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Albuquerque MVDC, Ramos RDO, de Paula E Silva MCC, Rodrigues RMM, Leite VD, Lopes WS. Allelopathic effects of cyanotoxins on the physiological responses of Chlorella vulgaris. Toxicon 2024; 248:107847. [PMID: 39025449 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Contributing to the assessment of potential physiological changes in microalgae subjected to different concentrations and types of cyanotoxins, this study investigated the inhibitory effects of cyanotoxins on the growth, density, biomass, and ecotoxicity of Chlorella vulgaris. Chlorella vulgaris was exposed to crude extracts of cyanobacteria producing microcystin-LR (MC-LR), saxitoxin (SXT), anatoxin-a (ATX-A), and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) with initial concentrations of 5.0, 2.05, 0.61, and 1.42 μg.L-1, respectively. The experiments were conducted under controlled conditions, and monitoring of growth and cell inhibition occurred at 24h, 48h, 72h, and 96h. Chlorophyll-a content and ecotoxicity assessment were conducted with samples collected after 96h of exposure to cyanotoxins. The growth assays of Chlorella vulgaris, with results expressed in terms of average growth rates (doublings/day), indicated the following order for cyanotoxins: SXT (2.03) > CYN (1.66) > MC-LR (1.56) > ATX-A (0.18). This assay revealed the prominent inhibitory potential of ATX-A on Chlorella vulgaris growth compared to the other toxins evaluated. Regarding the inhibition of the photosynthetic process, expressed in terms of the percentage inhibition of Chlorophyll-a, the following order for cyanotoxins was obtained: ATX-A (82%) > MC-LR (76%) > STX (46%) > CYN (16%). These results also indicated that among the cyanotoxins, ATX-A was the most detrimental to the photosynthetic process. However, contrary to the observations in the growth study, SXT proved to be more harmful than CYN in terms of Chlorophyll-a inhibition. Finally, the results of the toxicity assay revealed that only ATX-A and MC-LR exerted a chronic influence on Chlorella vulgaris under the investigated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Railson de Oliveira Ramos
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 58429-500, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Roberta Milena Moura Rodrigues
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 58429-500, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Valderi Duarte Leite
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 58429-500, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Wilton Silva Lopes
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 58429-500, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
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2
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Kolipaka T, Khairnar P, Phatale V, Pandey G, Famta P, Shah S, Asthana A, Nanduri S, Raghuvanshi RS, Srivastava S. Multifaceted roles of pollen in the management of cancer. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123278. [PMID: 37516214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Oral drug delivery of microparticles demonstrates shortcomings like aggregation, decreased loading capacity and batch-to-batch variation, which limits its scale-up. Later, porous structures gained attention because of their large surface-to-volume ratio, high loading capacity and ability to carry biomacromolecules, which undergo degradation in GIT. But there are pitfalls like non-uniform particle size distribution, the impact of porogen properties, and harsh chemicals. To circumvent these drawbacks, natural carriers like pollen are explored in drug delivery, which withstands harsh environments. This property helps to subdue the acid-sensitive drug in GIT. It shows uniform particle size distribution within the species. On the other side, they contain phytoconstituents like flavonoids and polysaccharides, which possess various pharmacological applications. Therefore, pollen has the capability as a carrier system and therapeutic agent. This review focuses on pollen's microstructure, composition and utility in cancer management. The extraction strategies, characterisation techniques and chemical structure of sporopollenin exine capsule, its use in the oral delivery of antineoplastic drugs, and emerging cancer treatments like photothermal therapy, immunotherapy and microrobots have been highlighted. We have mentioned a note on the anticancer activity of pollen extract. Further, we have summarised the regulatory perspective, bottlenecks and way forward associated with pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswini Kolipaka
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Pooja Khairnar
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Vivek Phatale
