delivery of exogenous protein. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3405-14. [PMID: 24039423 PMCID: PMC3771747 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s47701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encapsulating exogenous proteins into a nanosized particulate system for delivery into cells is a great challenge. To address this issue, we developed a novel nanoparticle delivery method that differs from the nanoparticles reported to date because its core was composed of cross-linked dextran glassy nanoparticles which had pH in endosome-responsive environment and the protein was loaded in the core of cross-linked dextran glassy nanoparticles. METHODS In this study, dextran in a poly(ethylene glycol) aqueous two-phase system created a different chemical environment in which proteins were encapsulated very efficiently (84.3% and 89.6% for enhanced green fluorescent protein and bovine serum albumin, respectively) by thermodynamically favored partition. The structures of the nanoparticles were confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS The nanoparticles had a normal size distribution and a mean diameter of 186 nm. MTT assays showed that the nanoparticles were nontoxic up to a concentration of 2000 μg/mL in human hepatocarcinoma cell line SMMC-7721, HeLa, and BRL-3A cells. Of note, confocal laser scanning microscopy studies showed that nanoparticles loaded with fluorescein isothiocyanate-bovine serum albumin were efficiently delivered and released proteins into the cytoplasm of HeLa cells. Flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assays showed that nanoparticles with a functional protein (apoptin) efficiently induced significant tumor cell apoptosis, which was confirmed by DAPI staining. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that these nanoparticles meet the high demands for delivering protein medicines and have great potential in protein therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangming Wei
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weien Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Hong X, Wei L, Ma L, Chen Y, Liu Z, Yuan W. Novel preparation method for sustained-release PLGA microspheres using water-in-oil-in-hydrophilic-oil-in-water emulsion. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:2433-41. [PMID: 23882140 PMCID: PMC3709647 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s45186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of drugs are needing improved formulations to optimize patient compliance because of their short half-lives in blood. Sustained-release formulations of drugs are often required for long-term efficacy, and microspheres are among the most popular ones. When drugs are encapsulated into microsphere formulations, different methods of preparation need to be used according to specific clinical requirements and the differing physicochemical characteristics of individual drugs. In this work, we developed a novel method for sustained-release drug delivery using a water-in-oil-in-hydrophilic oil-in-water (w/o/oh/w) emulsion to encapsulate a drug into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres. Different effects were achieved by varying the proportions and concentrations of hydrophilic oil and PLGA. Scanning electron and optical microscopic images showed the surfaces of the microspheres to be smooth and that their morphology was spherical. Microspheres prepared using the w/o/oh/w emulsion were able to load protein efficiently and had sustained-release properties. These results indicate that the above-mentioned method might be useful for developing sustained-release microsphere formulations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Hong
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Gobe GC, Morais C, Vesey DA, Johnson DW. Use of high-dose erythropoietin for repair after injury: A comparison of outcomes in heart and kidney. J Nephropathol 2013; 2:154-65. [PMID: 24475445 DOI: 10.12860/jnp.2013.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT There is a need to define the exact benefits and contraindications of use of high-dose recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) for its non-hematopoietic function as a cytokine that enhances tissue repair after injury. This review compares the outcomes from use of EPO in the injured heart and kidney, two organs that are thought, traditionally, to have intrinsically-different repair mechanisms. EVIDENCE ACQUISITIONS Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar, Pubmed (NLM), LISTA (EBSCO) and Web of Science have been searched. RESULTS Ongoing work by us on EPO protection of ischemia-reperfusion-injured kidneys indicated, first, that EPO acutely enhanced kidney repair via anti-apoptotic, pro-regenerative mechanisms, and second, that EPO may promote chronic fibrosis in the long term. Work by others on the ischaemia-injured heart has also indicated that EPO promotes repair. Although myocardial infarcts are made up mostly of necrotic tissue, many publications state EPO is anti-apoptotic in the heart, as well as promoting healing via cell differentiation and stimulation of granulation tissue. In the case of the heart, promotion of fibrosis may be advantageous where an infarct has destroyed a zone of cardiomyocytes, but if EPO stimulates progressive fibrosis in the heart, this may promote cardiac failure. CONCLUSIONS A major concern in relation to the use of EPO in a cytoprotective role is its stimulation of long-term inflammation and fibrosis. EPO usage for cytoprotection is undoubtedly advantageous, but it may need to be offset with an anti-inflammatory agent in some organs, like kidney and heart, where progression to chronic fibrosis after acute injury is often recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda C Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and ; Discipline of Medicine, School of Medicine. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christudas Morais
