Comparative biocompatibility and antimicrobial studies of sorbic acid derivates

Bioequivalence of 2 Pediatric Formulations of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride Oral Suspension

Fexofenadine hydrochloride (HCl) is a second-generation, nonsedating, histamine H1-receptor antagonist used to manage seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. A new oral pediatric suspension of fexofenadine HCl has been developed, with the preservative potassium sorbate replacing parabens. The objective of this phase 1 single-center, open-label, randomized, 2-treatment, full-replicated, 4-period, 2-sequence crossover study in healthy adult volunteers was to assess the bioequivalence of 30 mg of the new oral suspension of fexofenadine HCl (test) versus 30 mg of the marketed pediatric oral suspension of fexofenadine HCl (reference). The replicate design was based on the high intra-individual variability of fexofenadine (>30% on Cmax ). The study comprised 68 randomized and treated volunteers. Plasma concentrations of fexofenadine were similar following the administration of a single dose of each formulation. Cmax , AUClast , AUC, median tmax , and mean t1/2z were similar between administrations of the same fexofenadine formulation and between formulations. A high intra-individual variability was confirmed with both formulations. Bioequivalence of the test and reference fexofenadine HCl formulations was demonstrated as the 90% confidence intervals of the geometric least squares mean ratio for Cmax , AUClast , and AUC of fexofenadine were all within the bioequivalence range of 0.80-1.25. There were no serious adverse events (AEs) or study discontinuations due to treatment-emergent AEs with either fexofenadine HCl formulation. The new paraben-free fexofenadine HCl 30-mg oral suspension and marketed fexofenadine HCl 30-mg pediatric oral suspension are bioequivalent under fasting conditions, with no safety concerns and a safety profile consistent with the known profile of fexofenadine.

Exploring STAT3 stimulatory potential of novel wound healing molecules by virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations

STAT3 signaling is a major intrinsic pathway for cell proliferation owing to its frequent activation in injured tissues. Various STAT3-regulated genes encode cytokines and growth factors, the receptors of which in turn activate the same STAT3 pathways, thereby regulating cell proliferation. In present study, we aimed to analyze several compounds for their wound healing and tissue repair potential by computer-aided virtual screening and Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Based on literature studies, a total of 36 drug molecules were selected having critical functions in wound healing and tissue repair. The pharmacological features (ADME and toxicity) of these molecules were predicted to find lead molecules among them. Further, a comparative study was performed to screen binding efficiency of STAT3 with many conventional wound healers by molecular docking. Among all, W6S, Strychnin, Prednisone and N-(6-(4-(3-(4-((4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl) methyl)-3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ureido)phenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide showed best docking with STAT3 protein. The calculated binding energy of these molecules with STAT3 was found to be -8.9 Kca/mol for N-(6-(4-(3-(4-((4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl) methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl)ureido)phenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide, -8.7 Kcal/mol for W6S, -8.5 Kcal/mol for Strychnine and -8.4 Kcal/mol for Prednisone . The result was reconsidered for MD simulation. The simulation result showed stable binding of the ligand with STAT3 protein for 100 ns. These compounds showed better interaction potential with STAT3 was compared to known tissue repair molecules. Our data paves way for further exploration of these molecules as novel cell proliferators to be tested in various types of wound and tissue injuries.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Characterization of simplified nonapeptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities as potential food preservatives, and their antibacterial mechanism

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted attention in the field of food preservatives due to their favorable biosafety and potential antimicrobial activity. However, high synthetic cost, systemic toxicity, a narrow antimicrobial spectrum, and poor antimicrobial activity become the main bottlenecks for their practical applications. To address these questions, a set of derived nonapeptides were designed based on a previously discovered ultra-short peptide sequence template (RXRXRXRXL-NH₂) and screened to identify an optimal peptide-based food preservative with excellent antimicrobial properties. Among these nonapeptides, the designed peptides 3IW (RIRIRIRWL-NH₂) and W2IW (RWRIRIRWL-NH₂) presented a membrane-disruptive and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation mechanism to execute potent and rapid broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity without observed cytotoxicity. Moreover, they exhibited favorable antimicrobial stability regardless of high ionic strength, heat, and excessive acid-base conditions, retaining potent antimicrobial effects for chicken meat preservation. Collectively, their ultra-short sequence length and potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial capacity may be beneficial for the further development of green and safe peptide-based food preservatives.