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Giriraj Pandey
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Paras Famta
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Shah
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Amit Asthana
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi
- Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO), Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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Shahriarinour M, Divsar F. Release Kinetics and Antibacterial Property of Curcumin-Loaded Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Pollen. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Maruthi YA, Ramakrishna S. Sporopollenin - Invincible biopolymer for sustainable biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:2957-2965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Spore exines increase vitamin D clinical bioavailability by mucoadhesion and bile triggered release. J Control Release 2022; 350:244-255. [PMID: 35973473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sporopollenin exine capsules (SpECs) are microcapsules derived from the outer shells (exines) of plant spore and pollen grains. This work reports the first clinical study on healthy volunteers to show enhanced bioavailability of vitamin D encapsulated in SpECs from Lycopodium clavatum L. spore grains vs vitamin D alone, and the first evidence (in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo) of mechanisms to account for the enhancement and release of the active in the small intestine. Evidence for mucoadhesion of the SpECs contributing to the mechanism of the enhancement is based on: (i) release profile over time of vitamin D in a double blind cross-over human study showing significant release in the small intestine; (ii) in vivo particle counting data in rat showing preferred retention of SpECs vs synthetic beads; (iii) ex vivo99mTc labelling and counting data using rat small intestine sections showing preferred retention of SpECs vs synthetic beads; (iv) in vitro mucoadhesion data. Triggered release by bile in the small intestine was shown in vitro using solid state NMR and HPLC.
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Suhail M, Chiu IH, Hung MC, Vu QL, Lin IL, Wu PC. In Vitro Evaluation of Smart and pH-Sensitive Chondroitin Sulfate/Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Delivery. Gels 2022; 8:gels8070406. [PMID: 35877491 PMCID: PMC9323728 DOI: 10.3390/gels8070406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibuprofen is an antipyretic and analgesic drug used for the management of different inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Due to a short half-life and rapid elimination, multiple doses of ibuprofen are required in a day to maintain pharmacological action for a long duration of time. Due to multiple intakes of ibuprofen, certain severe adverse effects, such as gastric irritation, bleeding, ulcers, and abdominal pain are produced. Therefore, a system is needed which not only prolongs the release of ibuprofen but also overcomes the drug’s adverse effects. Hence, the authors have synthesized chondroitin sulfate/sodium polystyrene sulfonate–co-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels by the free radical polymerization technique for the controlled release of ibuprofen. Sol-gel, porosity, swelling, and drug release studies were performed on the fabricated hydrogel. The pH-responsive behavior of the fabricated hydrogel was determined by both swelling and drug release studies in three different pH values, i.e., pH 1.2, 4.6, and 7.4. Maximum swelling and drug release were observed at pH 7.4, as compared to pH 4.6 and 1.2. Similarly, the structural arrangement and crosslinking of the hydrogel contents were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluated the hard and irregular surface with a few macrospores of the developed hydrogel, which may be correlated with the strong crosslinking of polymers with monomer content. Similarly, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated the high thermal stability of the formulated hydrogel, as compared to pure polymers. A decrease in the crystallinity of chondroitin sulfate and sodium polystyrene sulfonate after crosslinking was revealed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Thus, considering the results, we can demonstrate that a developed polymeric network of hydrogel could be used as a safe, stable, and efficient carrier for the controlled release of ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhail
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (M.S.); (I.-H.C.); (M.-C.H.)
| | - I-Hui Chiu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (M.S.); (I.-H.C.); (M.-C.H.)
| | - Ming-Chia Hung
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (M.S.); (I.-H.C.); (M.-C.H.)
