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Shi X, Liao T, Chen Y, Chen J, Liu Y, Zhao J, Dang J, Sun Q, Pan Y. Dihydroartemisinin inhibits follicular helper T and B cells: implications for systemic lupus erythematosus treatment. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:632-644. [PMID: 38977652 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-024-01505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common autoimmune disease, and its pathogenesis mainly involves the aberrant activation of B cells through follicular helper T (Tfh) cells to produce pathogenic antibodies, which requires more effective and safe treatment methods. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is the main active ingredient of artemisinin and has immunosuppressive effects. In this study, in vitro experiments confirmed that DHA inhibited Tfh cell induction and weakened its auxiliary function in B cell differentiation; furthermore, DHA directly inhibited B cell activation, differentiation, and antibody production. Furthermore, a mouse model of SLE was established, and we confirmed that DHA significantly reduced the symptoms of SLE and lupus nephritis, and decreased serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgM, IgA, and anti-dsDNA levels. Moreover, DHA reduced the frequencies of total Tfh cells, activated Tfh cells, and B cell lymphoma 6, and interleukin (IL)-21 levels in Tfh cells from the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as the levels of B cells, germinal center B cells, and plasma cells in the spleen, lymph nodes, and kidneys. Additionally, DHA inhibited Tfh cells by blocking IL-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) signaling and its downstream nuclear factor (NF)-κB, nuclear factor of activated T cell, and activating protein-1 pathways, and directly inhibited B cells by blocking Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) signaling and the downstream NF-κB and Myc pathways. Overall, our results demonstrated that DHA inhibited Tfh cells by blocking ITK signaling and also directly inhibited B cells by blocking BTK signaling. Therefore, reducing the production of pathogenic antibodies might effectively treat SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Shi
- Department of Rheumatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Liao
- Department of Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingrong Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Immunology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junlong Dang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qipeng Sun
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunfeng Pan
- Department of Rheumatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Khan A, Zia K, Khan SA, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Bibi M, Ul-Haq Z. Identification of IL-2 inducible tyrosine kinase inhibitors by quantum mechanics and ligand based virtual screening approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3630-3640. [PMID: 37216319 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2214220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) is a crucial intracellular signaling mediator in normal and malignant T-cells and natural killer cells. Selective inhibition of ITK might be useful for treating a variety of disorders including; autoimmune, inflammatory, and neoplastic disorders. Over the past two decades, the clinical management of ITK inhibitors has progressed dramatically. So far, specific inhibitor with no off-target effects against ITK is available. Herein, we aim to discover potential virtual hits to fasten the process of drug design and development against ITK. In this regard, the key chemical characteristics of ITK inhibitors were identified using ligand-based pharmacophore modeling. The validated pharmacophore comprises one hydrogen bond donor and three hydrogen bond acceptors and was utilized as a 3D query in virtual screening using ZINC, Covalent, and in-house databases. A total of 12 hit compounds were chosen on the basis of their critical interactions with the significant amino acids of ITK. The orbital energies such as HOMO and LUMO of the hit compounds were calculated to evaluate the inhibitor's potencies. Further, molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated the stability of ITK upon binding of selected virtual hits. Binding energy using the MMGBSA method showed the potential binding affinity of all the hits with ITK. The research identifies key chemical characteristics with geometric restrictions that lead to ITK inhibition.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamgir Khan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Komal Zia
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Salman Ali Khan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- National Center for Research, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marium Bibi
- Department of Biosciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Oh KK, Yoon SJ, Lee SB, Lee SY, Gupta H, Ganesan R, Sharma SP, Won SM, Jeong JJ, Kim DJ, Suk KT. The convergent application of metabolites from Avena sativa and gut microbiota to ameliorate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a network pharmacology study. J Transl Med 2023; 21:263. [PMID: 37069607 PMCID: PMC10111676 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious public health issue globally, currently, the treatment of NAFLD lies still in the labyrinth. In the inchoate stage, the combinatorial application of food regimen and favorable gut microbiota (GM) are considered as an alternative therapeutic. Accordingly, we integrated secondary metabolites (SMs) from GM and Avena sativa (AS) known as potent dietary grain to identify the combinatorial efficacy through network pharmacology. METHODS We browsed the SMs of AS via Natural Product Activity & Species Source (NPASS) database and SMs of GM were retrieved by gutMGene database. Then, specific intersecting targets were identified from targets related to SMs of AS and GM. The final targets were selected on NAFLD-related targets, which was considered as crucial targets. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and bubble chart analysis to identify a hub target and a key signaling pathway were conducted, respectively. In parallel, we analyzed the relationship of GM or AS─a key signaling pathway─targets─SMs (GASTM) by merging the five components via RPackage. We identified key SMs on a key signaling pathway via molecular docking assay (MDA). Finally, the identified key SMs were verified the physicochemical properties and toxicity in silico platform. RESULTS The final 16 targets were regarded as critical proteins against NAFLD, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) was a key target in PPI network analysis. The PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was the uppermost mechanism associated with VEGFA as an antagonistic mode. GASTM networks represented 122 nodes (60 GM, AS, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, 4 targets, and 56 SMs) and 154 edges. The VEGFA-myricetin, or quercetin, GSK3B-myricetin, IL2-diosgenin complexes formed the most stable conformation, the three ligands were derived from GM. Conversely, NR4A1-vestitol formed stable conformation with the highest affinity, and the vestitol was obtained from AS. The given four SMs were no hurdles to develop into drugs devoid of its toxicity. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we show that combinatorial application of AS and GM might be exerted to the potent synergistic effects against NAFLD, dampening PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. This work provides the importance of dietary strategy and beneficial GM on NAFLD, a data mining basis for further explicating the SMs and pharmacological mechanisms of combinatorial application (AS and GM) against NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Kwang Oh
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Yoon
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Su-Been Lee
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Sang Youn Lee
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Haripriya Gupta
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Satya Priya Sharma
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Sung-Min Won
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Jeong
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Suk
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea.
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Yin Z, Zou Y, Wang D, Huang X, Xiong S, Cao L, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Zhang N. Regulation of the Tec family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases in cardiovascular disease. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:119. [PMID: 35296647 PMCID: PMC8927484 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) is a type of post-translational modification. Tec kinases, which are a subfamily of non-receptor PTKs, were originally discovered in the hematopoietic system and include five members: Tec, Btk, Itk/Emt/Tsk, Etk/Bmx, and Txk/Rlk. With the progression of modern research, certain members of the Tec family of kinases have been found to be expressed outside the hematopoietic system and are involved in the development and progression of a variety of diseases. The role of Tec family kinases in cardiovascular disease is receiving increasing attention. Tec kinases are involved in the occurrence and progression of ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, cardiac dysfunction associated with sepsis, atrial fibrillation, myocardial hypertrophy, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, and myocardial infarction and post-myocardial. However, no reviews have comprehensively clarified the role of Tec kinases in the cardiovascular system. Therefore, this review summarizes research on the role of Tec kinases in cardiovascular disease, providing new insights into the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Yin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuanming Zou
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinyue Huang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shengjun Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Possible Therapeutic Strategy Involving the Purine Synthesis Pathway Regulated by ITK in Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133333. [PMID: 34283052 PMCID: PMC8269312 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor is the only available tyrosine kinase molecular target for treating oral cancer. To improve the prognosis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) patients, a novel molecular target for tyrosine kinases is thus needed. We examined the expression of interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) using immunohistochemistry, and the biological function of ITK was investigated using biochemical, phosphoproteomic, and metabolomic analyses. We found that ITK is overexpressed in TSCC patients with poor outcomes. The proliferation of oral cancer cell lines expressing ITK via transfection exhibited significant increases in three-dimensional culture assays and murine inoculation models with athymic male nude mice as compared with mock control cells. Suppressing the kinase activity using chemical inhibitors significantly reduced the increase in cell growth induced by ITK expression. Phosphoproteomic analyses revealed that ITK expression triggered phosphorylation of a novel tyrosine residue in trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3, an enzyme in the purine biosynthesis pathway. A significant increase in de novo biosynthesis of purines was observed in cells expressing ITK, which was abolished by the ITK inhibitor. ITK thus represents a potentially useful target for treating TSCC through modulation of purine biosynthesis.