Antimicrobial effect of sorbic acid-loaded chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles on Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Sorbic acid-loaded chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (SANs) have previously been shown to exert both antibacterial and antioxidant effects on Chinese sausage. In this study, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of SANs against two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were determined. The blank control group (BC) served as the negative control, while the chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (CTNs) group and free sorbic acid (SA) group served as the positive controls. Tests conducted under five different pH conditions (5/6/7/8/9) revealed that the SANs exhibited a good bacteriostatic effect against P. aeruginosa. Variations in the metabolism, cell membrane or cell wall integrity, and morphology of P. aeruginosa were measured to evaluate the effects of SANs on their intracellular and extracellular components. The MIC of SANs for the two P. aeruginosa strains was determined to be 150 μg/mL. SANs delayed the growth of P. aeruginosa and severely damaged both its inner and outer cell membranes. The heteromorphism of the bacteria as observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), verified the aforementioned results. The results showed SANs could effectively inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa and exert antibacterial ability in a wider range of acid-base environments. This study broadens the application of SANs in food processing and provides experimental basis.

Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiviral Polymeric Food Packaging in Post-COVID-19 Era

Consumers are now more concerned about food safety and hygiene following the COVID-19 pandemic. Antimicrobial packaging has attracted increased interest by reducing contamination of food surfaces to deliver quality and safe food while maintaining shelf life. Active packaging materials to reduce contamination or inhibit viral activity in packaged foods and on packaging surfaces are mostly prepared using solvent casting, but very few materials demonstrate antiviral activity on foods of animal origin, which are important in the human diet. Incorporation of silver nanoparticles, essential oils and natural plant extracts as antimicrobial agents in/on polymeric matrices provides improved antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties. This paper reviews recent developments in antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral packaging incorporating natural or synthetic compounds using preparation methods including extrusion, solvent casting and surface modification treatment for surface coating and their applications in several foods (i.e., bakery products, fruits and vegetables, meat and meat products, fish and seafood and milk and dairy foods). Findings showed that antimicrobial material as films, coated films, coating and pouches exhibited efficient antimicrobial activity in vitro but lower activity in real food systems. Antimicrobial activity depends on (i) polar or non-polar food components, (ii) interactions between antimicrobial compounds and the polymer materials and (iii) interactions between environmental conditions and active films (i.e., relative humidity, oxygen and water vapor permeability and temperature) that impact the migration or diffusion of active compounds in foods. Knowledge gained from the plethora of existing studies on antimicrobial polymers can be effectively utilized to develop multifunctional antimicrobial materials that can protect food products and packaging surfaces from SARS-CoV-2 contamination.

In Vitro and Human Pilot Studies of Different Topical Formulations Containing Rosa Species for the Treatment of Psoriasis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile and antioxidant properties of the extracts from three Rosa species (R. canina, R. damascena, R. cairo), to develop and investigate topical formulations with lyophilized forms of extracts for the treatment of psoriasis. Phytochemical screening and in vitro total antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC, SOD) of studied samples were examined and compared. Lyophilized extracts of roses were dissolved in Transcutol HP and different formulations of creams were prepared. Franz diffusion method was used to evaluate the drug release and biocompatibility was tested on HaCaT cells. Rosa damascene had the best results regarding all the analyses that were conducted. After the evaluation of topical products, the formulation with Rosa damascena extract in a self-emulsifying drug delivery system was tested on a human clinical study that involved 20 patients. At the end of the clinical study an improvement in the quality of life of the patients was observed and erythema, induration and scaling were reduced. The present study indicates that our examined extracts exhibited great phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and safety profile of topical formulation and therefore can be used as a reliable source of natural antioxidants and may be used as a complementary treatment to improve the quality life of patients with psoriasis or may be tested on another diseases.