| | - Quoc Lam Vu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Thai Nguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 284 Luong Ngoc Quyen Str., Thai Nguyen City 24000, Vietnam;
| | - I-Ling Lin
- Department of Medicine Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Pao-Chu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (M.S.); (I.-H.C.); (M.-C.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101
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Atalay FE, Culum AA, Kaya H, Gokturk G, Yigit E. Different Plant Sporopollenin Exine Capsules and Their Multifunctional Usage. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1348-1360. [PMID: 35201750 PMCID: PMC8941510 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs) are highly resistant to heat and various acids and bases. They are also cheap, highly porous, eco-friendly polymer biomaterials with stable microencapsulation capacity. Due to their strong and uniquely shaped exine layers, they can allow growth on metal oxide materials, as a biotemplate for use in different applications. In this study, first, a single SEC extraction method was applied to three different pollens from Pinus, Fraxinus excelsior, and Tilia. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) measurements both before and after the extraction process were performed to observe changes in surface area, morphology, porous structure, and degradation properties. The protein content and removal were analyzed by elemental and spectrophotometric analyses. Then, SECs were loaded by passive and centrifuge loading for drug delivery, and the loading capacities were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. The method was successful in opening the pores and maintaining the structural integrity of SECs. It was determined that the morphology and porosity affected the encapsulation efficiency. According to the loading capacities, Tilia SECs were the most efficient SECs for both loading methods. In addition, three different SECs were hydrothermally coated with cobalt and then heat-treated to obtain a metal oxide structure. A CO3O4 supercapacitor electrode constructed using CO3O4-F. excelsior SEC powder had the best surface area parameters. The electrode showed a maximum specific capacity of 473 F/g for over 3000 continuous cycles of galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Ersoy Atalay
- Department of Physics, The Faculty of Science and Arts, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ayse Asiye Culum
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, 44210 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Harun Kaya
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, 44210 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Gunay Gokturk
- Department of Physics, The Faculty of Science and Arts, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Emel Yigit
- Department of Biology, The Faculty of Science and Arts, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
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8
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Design of sporopollenin-based functional ingredients for gastrointestinal tract targeted delivery. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Javanbakht S, Pooresmaeil M, Namazi H, Heydari A. Facile synthesis of Zn-based metal-organic framework in the presence of carboxymethyl cellulose: A safe carrier for ibuprofen. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:531-539. [PMID: 34571120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of porous materials with a high surface area affords a great interest to achieve a system with a prolonged drug release manner. In this context, the subject of this work is to describe a novel green one-pot synthesis route for the growth of metal-organic framework (MOF) from zinc metal (Zn) and 1, 4-benzene dicarboxylic acid (BDC) in the vicinity of the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), which homogeneously confined in the biopolymeric chains. The synthesized Zn (BDC)@CMC was characterized and confirmed using different analyses. N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms determined the mean diameter of pore size of about 2.3993 nm. Ibuprofen (IBU) as a model drug was highly loaded to the Zn(BDC)@CMC by immersing in the drug solution; 50.95%. The in vitro IBU release study indicated that the Zn(BDC)@CMC has more attractive performances than pristine Zn(BDC). The IBU release occurred via the Fickian mechanism. Isotherm studies showed that the IBU adsorption on obeys from Langmuir isotherm; R2 0.9623. The MTT results revealed the HEK 293A cell viability of higher than 90% for Zn(BDC)@CMC that confirms its cytocompatibility. Overall, obtained results confirm the functionality of CMC biopolymer for in situ growth of MOF in the presence of it due to having the reactive nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Javanbakht
- Research Laboratory of Dendrimers and Nano Biopolymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, P. O. Box 51666, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Malihe Pooresmaeil
- Research Laboratory of Dendrimers and Nano Biopolymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, P. O. Box 51666, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Namazi
- Research Laboratory of Dendrimers and Nano Biopolymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, P. O. Box 51666, Tabriz, Iran; Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Abolfazl Heydari