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Inhibition of interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase causes reduction in imiquimod-induced psoriasiform inflammation through reduction of Th17 cells and enhancement of Treg cells in mice. Biochimie 2020; 179:146-156. [PMID: 33007409 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a debilitating chronic skin disease with a worldwide prevalence. Its main features include well-marked silvery scales on the skin of hands and feet and back which arise due to hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and infiltration of immune cells in the skin. Multiple interactions exist between adaptive immune cells such as T cells and innate immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages which are key players in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) plays a key role in Th17 cell development through control of several transcription factors. ITK has been shown to control NFATc1, NFkB and STAT3 in CD4+ T cells. Effect of ITK inhibitor in imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasiform inflammation remains to be explored. In the current examination, role of ITK signaling and its inhibition blockade were evaluated on NFATc1, NFkB and STAT3, IL-17A, TNF-α, IFN-γ, Foxp3, IL-10 in CD4+ T cells in IMQ model. Our data display that ITK signaling is involved in IMQ-induced psoriatic inflammation as paralleled by enhancement of p-ITK, NFATc1, p-NFkB and p-STAT3 in CD4+ T cells. It was associated with enhancement of Th17/Th1 cells and neutrophilic inflammation in the skin. Preventive treatment with ITK inhibitor led to a reduction in Th17/Th1 cells and enhancement of Treg cells. Overall, this study suggests that ITK signaling is an important modulator of transcription factor signaling in CD4+ T cells which is associated with Th17/Th1 cells and psoriasiform inflammation in mice. ITK signaling blockade could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of psoriatic inflammation.
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7
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Nadeem A, Al-Harbi NO, Ahmad SF, Al-Harbi MM, Alhamed AS, Alfardan AS, Assiri MA, Ibrahim KE, Albassam H. Blockade of interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase signaling attenuates acute lung injury in mice through adjustment of pulmonary Th17/Treg immune responses and reduction of oxidative stress. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106369. [PMID: 32163900 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is linked with considerable morbidity and mortality. ALI can be caused by various agents, one of them being sepsis. ALI is characterized by injury to vascular endothelium and alveolar epithelium that results in edema, pulmonary immune cells infiltration and hypoxemia. Neutrophils and T cells particularly play a huge role in amplification of pulmonary inflammation through release of multiple inflammatory mediators. Recent reports suggest a strong involvement of Th17 cells and oxidative stress in initiation/amplification of pulmonary inflammation during ALI. Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) plays a key role in Th17 cell development through control of several transcription factors. Therefore, our study explored the role of ITK on airway inflammation (total/neutrophilic cell counts, myeloperoxidase activity, E-cadherin expression, histopathological analyses) and effect of its inhibition on various inflammatory/anti-inflammatory pathways during ALI [phosphorylated-ITK (p-ITK), NFATc1, IL-17A, STAT3, Foxp3, IL-10, iNOS, nitrotyrosine, lipid peroxides). ALI was associated with increased total/neutrophilic cell counts and myeloperoxidase activity, and decreased E-cadherin expression in airway epithelial cells (AECs) which was concurrent with upregulation of p-ITK, NFATc1, IL-17A, STAT3 in CD4+ T cells and iNOS/nitrotyrosine in AECs. Treatment with ITK inhibitor reversed ALI-induced changes in airway inflammation and Th17 cells/oxidative stress. Treatment with ITK inhibitor further expanded Treg cells in mice with ALI. In short, our study proposes that ITK signaling plays a significant role in sepsis-induced ALI through upregulation of Th17 cells and oxidative stress. Further, findings provide evidence that ITK blockade could be a potential treatment strategy to attenuate airway inflammation associated with ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alhamed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Alfardan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussam Albassam