Topical Dosage Formulation of Lyophilized Philadelphus coronarius L. Leaf and Flower: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Assessment of the Plant

Philadelphus coronarius is a versatile plant and its use in folk medicine has a long tradition; however, scientifically, the medical utilization of the herb is a less explored research field. The aim of our study was to identify and determine the quantity of the bioactive compounds of both the leaf and the flower and prepare a lyophilized product of them, from which medical ointments were formulated, since the topical application of P. coronarius has also not been studied. In vitro drug release, texture analysis and biocompatibility experiments were carried out, as well as the investigation of microbiological, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. According to our results the composition and the selected excipients of the ointments have a great impact on the drug release, texture and bioavailability of the preparation. During the microbiological testing, the P. coronarius leaf was effective against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, but it did not significantly decrease IL-4 production when it was tested on HaCaT cells. P. coronarius is a promising herb, and its topical application in antimicrobial therapy can be a useful addition to modern medical therapy.

Antimicrobial Impacts of Microbial Metabolites on the Preservation of Fish and Fishery Products: A Review with Current Knowledge

Microbial metabolites have proven effects to inhibit food spoilage microbiota, without any development of antimicrobial resistance. This review provides a recent literature update on the preservative action of metabolites derived from microorganisms on seafood. Fish and fishery products are regarded as a myriad of nutrition, while being highly prone to spoilage. Several proven controversies (antimicrobial resistance and health issues) related to the use of synthetic preservatives have caused an imminent problem. The demand for minimally processed and naturally preserved clean-label fish and fishery products is on rise. Metabolites derived from microorganisms have exhibited diverse preservation capacities on fish and fishery products’ spoilage. Inclusions with other preservation techniques, such as hurdle technology, for the shelf-life extension of fish and fishery products are also summarized.

Generating new mixtures of food additives with antimicrobial and cytotoxic potency against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus

Food additives have been shown to help regulate or prevent the spread of microbes during food manufacturing. Phloxine B, nisin, and sorbic acid were tested to see whether they had a synergistic impact on the inactivation of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The combination of phloxine B and nisin had a synergistic interaction (FICI: 0.25-0.50) against B. cereus, where it demonstrated an additive effect among the three combinations examined (FICI: 0.91). A time-kill test was used in both cases to verify that a food additive combination has synergistic antibacterial action against B. cereus and S. aureus. B. cereus had a 50% reduction in bacterial colony count after 10 h, whereas S. aureus had a 60% reduction after 6 h of their independent impacts after 48 h. Phloxine B, nisin, and sorbic acid demonstrated synergistic antibacterial action and might be used as a source of safe and potent antibacterial agents in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Comparative Investigation of Cellular Effects of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Derivatives

Nowadays, polyethylene glycols referred to as PEGs are widely used in cosmetics, consumer care products, and the pharmaceutical industry. Their advantageous properties such as chemical stability, low immunogenicity, and high tolerability explain why PEGs are applied in many fields of pharmaceutical formulations including parenteral, topical, ophthalmic, oral, and rectal preparations and also in modern drug delivery systems. Given their extensive use, they are considered a well-known group of chemicals. However, the number of large-scale comparative studies involving multiple PEGs of wide molecular weight range is low, as in most cases biological effects are estimated upon molecular weight. The aim of this publication was to study the action of PEGs on Caco-2 cells and G. mellonella larvae and to calculate the correlation of these effects with molecular weight and osmolality. Eleven PEGs of different molecular weight were used in our experiments: PEG 200, PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 600, PEG 1000, PEG 1500, PEG 4000, PEG 8000, PEG 10,000, 12,000, and PEG 20,000. The investigated cellular effects included cytotoxicity (MTT and Neutral Red assays, flow cytometry with propidium iodide and annexin V) and autophagy. The osmolality of different molecular weight PEGs with various concentrations was measured by a vapor pressure osmometer OSMOMAT 070 and G. mellonella larvae were injected with the solutions of PEGs. Sorbitol was used as controls of the same osmolality. Statistical correlation was calculated to describe the average molecular weight dependence of the different measured effects. Osmolality, the cytotoxicity assays, flow cytometry data, and larvae mortality had significant correlation with the structure of the PEGs, while autophagosome formation and the proportion of early apoptotic cells showed no statistical correlation. Overall, it must be noted that PEGs must be tested individually for biological effects as not all effects can be estimated by the average molecular weight.