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and ; Discipline of Medicine, School of Medicine. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and ; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David W Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and ; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Zhao H, Wu F, Cai Y, Chen Y, Wei L, Liu Z, Yuan W. Local antitumor effects of intratumoral delivery of rlL-2 loaded sustained-release dextran/PLGA-PLA core/shell microspheres. Int J Pharm 2013; 450:235-40. [PMID: 23624084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we formulated a rIL-2 loaded sustained-release dextran/PLGA-PLA core/shell microsphere, mimicking the paracrine mechanisms of cytokine action, to investigate its local antitumor efficacy. The presented microspheres were formed in two steps: rIL-2 was firstly loaded into dextran particles to keep its bioactivity by a unique method of stabilizing aqueous-aqueous "emulsion"; subsequently, the particles were encapsulated into poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide)/polylactic acid (PLGA/PLA). A stable sustained release behavior in vitro was achieved for a period of about 25 days. In the subcutaneous colon carcinoma BALB/c mice models, a single dose of microspheres was introtumorally administrated and compared with multiple doses of rIL-2 solution to investigate the long acting effect of microspheres on tumor. The animal experiments showed the local efficacy at tumor site mediated by rIL-2 from a single dose of microspheres was better than that of multiple rIL-2 solution injections. Based on the experimental results, we conclude that rlL-2 loaded sustained-release dextran/PLGA-PLA core/shell microspheres represent a promising approach for local cancer treatment in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
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Sun W, Chen Y, Yuan W. Hemostatic absorbable gelatin sponge loaded with 5-fluorouracil for treatment of tumors. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:1499-506. [PMID: 23626465 PMCID: PMC3632586 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s41462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical tumor resection is the main treatment for tumors however the treatment process often results in massive bleeding and tumor cell residue. The main aim of this research was to address problems such as bleeding, systemic chemotherapy side effects while enhancing quality of life, and increasing drug concentrations at the tumor site by developing a novel formulation with local long-term efficacy for treatment of tumors and to stop bleeding. METHODS 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) was suspended in an ethyl acetate solution of poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and a vacuum drying method was applied. The hemostatic gelatin sponge loaded with 5-FU was prepared by absorption of the suspension. The in vitro and in vivo characteristics of the hemostatic gelatin sponge loaded with 5-FU (5-FU-HAGS) were investigated. RESULTS 5-FU-HAGS (hemostatic absorbable gelatin sponge loaded with 5-fluorouracil) was successfully produced with controlled release of the content and was reproducibly suitable for local tumor treatment as an implant to stop bleeding. The encapsulation efficiency of 5-FU-HAGS was above 98%. The in vitro 5-FU release kinetic profile matched a near zero-order equation for 20 days. The in vivo 5-FU plasma concentration was at a more stable level than when 5-FU solution was administered by subcutaneous injection. Bleeding can be stopped more effectively by coating a piece of blank gelatin sponge. The survival ratio of tumor-bearing mice using a 5-FU-HAGS subcutaneous implant was higher when compared to mice given a subcutaneous injection of 5-FU solution. CONCLUSION The 5-FU-HAGS system is a potential and effective way of enhancing the survival ratio and improving the quality of life of tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Liang D, Fu X, Liao M, Yuan W, Su J. Development of dextran microparticles loaded with IL-1Ra of high-encapsulation efficiency and high-bioactivity by a novel method without exposing IL-1Ra to water–oil interfaces. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Elizarova OS, Balaban’yan VY, Shipulo EV, Maksimenko OO, Vanchugova LV, Litvinova SA, Garibova TL, Voronina TA, Gel’perina SÉ. Efficacy of a new colloidal form of low-sialylated polylactide-based erythropoietin in experimental hemorrhagic stroke in rats. Pharm Chem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-013-0858-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yang X, Chen Y, Hong X, Wu N, Song L, Yuan W, Liu Z. Levodopa/benserazide microspheres reduced levodopa-induced dyskinesia by downregulating phosphorylated GluR1 expression in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2012. [PMID: 23185117 PMCID: PMC3506046 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s38008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Levodopa is the gold standard in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, long-term levodopa replacement therapy is accompanied by abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs), known as levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Until now, the precise mechanisms of LID were only partially understood. Previous studies have shown that continuous dopamine stimulation was helpful in reducing the expression of LID. In addition to dopamine D1 receptor, glutamatergic receptors such as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor also contribute to the expression of LID. The current authors have previously reported that levodopa/benserazide-loaded microspheres could ameliorate the expression of LID by reducing the protein kinase A signaling pathway in dyskinetic rats. However, whether AMPA receptor is involved in the mechanism by which levodopa/benserazide-loaded microspheres ameliorate the expression of LID in dyskinetic rats was unknown. Methods In the present study, as reported previously, levodopa and benserazide were loaded by poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres, which can release levodopa and benserazide in a sustained manner. 