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Al-Harbi NO, Ibrahim KE, Siddiqui N, Al-Harbi MM, Attia SM, Bakheet SA. Inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase and IL-2 inducible T-cell kinase suppresses both neutrophilic and eosinophilic airway inflammation in a cockroach allergen extract-induced mixed granulocytic mouse model of asthma using preventative and therapeutic strategy. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104441. [PMID: 31505252 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex airways disease with a wide spectrum which ranges from eosinophilic (Th2 driven) to mixed granulocytic (Th2/Th17 driven) phenotypes. Mixed granulocytic asthma is a cause of concern as corticosteroids often fail to control this phenotype. Different kinases such as Brutons's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and IL-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK) play a pivotal role in shaping allergic airway inflammation. Ibrutinib is primarily a BTK inhibitor, however it is reported to be an ITK inhibitor as well. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of Ibrutinib on Th1, Th17 and Th2 immune responses in a cockroach allergen extract (CE)-induced mixed granulocytic (eosinophilic and neutrophilic) mouse model in preventative mode. Ibrutinib attenuated neutrophilic inflammation at a much lower doses (25-75 μg/mouse) in CE-induced mixed granulocytic asthma whereas Th2/Th17 immune responses remained unaffected at these doses. However, at a much higher dose, i.e. 250 μg/mouse, Ibrutinib remarkably suppressed both Th17/Th2 and lymphocytic/neutrophilic/eosinophilic airway inflammation. At molecular level, Ibrutinib suppressed phosphorylation of BTK in neutrophils at lower doses and ITK in CD4 + T cells at higher doses in CE-treated mice. Further, effects of Ibrutinib were compared with dexamethasone on CE-induced mixed granulocytic asthma in therapeutic mode. Ibrutinib was able to control granulocytic inflammation along with Th2/Th17 immune response in therapeutic mode whereas dexamethasone limited only Th2/eosinophilic inflammation. Thus, Ibrutinib has the potential to suppress both Th17/Th2 and neutrophilic/eosinophilic inflammation during mixed granulocytic asthma and therefore may be pursued as alternative therapeutic option in difficult-to-treat asthma which is resistant to corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahid Siddiqui
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Mohammed M Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Hantani R, Hanawa S, Oie S, Umetani K, Sato T, Hantani Y. Identification of a New Inhibitor That Stabilizes Interleukin-2-Inducible T-Cell Kinase in Its Inactive Conformation. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 24:854-862. [PMID: 31247148 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219857542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) plays an important role in T-cell signaling and is considered a promising drug target. As the ATP binding sites of protein kinases are highly conserved, the design of selective kinase inhibitors remains a challenge. Targeting inactive kinase conformations can address the issue of kinase inhibitor selectivity. It is important for selectivity considerations to identify compounds that stabilize inactive conformations from the primary screen hits. Here we screened a library of 390,000 compounds with an ADP-Glo assay using dephosphorylated ITK. After a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay was used to filter out promiscuous inhibitors, 105 hits were confirmed. Next, we used a fluorescent biosensor to enable the detection of conformational changes to identify inactive conformation inhibitors. A single-cysteine-substituted ITK mutant was labeled with acrylodan, and fluorescence emission was monitored. Using a fluorescent biosensor assay, we identified 34 inactive conformation inhibitors from SPR hits. Among them, one compound was bound to a site other than the ATP pocket and exhibited excellent selectivity against a kinase panel. Overall, (1) biochemical screening using dephosphorylated kinase, (2) hit confirmation by SPR assay, and (3) fluorescent biosensor assay that can distinguish inactive compounds provide a useful platform and offer opportunities to identify selective kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Hantani
- 1 Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saya Hanawa
- 1 Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shohei Oie
- 1 Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kayo Umetani
- 1 Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sato
- 1 Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Hantani
- 1 Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Discovery of 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives as selective covalent irreversible inhibitors of interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk). Eur J Med Chem 2019; 173:167-183. [PMID: 30999237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) plays an important role in multiple signal transduction pathways in T and mast cells, and is a potential drug target for treating inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Herein, we describe the discovery of a series of covalent Itk inhibitors based on the 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold. Placing an appropriate substitution group at a hydration site of the ATP binding pocket of Itk and using a saturated heterocyclic ring as a linker to the reactive group were crucial for selectivity. The optimized compound 9 showed potent activity against Itk, excellent selectivity for Itk over Btk and other structurally related kinases, inhibition of phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) phosphorylation in cells, and anti-proliferative effects against multiple T leukemia/lymphoma cell lines. Compound 9 can serve as a valuable compound for further determination of functions of Itk.