Quality assessment of Succus Bambusae oral liquids based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry fingerprints and chemometrics

RATIONALE

Succus Bambusae is consumed as a kind of herbal medicine and natural beverage in China. However, the current quality standards for Succus Bambusae are low and lack safety indicators, which makes it difficult to effectively guarantee its quality. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the identification and quality control technology for the product.

METHODS

We have developed a set of qualitative and quantitative methods based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the analysis of volatile components in Succus Bambusae oral liquid (SBOL). Combining GC/MS fingerprint analysis and related chemometrics algorithms, with similarity evaluation, Hotelling T² and distance to Model X (DModX) as criteria, the quality consistency of different batches was evaluated, and SBOL samples from different manufacturers were differentiated.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine volatile components were preliminarily identified from 40 batches of SBOL samples from six manufacturers, and six Q-markers (Quality Markers) for the SBOLs were discussed and determined using GC/MS. The products from different manufacturers were distinguished using chemometrics.

CONCLUSIONS

The results showed that the quality of the SBOL samples from different batches and different manufacturers fluctuated greatly, which suggested that research into the raw materials and manufacturing techniques should be strengthened to improve the quality of SBOL and ensure its quality consistency.

Cytotoxicities and wound healing effects of contact lens multipurpose solution on human corneal epithelial cell

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Contact lens multipurpose solutions (MPSs) contain several components that have the potential to cause corneal epithelial cell toxicity. Evaluating the components and the toxic effect of MPS should be considered for effective eye care.

BACKGROUND

The cytotoxic and wound healing effects of five commercially available MPSs on human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) are is investigated.

METHODS

The following commercially available MPSs were used: Queen's PLURISOL®, Frenz®, Boston SIMPLUS®, DL+PLUS EYE® (DL), and NEW YORK DEFINE® (NY). The proliferation of HCECs exposed to each MPS for 1, 6, and 24 h and the cytotoxicity of these solutions were analyzed using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium-based colorimetric and lactate dehydrogenase leakage assays, respectively. The cellular morphology was evaluated by inverted phase-contrast and electron microscopy. A scratch-wound assay was performed to measure wound widths 24 h after confluent HCEC monolayers were scratch-wounded.

RESULTS

The tested MPS had a time-dependent inhibitory effect on HCEC proliferation and cytotoxicity, significantly at 24 h after exposure (p< 0.05 in all MPSs). HCECs exposed to MPS detached from the bottom of the culture dishes, showed degenerative changes such as loss of microvilli, cytoplasmic vacuole formation and nuclear condensation, and decreased wound healing, compared to the controls (p< 0.001 in Boston, DL and NY). Among the tested MPS, DL and NY were more cytotoxic and showed less wound healing.

CONCLUSION

MPS has a toxic effect on HCECs, which is dependent on the concentration of the disinfecting component. Since the components that constitute the MPS are absorbed and retained in the lens, cautious scrutiny of the concentration and attention to lens cleaning are warranted to mitigate the related cytotoxicity.