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Eudragit-Coated Sporopollenin Exine Microcapsules (SEMC) of Phoenix dactylifera L. of 5-Fluorouracil for Colon-Specific Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111921. [PMID: 34834336 PMCID: PMC8621040 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-loaded pollens of Phoenix dactylifera and their coating with ERS was done and evaluated for the colon-targeted delivery of 5-FU to treat colon cancer. Sporopollenin exine microcapsules (SEMC) from the pollens of Phoenix dactylifera were extracted by the reflux method and 5-FU into SEMC was encapsulated by the vacuum-assisted loading method. 5-FU loaded SEMC was coated with Eudragit® RS-100 (ERS) by the organic solvent-evaporation technique under vacuum to avoid the discharge of 5-FU in the stomach and small intestine. Morphological and physicochemical characterization of drug-loaded SEMC (coated/uncoated) was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, XRD, and DSC. The encapsulation and drug loading were determined by the direct method, and an in vitro release study was performed in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids (SGF/SIF). The colon-specific delivery of 5-FU from the SEMC was assessed in terms of pharmacokinetics and gastrointestinal tract distribution after oral administration in rats. The successful encapsulation and loading of 5-FU into SEMC by a vacuum-assisted loading technique and its coating with ERS by a solvent-evaporation technique were achieved. SEM images of uncoated SEMC have shown porous structures, and coating with ERS reserved their morphology with a smooth surface and discrete microstructures and the 5% w/v ERS acetone solution. ERS-coated SEMC sustained the release of 5-FU until 24 h in SIF, while it was up to 12 h only from uncoated SEMC. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 5-FU from uncoated SEMC was 102.82 μg/mL after 1 h, indicating a rapid release of 5-FU in the upper gastrointestinal tract. This concentration decreased quickly with a half-life of 4 h, AUC0-t was 264.1 μg/mL.h, and MRT0-inf was 5.2 h. The Cmax of 5-FU from ERS-coated SEMC was 19.47 μg/mL at 16 h. The Cmax of 5-FU in small intestines was 406.2 μg/g at 1 h from uncoated SEMC and 1271.5 μg/g at 12 h from coated SEMC. Conclusively, a 249.9-fold higher relative bioavailability of 5-FU was achieved with the ERS-coated SEMC in colon tissues than that from uncoated SEMC.
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Iravani S, Varma RS. Plant Pollen Grains: A Move Towards Green Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:128. [PMID: 34138347 PMCID: PMC8124031 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pollen grains and plant spores have emerged as innovative biomaterials for various applications such as drug/vaccine delivery, catalyst support, and the removal of heavy metals. The natural microcapsules comprising spore shells and pollen grain are designed for protecting the genetic materials of plants from exterior impairments. Two layers make up the shell, the outer layer (exine) that comprised largely of sporopollenin, and the inner layer (intine) that built chiefly of cellulose. These microcapsule shells, namely hollow sporopollenin exine capsules have some salient features such as homogeneity in size, non-toxic nature, resilience to both alkalis and acids, and the potential to withstand at elevated temperatures; they have displayed promising potential for the microencapsulation and the controlled drug delivery/release. The important attribute of mucoadhesion to intestinal tissues can prolong the interaction of sporopollenin with the intestinal mucosa directing to an augmented effectiveness of nutraceutical or drug delivery. Here, current trends and prospects related to the application of plant pollen grains for the delivery of vaccines and drugs and vaccine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc , Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Bailey CS, Zarins-Tutt JS, Agbo M, Gao H, Diego-Taboada A, Gan M, Hamed RB, Abraham ER, Mackenzie G, Evans PA, Goss RJM. A natural solution to photoprotection and isolation of the potent polyene antibiotic, marinomycin A. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7549-7553. [PMID: 31588306 PMCID: PMC6761879 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01375j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The photoprotection and isolation of marinomycin A using sporopollenin exine capsules (SpECs) derived from the spores of the plant Lycopodium clavatum is described. The marinomycins have a particularly short half-life in natural light, which severely impacts their potential biological utility given that they display potent antibiotic and anticancer activity. The SpEC encapsulation of the marinomycin A dramatically increases the half-life of the polyene macrodiolide to the direct exposure to UV radiation by several orders of magnitude, thereby making this a potentially useful strategy for other light sensitive bioactive agents. In addition, we report that the SpECs can also be used to selectively extract culture broths that contain the marinomycins, which provides a significantly higher recovery than with conventional XAD resins and provides concomitant photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Bailey
- Department of Chemistry , BSRC , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Joseph S Zarins-Tutt
- Department of Chemistry , BSRC , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Matthias Agbo
- Department of Chemistry , BSRC , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Chemistry , BSRC , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Alberto Diego-Taboada
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Hull , HU6 7RX , UK .