6-Hydroxydopamine was injected into the right medial forebrain bundle to produce a rat model of PD. Then valid PD rats were treated with levodopa plus benserazide for 3 weeks to induce a rat model of LID. Dyskinetic rats were treated with levodopa/beserazide-loaded microspheres containing levodopa (6 mg/kg) plus benserazide (15 mg/kg) or same dose of levodopa plus benserazide. Abnormal involuntary movements were measured in rats on days 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 during the treatment. The levels of GluR1 at serine-831 (pGluR1S831) and serine-845 (pGluR1S845) were determined by Western blot. Arc and proenkephalin (Penk) levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Three-week levodopa plus benserazide treatment induced dyskinesia in PD rats. Levodopa/benserazide-loaded microsphere-treated dyskinetic rats showed lower AIM scores than levodopa plus benserazide-treated dyskinetic rats. Microsphere treatment downregulated the phosphrylated levels of pGluR1S831 and pGluR1S845 in the striatum of dyskinetic rats. In addition, microsphere treatment reduced the levels of Arc and Penk. Conclusion These data indicated that levodopa/benserazide-loaded microspheres could be used to ameliorate the expression of LID by reducing the expression of pGluR1S831 and pGluR1S845 as well as Arc and Penk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Hu Z, Liao M, Chen Y, Cai Y, Meng L, Liu Y, Lv N, Liu Z, Yuan W. A novel preparation method for silicone oil nanoemulsions and its application for coating hair with silicone. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5719-24. [PMID: 23166436 PMCID: PMC3500031 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s37277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Silicone oil, as a major component in conditioner, is beneficial in the moisture preservation and lubrication of hair. However, it is difficult for silicone oil to directly absorb on the hair surface because of its hydrophobicity. Stable nanoemulsions containing silicone oil may present as a potential solution to this problem. Methods Silicone oil nanoemulsions were prepared using the oil-in-water method with nonionic surfactants. Emulsion particle size and distribution were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The kinetic stability of this nanoemulsion system was investigated under accelerated stability tests and long-term storage. The effect of silicone oil deposition on hair was examined by analyzing the element of hair after treatment of silicone oil nanoemulsions. Results Nonionic surfactants such as Span 80 and Tween 80 are suitable emulsifiers to prepare oil-in-water nanoemulsions that are both thermodynamically stable and can enhance the absorption of silicone oil on hair surface. Conclusion The silicone oil-in-water nanoemulsions containing nonionic surfactants present as a promising solution to improve the silicone oil deposition on the hair surface for hair care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Liu G, Xu D, Jiang M, Yuan W. Preparation of bioactive interferon alpha-loaded polysaccharide nanoparticles using a new approach of temperature-induced water phase/water-phase emulsion. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:4841-8. [PMID: 22973103 PMCID: PMC3439862 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s35502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a temperature-induced polyethylene glycol (PEG) water phase/polysaccharide water-phase emulsion approach for preparing interferon alpha-2b (IFNα-2b)-loaded polysaccharide nanoparticles. IFNα-2b was first added to a mixture of an aqueous solution of PEG and polysaccharide. The mixture solution was stirred in a magnetic stirrer at a rate of 2000 rpm for 45 seconds at 0°C ± 0.5°C. The solution was then prefrozen at different temperatures. The polysaccharide and IFNα-2b partitioned in the polysaccharide phase were preferentially separated out as the dispersed phase from the mixture solution during the prefreezing process. Then the prefrozen sample was freeze-dried to powder form. In order to remove the PEG, the powder was washed with dichloromethane. Once IFNα-2b was loaded into the polysaccharide nanoparticles, these nanoparticles could gain resistance to vapor–water and water–oil interfaces to protect IFNα-2b. The antiviral activity of the polysaccharide nanoparticles in vitro was highly preserved (above 97%), while the antiviral activity of IFNα-2b–loaded polysaccharide nanoparticles using the control water-in-oil-in-water method was only 71%. The antiviral activity of the IFNα-2b from blood samples was also determined on the basis of the activity to inhibit the cytopathic effects of the Sindbis virus on Follicular Lymphoma cells (FL). The antiviral activity in vivo was also highly preserved (above 97%). These polysaccharide nanoparticles could be processed to different formulations according to clinical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Doonan F, Groeger G, Cotter TG. Preventing retinal apoptosis--is there a common therapeutic theme? Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1278-84. [PMID: 22366479 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for therapies for retinal diseases; retinitis pigmentosa sufferers have no treatment options available and those targeted at other retinopathies have shown limited effectiveness. The process of programmed cell death or apoptosis although complex, remains a possible target for the treatment of retinal diseases. Having identified apoptosis in the vertebrate retina in populations of immature neurons as an essential part of development it was proposed that re-activation of these developmental cell death pathways might provide insight into the death mechanisms operating in retinal diseases. However, the discovery that numerous factors initiate and mediate the apoptotic cascade in mature photoreceptors has resulted in a relatively untargeted approach to examining and arresting apoptosis in the retina. In the last 5 years, mouse models have been treated with a diverse range of drugs or factors including anti-oxidants, growth factors, steroid hormones, calcium/calpain inhibitors and tetracycline antibiotics. Therefore to draw a unifying theme from these broad research areas is challenging. However, this review focusses on two targets which are currently under investigation, reactive oxygen species and mammalian target of rapamycin, drawing together the common themes of these research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Doonan
- Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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