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Langan LM, Lovin LM, Taylor RB, Scarlett KR, Kevin Chambliss C, Chatterjee S, Scott JT, Brooks BW. Proteome changes in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposed to (±) anatoxin-a. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108514. [PMID: 38394915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Anatoxin-a and its analogues are potent neurotoxins produced by several genera of cyanobacteria. Due in part to its high toxicity and potential presence in drinking water, these toxins pose threats to public health, companion animals and the environment. It primarily exerts toxicity as a cholinergic agonist, with high affinity at neuromuscular junctions, but molecular mechanisms by which it elicits toxicological responses are not fully understood. To advance understanding of this cyanobacteria, proteomic characterization (DIA shotgun proteomics) of two common fish models (zebrafish and fathead minnow) was performed following (±) anatoxin-a exposure. Specifically, proteome changes were identified and quantified in larval fish exposed for 96 h (0.01-3 mg/L (±) anatoxin-a and caffeine (a methodological positive control) with environmentally relevant treatment levels examined based on environmental exposure distributions of surface water data. Proteomic concentration - response relationships revealed 48 and 29 proteins with concentration - response relationships curves for zebrafish and fathead minnow, respectively. In contrast, the highest number of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) varied between zebrafish (n = 145) and fathead minnow (n = 300), with only fatheads displaying DEPs at all treatment levels. For both species, genes associated with reproduction were significantly downregulated, with pathways analysis that broadly clustered genes into groups associated with DNA repair mechanisms. Importantly, significant differences in proteome response between the species was also observed, consistent with prior observations of differences in response using both behavioral assays and gene expression, adding further support to model specific differences in organismal sensitivity and/or response. When DEPs were read across from humans to zebrafish, disease ontology enrichment identified diseases associated with cognition and muscle weakness consistent with the prior literature. Our observations highlight limited knowledge of how (±) anatoxin-a, a commonly used synthetic racemate surrogate, elicits responses at a molecular level and advances its toxicological understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Langan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Lea M Lovin
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Raegyn B Taylor
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Kendall R Scarlett
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - J Thad Scott
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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Transdermal Delivery of 2-PAM as a Tool to Increase the Effectiveness of Traditional Treatment of Organophosphate Poisoning. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314992. [PMID: 36499322 PMCID: PMC9735786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, the efficacy of post-exposure treatment of organophosphate (OP) poisoning was increased by transdermal delivery of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM) as a preventive countermeasure. By selecting the optimal ratio of components, classical transfersomes (based on soybean phosphatidylcholine and Tween 20) and modified transfersomes (based on soybean phosphatidylcholine, Tween 20 and pyrrolidinium cationic surfactants with different hydrocarbon tail lengths) were obtained for 2-PAM encapsulation. Transfersomes modified with tetradecylpyrrolidinium bromide showed the best results in encapsulation efficiency and sustained release of 2-PAM from vesicles. Using Franz cells, it was found that the incorporation of surfactants into PC liposomes results in a more prolonged release of 2-PAM through the rat skin. Transfersomes containing 2-PAM, after exhaustive physical and chemical characterization, were embedded in a gel based on Carbopol® 940. A significantly high degree of erythrocyte AChE reactivation (23 ± 7%) was shown for 2-PAM in unmodified transfersomes in vivo. Preliminary transdermal administration of 2-PAM 24 h before emergency post-exposure treatment of OP poisoning leads to an increase in the survival rate of rats from 55% to 90%.
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Lovin LM, Kim S, Taylor RB, Scarlett KR, Langan LM, Chambliss CK, Chatterjee S, Scott JT, Brooks BW. Differential influences of (±) anatoxin-a on photolocomotor behavior and gene transcription in larval zebrafish and fathead minnows. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2021; 33:40. [PMID: 34367861 PMCID: PMC8345817 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-021-00479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though anatoxin-a (antx-a) is a globally important cyanobacterial neurotoxin in inland waters, information on sublethal toxicological responses of aquatic organisms is limited. We examined influences of (±) antx-a (11-3490 μg/L) on photolocomotor behavioral responses and gene transcription associated with neurotoxicity, oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity, in two of the most common alternative vertebrate and fish models, Danio rerio (zebrafish) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow). We selected environmentally relevant treatment levels from probabilistic exposure distributions, employed standardized experimental designs, and analytically verified treatment levels using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Caffeine was examined as a positive control. RESULTS Caffeine influences on fish behavior responses were similar to previous studies. Following exposure to (±) antx-a, no significant photolocomotor effects were observed during light and dark transitions for either species. Though zebrafish behavioral responses profiles were not significantly affected by (±) antx-a at the environmentally relevant treatment levels examined, fathead minnow stimulatory behavior was significantly reduced in the 145-1960 μg/L treatment levels. In addition, no significant changes in transcription of target genes were observed in zebrafish; however, elavl3 and sod1 were upregulated and gst and cyp3a126 were significantly downregulated in fathead minnows. CONCLUSION We observed differential influences of (±) antx-a on swimming behavior and gene transcription in two of the most common larval fish models employed for prospective and retrospective assessment of environmental contaminants and water quality conditions. Sublethal responses of fathead minnows were consistently more sensitive than zebrafish to this neurotoxin at the environmentally relevant concentrations examined. Future studies are needed to understand such interspecies differences, the enantioselective toxicity of this compound, molecular initiation events within adverse outcome pathways, and subsequent individual and population risks for this emerging water quality threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea M. Lovin
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | | | | | - Laura M. Langan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | | | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - J. Thad Scott
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Bryan W. Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
- Correspondence:
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Mello FD, Braidy N, Marçal H, Guillemin G, Nabavi SM, Neilan BA. Mechanisms and Effects Posed by Neurotoxic Products of Cyanobacteria/Microbial Eukaryotes/Dinoflagellates in Algae Blooms: a Review. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:153-167. [PMID: 28836116 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental toxins produced by cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates have increasingly become a public health concern due to their ability to damage several tissues in humans. In particular, emerging evidence has called attention to the neurodegenerative effects of the cyanobacterial toxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). Furthermore, other toxins such as anatoxin, saxitoxin, microcystin, nodularin and ciguatoxin also have a different range of effects on human tissues, including hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and gastrointestinal irritation. However, the vast majority of known environmental toxins have not yet been examined in the context of neurodegenerative disease. This review aims to investigate whether neurotoxic mechanisms can be demonstrated in all aforementioned toxins, and whether there exists a link to neurodegeneration. Management of toxin exposure and potential neuroprotective compounds is also discussed. Collectively, all aforementioned microbial toxins are likely to exert some form of neuronal damage, with many of their modes of action consistent with neurodegeneration. This is important in advancing our current understanding of the cytotoxic potential of environmental toxins upon human brain function, particularly in the context of age-related neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona D Mello
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helder Marçal
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gilles Guillemin
- Neuropharmacology group, MND and Neurodegenerative diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brett A Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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