- Sporomex Ltd. , Medina House, 2 Station Avenue, East Yorkshire , Bridlington , YO16 4LZ , UK
| | - Maoluo Gan
- Department of Chemistry , BSRC , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Refaat B Hamed
- Department of Chemistry , BSRC , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Emily R Abraham
- Department of Chemistry , BSRC , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Grahame Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Hull , HU6 7RX , UK .
- Sporomex Ltd. , Medina House, 2 Station Avenue, East Yorkshire , Bridlington , YO16 4LZ , UK
| | - P Andrew Evans
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , ON K7L 3N6 , Canada .
| | - Rebecca J M Goss
- Department of Chemistry , BSRC , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
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Fan TF, Potroz MG, Tan EL, Ibrahim MS, Miyako E, Cho NJ. Species-Specific Biodegradation of Sporopollenin-Based Microcapsules. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9626. [PMID: 31270392 PMCID: PMC6610089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46131-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporoderms, the outer layers of plant spores and pollen grains, are some of the most robust biomaterials in nature. In order to evaluate the potential of sporoderms in biomedical applications, we studied the biodegradation in simulated gastrointestinal fluid of sporoderm microcapsules (SDMCs) derived from four different plant species: lycopodium (Lycopodium clavatum L.), camellia (Camellia sinensis L.), cattail (Typha angustifolia L.), and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.). Dynamic image particle analysis (DIPA) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were used to investigate the morphological characteristics of the capsules, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to evaluate their chemical properties. We found that SDMCs undergo bulk degradation in a species-dependent manner, with camellia SDMCs undergoing the most extensive degradation, and dandelion and lycopodium SDMCs being the most robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Fei Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael G Potroz
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee-Lin Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mohammed Shahrudin Ibrahim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eijiro Miyako
- Department of Materials and Chemistry, Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore.
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Fan TF, Potroz MG, Tan EL, Park JH, Miyako E, Cho NJ. Human blood plasma catalyses the degradation of Lycopodium plant sporoderm microcapsules. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2944. [PMID: 30814619 PMCID: PMC6393489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant sporoderm are among the most robust biomaterials in nature. We investigate the erosion of Lycopodium sporoderm microcapsules (SDMCs) triggered by human blood plasma. Dynamic image particle analysis (DIPA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrate the degradation events, suggesting bulk erosion as the dominant mechanism for SDMCs fragmentation in human blood. These results should prove valuable in discerning the behaviour of SDMCs in potential biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Fei Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael G Potroz
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee-Lin Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jae H Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eijiro Miyako
- Department of Materials and Chemistry, Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore.