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Hantani Y, Iio K, Hantani R, Umetani K, Sato T, Young T, Connell K, Kintz S, Salafsky J. Identification of inactive conformation-selective interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) inhibitors based on second-harmonic generation. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1412-1423. [PMID: 30186743 PMCID: PMC6120236 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many clinically approved protein kinase inhibitors stabilize an inactive conformation of their kinase target. Such inhibitors are generally highly selective compared to active conformation inhibitors, and consequently, general methods to identify inhibitors that stabilize an inactive conformation are much sought after. Here, we have applied a high‐throughput, second‐harmonic generation (SHG)‐based conformational approach to identify small molecule stabilizers of the inactive conformation of interleukin‐2‐inducible T‐cell kinase (ITK). A single‐site cysteine mutant of the ITK kinase domain was created, labeled with an SHG‐active dye, and tethered to a supported lipid bilayer membrane. Fourteen tool compounds, including stabilizers of the inactive and active conformations as well as nonbinders, were first examined for their effect on the conformation of the labeled ITK protein in the SHG assay. As a result, inactive conformation inhibitors were clearly distinguished from active conformation inhibitors by the intensity of SHG signal. Utilizing the SHG assay developed with the tool compounds described above, we identified the mechanism of action of 22 highly selective, inactive conformation inhibitors within a group of 105 small molecule inhibitors previously identified in a high‐throughput biochemical screen. We describe here the first use of SHG for identifying and classifying inhibitors that stabilize an inactive vs. an active conformation of a protein kinase, without the need to determine costructures by X‐ray crystallography. Our results suggest broad applicability to other proteins, particularly with single‐site labels reporting on specific protein movements associated with selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiji Hantani
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Japan Tobacco Inc. Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Kiyosei Iio
- Chemistry Research Laboratories Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Japan Tobacco Inc. Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Rie Hantani
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Japan Tobacco Inc. Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Kayo Umetani
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Japan Tobacco Inc. Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sato
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Japan Tobacco Inc. Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | | | | | - Sam Kintz
- Biodesy, Inc. South San Francisco CA USA
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12
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Bryan MC, Rajapaksa NS. Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Immunological Disorders: Recent Advances. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9030-9058. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian C. Bryan
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Naomi S. Rajapaksa
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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13
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Heifetz A, Trani G, Aldeghi M, MacKinnon CH, McEwan PA, Brookfield FA, Chudyk EI, Bodkin M, Pei Z, Burch JD, Ortwine DF. Fragment Molecular Orbital Method Applied to Lead Optimization of Novel Interleukin-2 Inducible T-Cell Kinase (ITK) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4352-63. [PMID: 26950250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of inducible T-cell kinase (ITK), a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, may represent a novel treatment for allergic asthma. In our previous reports, we described the discovery of sulfonylpyridine (SAP), benzothiazole (BZT), indazole (IND), and tetrahydroindazole (THI) series as novel ITK inhibitors and how computational tools such as dihedral scans and docking were used to support this process. X-ray crystallography and modeling were applied to provide essential insight into ITK-ligand interactions. However, "visual inspection" traditionally used for the rationalization of protein-ligand affinity cannot always explain the full complexity of the molecular interactions. The fragment molecular orbital (FMO) quantum-mechanical (QM) method provides a complete list of the interactions formed between the ligand and protein that are often omitted from traditional structure-based descriptions. FMO methodology was successfully used as part of a rational structure-based drug design effort to improve the ITK potency of high-throughput screening hits, ultimately delivering ligands with potency in the subnanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heifetz
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd. , 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Giancarlo Trani
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd. , 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Aldeghi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Colin H MacKinnon
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd. , 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A McEwan
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd. , 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick A Brookfield
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd. , 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ewa I Chudyk
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd. , 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Bodkin
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd. , 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Zhonghua Pei
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jason D Burch
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Daniel F Ortwine
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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14
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Li D, He HL, Yao MZ, Chen ML, Chen X. Cortistatin is dysregulated in skin tissue of patients with psoriasis vulgaris and suppresses keratinocyte proliferation in vitro. Int J Dermatol 2015; 54:e309-14. [PMID: 26094977 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is characterized by the unregulated proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes and increased expression of proinflammatory mediators in the skin. Cortistatin, an endogenous cyclic neuropeptide, inhibits the proliferation of inflammatory cells. We investigated the expression of cortistatin in patients with psoriasis vulgaris and examined its effects on keratinocyte growth in vitro. METHODS Serum levels of cortistatin were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 72 patients with psoriasis vulgaris and 76 age-matched healthy volunteers. Cortistatin expression was also examined by immunohistochemistry of skin biopsies from 14 patients and 14 healthy subjects. The effects of cortistatin on the proliferation of primary keratinocytes were assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and BrdU incorporation assay. Intracellular levels of cAMP in keratinocytes in the presence or absence of cortistatin were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Serum levels of cortistatin and expression levels in skin were significantly lower in patients with psoriasis than in healthy subjects. Cortistatin inhibited keratinocyte proliferation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner and substantially reduced intracellular cAMP levels in keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS Cortistatin is downregulated in the skin of patients with psoriasis vulgaris and suppresses keratinocyte growth in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui-Lan He