Enzyme- and Relative Humidity-Responsive Antimicrobial Fibers for Active Food Packaging

Active food packaging materials that are sustainable, biodegradable, and capable of precise delivery of antimicrobial active ingredients (AIs) are in high demand. Here, we report the development of novel enzyme- and relative humidity (RH)-responsive antimicrobial fibers with an average diameter of 225 ± 50 nm, which can be deposited as a functional layer for packaging materials. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), zein (protein), and starch were electrospun to form multistimuli-responsive fibers that incorporated a cocktail of both free nature-derived antimicrobials such as thyme oil, citric acid, and nisin and cyclodextrin-inclusion complexes (CD-ICs) of thyme oil, sorbic acid, and nisin. The multistimuli-responsive fibers were designed to release the free AIs and CD-ICs of AIs in response to enzyme and RH triggers, respectively. Enzyme-responsive release of free AIs is achieved due to the degradation of selected polymers, forming the backbone of the fibers. For instance, protease enzyme can degrade zein polymer, further accelerating the release of AIs from the fibers. Similarly, RH-responsive release is obtained due to the unique chemical nature of CD-ICs, enabling the release of AIs from the cavity at high RH. The successful synthesis of CD-ICs of AIs and incorporation of antimicrobials in the structure of the multistimuli-responsive fibers were confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Fibers were capable of releasing free AIs when triggered by microorganism-exudated enzymes in a dose-dependent manner and releasing CD-IC form of AIs in response to high relative humidity (95% RH). With 24 h of exposure, stimuli-responsive fibers significantly reduced the populations of foodborne pathogenic bacterial surrogates Escherichia coli (by ∼5 log unit) and Listeria innocua (by ∼5 log unit), as well as fungi Aspergillus fumigatus (by >1 log unit). More importantly, the fibers released more AIs at 95% RH than at 50% RH, which resulted in a higher population reduction of E. coli at 95% RH. Such biodegradable, nontoxic, and multistimuli-responsive antimicrobial fibers have great potential for broad applications as active and smart packaging systems.

Recent developments of natural antimicrobials and antioxidants on fish and fishery food products

Fish and fishery products (FFP) are highly perishable due to their high nutritional value and moisture content. The spoilage is mainly caused by microorganisms and chemical reactions, especially lipid oxidation, leading to losses in quality and market value. Microbiological and lipid deteriorations of fishery-derived products directly lower their nutritive value and pose the risk of toxicity for human health. Increasing demand for safe FFP brings about the preservation using additives from natural origins without chemical additives due to their safety and strict regulation. Antimicrobials and antioxidants from natural sources have exhibited an excellent control over the growth of microorganisms causing fish spoilage via different mechanisms. They also play a major role in retarding lipid oxidation by acting at various stages of oxidation. Antimicrobials and antioxidants from natural sources are usually regarded as safe with no detrimental effects on the quality attributes of FFP. This review provides recent literature on the different antioxidant and antimicrobial agents from natural sources, focusing on microbial and oxidative spoilage mechanisms, their inhibition system, and their applications to retard spoilage, maintain safety, and extend the shelf life of FFP. Their applications and benefits have been revisited.

Antifungal properties of volatile organic compounds produced by Daldinia eschscholtzii MFLUCC 19-0493 isolated from Barleria prionitis leaves against Colletotrichum acutatum and its post-harvest infections on strawberry fruits