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15
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Lale SV, Gill HS. Pollen grains as a novel microcarrier for oral delivery of proteins. Int J Pharm 2018; 552:352-359. [PMID: 30308271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Oral delivery of proteins and peptides is a challenge due to their degradation in the stomach. To overcome this challenge, ragweed (Ambrosia elatior) pollen grains were engineered to serve as protective microcapsules. A matrix comprising of Eudragit L100-55, an enteric polymer was deposited on the inner surfaces of ragweed pollens to protect the encapsulated protein from gastric degradation and to achieve pH-dependent release in the intestine. The Eudragit L100-55 matrix was formed without use of organic solvents so that solvent-induced damage to protein molecules could be prevented. To demonstrate the concept, bovine serum albumin (BSA) a model protein was used. A matrix of Eudragit L100-55 embedded with BSA was prepared in ragweed pollens by optimizing their respective concentrations for maximizing BSA loading in the matrix. The ability of this optimized formulation to protect BSA in simulated gastric acid fluid was evaluated. Release studies in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) showed minimal BSA release from the ragweed-Eudragit L100-55 formulation. Analysis of BSA retained in the formulation after its exposure to gastric fluid confirmed that the residual BSA had not denatured. Release studies in the simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) showed that ragweed pollen offered additional controlled release mechanism within the first few hours of release by virtue of their solid wall. In conclusion, upon use of a protein-friendly solvent for Eudragit L100-55, proteins could be encapsulated in ragweed pollen without denaturing them, and the resulting formulation exhibited selective release of the proteins at intestinal pH suggesting that the ragweed pollen grain-based formulation could be promising for oral delivery of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu V Lale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Harvinder Singh Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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16
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Fan T, Park JH, Pham QA, Tan EL, Mundargi RC, Potroz MG, Jung H, Cho NJ. Extraction of cage-like sporopollenin exine capsules from dandelion pollen grains. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6565. [PMID: 29700313 PMCID: PMC5920053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen-based microcapsules such as hollow sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs) have emerged as excellent drug delivery and microencapsulation vehicles. To date, SECs have been extracted primarily from a wide range of natural pollen species possessing largely spherical geometries and uniform surface features. Nonetheless, exploring pollen species with more diverse architectural features could lead to new application possibilities. One promising class of candidates is dandelion pollen grains, which possess architecturally intricate, cage-like microstructures composed of robust sporopollenin biopolymers. Here, we report the successful extraction and macromolecular loading of dandelion SECs. Preservation of SEC morphology and successful removal of proteinaceous materials was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, elemental CHN analysis, dynamic image particle analysis (DIPA) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Among the tested processing schemes, acidolysis using 85% (v/v) phosphoric acid refluxed at 70 °C for 5 hours yielded an optimal balance of intact particle yield, protein removal, and preservation of cage-like microstructure. For proof-of-concept loading, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was encapsulated within the dandelion SECs with high efficiency (32.23 ± 0.33%). Overall, our findings highlight how hollow microcapsules with diverse architectural features can be readily prepared and utilized from plant-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jae Hyeon Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quynh Anh Pham
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee-Lin Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raghavendra C Mundargi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael G Potroz
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haram Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore, Singapore.
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17
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Cellulose gum and copper nanoparticles based hydrogel as antimicrobial agents against urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogens. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:803-809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Palazzo I, Mezzetta A, Guazzelli L, Sartini S, Pomelli CS, Parker WO, Chiappe C. Chiral ionic liquids supported on natural sporopollenin microcapsules. RSC Adv 2018; 8:21174-21183. [PMID: 35539901 PMCID: PMC9080869 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03455a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Supported chiral ionic liquids (SILs) were prepared choosing the starting material for the ionic liquid part from the enantiopure stock of the chiral pool (monoterpenoids and an amino acid) and the sporopollenin as an environmentally friendly support. Sporopollenins are microcapsules with naturally well-defined sizes and shapes that can be obtained from pollen grains after removal of the internal cytoplasm and the second shell layer. As thermally stable organic biocompatible structures, sporopollenins have attracted increasing interest in recent years for several applications. Herein, bio-based ILs were anchored onto the surface of sporopollenins obtained from the pollen of Populus deltoides, selected as a model pollen grain. These new structures, which present an external positively charged shell, were characterized by physico-chemical techniques (ATR-FTIR, TGA, SEM, EDX, and solid-state 13C NMR). A metathesis reaction was also performed on selected bio-based IL modified sporopollenins, demonstrating the possibility to switch the surface properties by exploiting well-known IL chemistry. An access to new chemically modified sporopollenins has been investigated. In a straightforward manner, chiral ionic liquids have been anchored on the surface of the sporopollenin.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Palazzo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università di Pisa