- Department of Dermatology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Liang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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15
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Insight into the therapeutic aspects of ‘Zeta-Chain Associated Protein Kinase 70kDa’ inhibitors: A review. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2481-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Deakin A, Duddy G, Wilson S, Harrison S, Latcham J, Fulleylove M, Fung S, Smith J, Pedrick M, McKevitt T, Felton L, Morley J, Quint D, Fattah D, Hayes B, Gough J, Solari R. Characterisation of a K390R ITK kinase dead transgenic mouse--implications for ITK as a therapeutic target. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107490. [PMID: 25250764 PMCID: PMC4174519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 inducible tyrosine kinase (ITK) is expressed in T cells and plays a critical role in signalling through the T cell receptor. Evidence, mainly from knockout mice, has suggested that ITK plays a particularly important function in Th2 cells and this has prompted significant efforts to discover ITK inhibitors for the treatment of allergic disease. However, ITK is known to have functions outside of its kinase domain and in general kinase knockouts are often not good models for the behaviour of small molecule inhibitors. Consequently we have developed a transgenic mouse where the wild type Itk allele has been replaced by a kinase dead Itk allele containing an inactivating K390R point mutation (Itk-KD mice). We have characterised the immune phenotype of these naive mice and their responses to airway inflammation. Unlike Itk knockout (Itk−/−) mice, T-cells from Itk-KD mice can polymerise actin in response to CD3 activation. The lymph nodes from Itk-KD mice showed more prominent germinal centres than wild type mice and serum antibody levels were significantly abnormal. Unlike the Itk−/−, γδ T cells in the spleens of the Itk-KD mice had an impaired ability to secrete Th2 cytokines in response to anti-CD3 stimulation whilst the expression of ICOS was not significantly different to wild type. However ICOS expression is markedly increased on αβCD3+ cells from the spleens of naïve Itk-KD compared to WT mice. The Itk-KD mice were largely protected from inflammatory symptoms in an Ovalbumin model of airway inflammation. Consequently, our studies have revealed many similarities but some differences between Itk−/−and Itk-KD transgenic mice. The abnormal antibody response and enhanced ICOS expression on CD3+ cells has implications for the consideration of ITK as a therapeutic target.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/immunology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein/immunology
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Pneumonia/drug therapy
- Pneumonia/genetics
- Pneumonia/immunology
- Point Mutation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Deakin
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Duddy
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Wilson
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Harrison
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Judi Latcham
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Mick Fulleylove
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Fung
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Smith
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Pedrick
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Tom McKevitt
- Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh Felton
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Morley
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Quint
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Dilniya Fattah
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Hayes
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Jade Gough
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Solari
- Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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17
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Yin LL, Zhang Y, Guo DM, An K, Yin MS, Cui X. Effects of zinc on interleukins and antioxidant enzyme values in psoriasis-induced mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 155:411-5. [PMID: 24018880 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of zinc chloride (ZnCl2), disodium zinc ethylenediamine tetraacetate (Zn-EDTA), and zinc gluconate (Zn-GLU) on the antioxidant enzyme activities and levels of interleukins (ILs) in psoriasis-induced mice were studied. One hundred twenty female mice were randomly divided into six groups with 20 mice in each group: the control, positive control (PC), methotrexate (MTX), ZnCl2, Zn-EDTA, and Zn-GLU groups. All animals except the control group were given diethylstilbestrol for three consecutive days. After successfully inducing psoriasis, the control and PC groups were given normal saline (i.g.) daily while the remaining groups were given MTX, ZnCl2, Zn-EDTA, and Zn-GLU, respectively. The results revealed that the zinc supplementation could significantly (p < 0.05) inhibit mitosis in the mouse vaginal epithelium as methotrexate did and the inhibiting efficacy had nothing to do with the zinc forms. After ZnCl2, Zn-EDTA, and Zn-GLU supplementation, the levels of liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activities increased and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the PC group. The levels of SOD, CAT activity, and MDA level between each zinc supplementation group and MTX group were insignificant (p > 0.05). The zinc treatments also caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the raised IL-2 level of animal serum. The results obtained in the present work indicate the potential for zinc as a complementary pharmaceutical intervention for the treatment of topical psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Yin
- Institute of Chemistry and Bacteria Detection, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
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18
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3D-QSAR analysis of benzimidazole inhibitors of interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK) considering receptor flexibility and water importance for molecular alignment. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Damien Charrier
- Chemistry Department at Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Ronald MA Knegtel
- Chemistry Department at Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RW, UK
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