Fungal endophytes are microorganisms living symbiotically with a host plant. They can produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that have antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to isolate endophytic fungi from Barleria prionitis plants grown in Thailand and to investigate the antifungal properties of their VOCs against Colletotrichum acutatum, a causal agent of anthracnose disease on post-harvest strawberry fruits. A total of 34 endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves of B. prionitis. The VOCs produced from each individual isolate were screened for their antifungal activity against C. acutatum using a dual-culture plate method. From this in vitro screening experiment, the VOCs produced by the endophytic isolate BP11 were found to have the highest inhibition percentage (80.3%) against the mycelial growth of C. acutatum. The endophytic isolate BP11 was molecularly identified as Daldinia eschscholtzii MFLUCC 19-0493. This strain was then selected for an in vivo experiment. Results from the in vivo experiment indicated that the VOCs produced by D. eschscholtzii MFLUCC 19-0493 were able to inhibit infections by C. acutatum on organic fresh strawberry fruits with an average inhibition percentage of 72.4%. The quality of the pathogen-inoculated strawberry fruits treated with VOCs produced by D. eschscholtzii MFLUCC 19-0493 was evaluated. Their fruit firmness, total soluble solids, and pH were found to be similar to the untreated strawberry fruits. Solid phase microextraction-gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the VOCs produced by D. eschscholtzii MFLUCC 19-0493 led to the detection and identification of 60 compounds. The major compounds were elemicin (23.8%), benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal (8.5%), ethyl sorbate (6.8%), methyl geranate (6.5%), trans-sabinene hydrate (5.4%), and 3,5-dimethyl-4-heptanone (5.1%). Each major compound was tested for its antifungal activity against C. acutatum using the in vitro assay. While all these selected VOCs showed varying degrees of antifungal activity, elemicin was found to possess the strongest antifungal activity. This work suggests that D. eschscholtzii MFLUCC 19-0493 could be a promising natural preservative for controlling C. acutatum associated anthracnose disease in strawberry fruits during the post-harvest period.

Generation of antimicrobial peptides Leg1 and Leg2 from chickpea storage protein, active against food spoilage bacteria and foodborne pathogens

Contamination with bacteria leads to food waste and foodborne diseases with severe consequences for the environment and human health. Aiming to reduce food spoilage and infection, the present study developed novel highly active food-grade antimicrobial peptides affecting a wide range of bacteria. After extraction from chickpea, the storage protein legumin was hydrolyzed by the digestive protease chymotrypsin. Subsequent analysis by ultrahigh-performance micro-liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry determined the resulting peptide profiles. Virtual screening identified 21 potential antimicrobial peptides in the hydrolysates. Among those, the peptides Leg1 (RIKTVTSFDLPALRFLKL) and Leg2 (RIKTVTSFDLPALRWLKL) exhibited antimicrobial activity against 16 different bacteria, including pathogens, spoilage-causing bacteria and two antibiotic-resistant strains. Leg1/Leg2 showed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) down to 15.6 µmol/L and were thus 10-1,000-fold more active compared to conventional food preservatives. Moreover, Leg1 and Leg2 showed bactericidal activity in contrast to the bacteriostatic activity of conventional preservatives.

Eradication of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Pulsed Electric Field Treatments

One of the promising technologies that can inactivate microorganisms without heat is pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of PEF treatment (2.9 kV cm⁻¹, 100 Hz, 5000 pulses in trains mode of 500 pulses with a pulse duration of 10 µs) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae eradication and resealing in different conditions, such as current density (which is influenced by the medium conductivity), the sort of medium (phosphate buffered saline (PBS) vs. yeast malt broth (YMB) and a combined treatment of PEF with the addition of preservatives. When the S. cerevisiae were suspended in PBS, increasing the current density from 0.02 to 3.3 A cm⁻² (corresponding to a total specific energy of 22.04 to 614.59 kJ kg⁻¹) led to an increase of S. cerevisiae eradication. At 3.3 A cm⁻², a total S. cerevisiae eradication was observed. However, when the S. cerevisiae in PBS was treated with the highest current density of 3.3 A cm⁻², followed by dilution in a rich YMB medium, a phenomenon of cell membrane resealing was observed by flow cytometry (FCM) and CFU analysis. The viability of S. cerevisiae was also examined when the culture was exposed to repeating PEF treatments (up to four cycles) with and without the addition of preservatives. This experiment was performed when the S. cerevisiae were suspended in YMB containing tartaric acid (pH 3.4) and ethanol to a final concentration of 10% (v/v), which mimics wine. It was shown that one PEF treatment cycle led to a reduction of 1.35 log10, compared to 2.24 log10 when four cycles were applied. However, no synergic effect was observed when the preservatives, free SO₂, and sorbic acid were added. This study shows the important and necessary knowledge about yeast eradication and membrane recovery processes after PEF treatment, in particular for application in the liquid food industry.