- Pisa
- Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Wallace O. Parker
- Eni, Research & Technical Innovation
- Physical Chemistry Department
- Italy
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19
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Uddin MJ, Gill HS. Ragweed pollen as an oral vaccine delivery system: Mechanistic insights. J Control Release 2017; 268:416-426. [PMID: 29054371 PMCID: PMC5831719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have recently developed pollen grains (PGs) as a unique method to deliver vaccines orally. Extensive chemical processing ensures allergen-free pollen microcapsules that can be loaded with vaccine antigens. Successful oral vaccine delivery has been previously demonstrated by us in a mouse model. However, the underlying mechanisms that help the processed PGs to achieve this goal were not fully understood. In this study, we wanted to understand the effects of chemically processed ragweed pollen (Ambrosia elatior) on the innate immune system. Intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells all bridge the innate and adaptive immunity. This study has shown that in response to ragweed pollen all these cells release inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed that macrophages can engulf ragweed pollen. In addition, in the presence of ragweed, mouse dendritic cells upregulated their activation markers, that is, CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class II molecules. Ragweed pollens did not cause significant cell membrane damage as compared to similarly sized poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) particles. Moreover, ragweed did not affect the integrity of the intestinal epithelial cells. Ragweed pollens were also found in the subepithelial region of the small intestine 24h after pollens were gavaged to mice. Our current findings lead to the conclusion that besides transporting the vaccine cargo, ragweed pollen shells have additional immunomodulatory properties that help the orally delivered antigen to effectively induce an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jasim Uddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Harvinder Singh Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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20
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Prabhakar AK, Lai HY, Potroz MG, Corliss MK, Park JH, Mundargi RC, Cho D, Bang SI, Cho NJ. Chemical processing strategies to obtain sporopollenin exine capsules from multi-compartmental pine pollen. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Mujtaba M, Sargin I, Akyuz L, Ceter T, Kaya M. Newly isolated sporopollenin microcages from Platanus orientalis pollens as a vehicle for controlled drug delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 77:263-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Sargin I, Akyuz L, Kaya M, Tan G, Ceter T, Yildirim K, Ertosun S, Aydin GH, Topal M. Controlled release and anti-proliferative effect of imatinib mesylate loaded sporopollenin microcapsules extracted from pollens of Betula pendula. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:749-756. [PMID: 28716746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sporopollenin is a promising material for drug encapsulation due to its excellent properties; uniformity in size, non-toxicity, chemically and thermally resilient nature. Herein, morphologically intact sporopollenin microcapsules were extracted from Betula pendula pollens. Cancer therapeutic agent (imatinib mesylate) was loaded into the microcapsules. The encapsulation efficiency by passive loading technique was found to be 21.46%. Release behaviour of the drug from microcapsules was found to be biphasic, with an initial fast release followed by a slower rate of release. Imatinib mesylate release from the drug itself (control) was faster than from imatinib mesylate-loaded sporopollenin microcapsules. The release profiles for both free and entrapped drug samples were significantly slower and more controlled in PBS buffer (pH 7.4) than in HCl (pH 1.2) buffer. Cumulative drug release from IM-MES-loaded sporopollenin microcapsules was found to be 65% within 24h for PBS, whereas release from the control was completed within 1h. Also, a complete dissolution of control in HCl buffer was observed within first 30min. MTT assay revealed that drug-loaded microcapsules were effective on WiDr human colon carcinoma cell line. B. pendula sporopollenin can be suggested as an effective carrier for oral delivery of imatinib mesylate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Sargin
- Aksaray University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Lalehan Akyuz
- Aksaray University, Technical Vocational School, Department of Chemistry Technology, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Murat Kaya
- Aksaray University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Gamze Tan
- Aksaray University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Talip Ceter
- Kastamonu University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, 37100 Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Kevser Yildirim
- Aksaray University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Seymanur Ertosun
- Aksaray University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Gozde Hatun Aydin
- Aksaray University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Muge Topal
- Aksaray University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
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23
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Dinu MV, Cocarta AI, Dragan ES. Synthesis, characterization and drug release properties of 3D chitosan/clinoptilolite biocomposite cryogels. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 153:203-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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