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Thapa R, Pandey P, Parat MO, Gurung S, Parekh HS. Phase transforming in situ gels for sustained and controlled transmucosal drug delivery via the intravaginal route. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:124054. [PMID: 38548071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Direct, reliable, controlled, and sustained drug delivery to female reproductive tract (FRT) remains elusive, with conventional dosage forms falling way short of the mark, leading to premature leakage, erratic drug delivery, and loss of compliance. Historically, the intravaginal route remains underserved by the pharmaceutical sector. To comprehensively address this, we turned our focus to phase-transforming sol-gels, using poloxamers, a thermosensitive polymer and, doxycycline (as hyclate salt, DOXH) as our model agent given its potential use in sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We further enhanced mucoadhesiveness through screening of differing viscosity grade hydroxypropyl methyl celluloses (HPMCs). The optimised sol-gels remained gelled at body temperature (<37 °C) and were prepared in buffer aligned to vaginal cavity pH and osmolality. Lead formulations were progressed based on their ability to retain key rheological properties, and acidic pH in the presence of simulated vaginal fluid (SVF). From a shelf-life perspective, DOXH stability, gelation temperature (Tsol-gel), and pH to three months (2-8 °C) was attained. In summary, the meticulously engineered, phase-transforming sol-gels provided sustained mucoretention despite dilution by vaginal fluid, paving the way for localised antimicrobial drug delivery at concentrations that potentially far exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for target STI-causing bacteria of the FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Thapa
- School of Pharamcy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woollongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Preeti Pandey
- School of Pharamcy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woollongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Marie-Odile Parat
- School of Pharamcy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woollongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Shila Gurung
- School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Pokhara-30, Kaski 33700, Nepal
| | - Harendra S Parekh
- School of Pharamcy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woollongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
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Li Y, Li H, Yu Z, Liu J, Lin Y, Xu J, Zhang C, Chen Q, Han X, Peng Q. Drug-free and multifunctional sodium bicarbonate/hyaluronic acid hybrid dressing for synergistic healing of infected wounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129254. [PMID: 38191113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Skin wounds are susceptible to microbial infections which commonly lead to the delayed wound healing. Rapid clearance of pathogens from the wound is of great significance and importance for efficient healing of the infected wounds. Herein, we report a multifunctional hybrid dressing, which simply combines sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and hyaluronic acid (HA) for the synergistic wound healing. Addition of NaHCO3 allows the hybrid dressing to have the great antibacterial and antioxidant activity, while maintaining the intrinsic skin repair function of HA. As a result, NaHCO3/HA hybrid dressing showed the great antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) pathogens, the ability to improve the fibroblasts proliferation and migration, the cell-protection capacity under H2O2-induced oxidative stress, and most importantly, the great healing efficacy for the mice wound infected by S. aureus. We further found that the epidermal regeneration, the collagen deposition and the angiogenesis were enhanced by NaHCO3/HA hybrid dressing. All these effects were NaHCO3 concentration-dependent. Since the NaHCO3/HA hybrid dressing is drug-free, easily fabricated, biocompatible, and efficient for wound healing, it may have great potentials for clinical management of infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Houze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuohang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianglong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Martín-Cruz L, Angelina A, Baydemir I, Bulut Ö, Subiza JL, Netea MG, Domínguez-Andrés J, Palomares O. Candida albicans V132 induces trained immunity and enhances the responses triggered by the polybacterial vaccine MV140 for genitourinary tract infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1066383. [PMID: 36505433 PMCID: PMC9729253 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1066383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTIs) and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVCs) represent major healthcare problems all over the world. Antibiotics and antifungals are widely used for such infectious diseases, which is linked with microbial resistances and microbiota deleterious effects. The development of novel approaches for genitourinary tract infections (GUTIs) such as trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbV) is therefore highly required. MV140 is a sublingual whole-cell heat-inactivated polybacterial preparation with demonstrated clinical efficacy for RUTIs. The sublingual heat-inactivated Candida albicans vaccine V132 has been developed for RVVCs. We previously showed that the combination of MV140 and V132 promotes potent Th1/Th17 and regulatory T-cell responses against antigens contained in the formulation and unrelated antigens. The specific contribution of each preparation to such effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Methods PBMC and monocytes were isolated from healthy donors and in vitro stimulated with V132, MV140 or MV140/V132. After 6 days of resting, cells were reestimulated with LPS and MV140. Analysis of cytokine production by ELISA, Seahorse assays for functional metabolic experiments and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally and sublingually immunized with V132. Results We uncover that V132 induces trained immunity in human PBMCs and purified monocytes, significantly increasing the responses triggered by subsequent stimulation with MV140. Mechanistically, V132 drives metabolic rewiring towards increased glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation and induces epigenetic reprogramming that enhances the transcription of the pro-inflammatory genes IL6 and TNFA. Splenocytes and peritoneal cells from V132-immunize mice show increased responses upon in vitro stimulation with MV140. Remarkably, splenocytes from sublingually V132-immunized and MV140 in vivo treatment mice show stronger Th17 responses than mice exposed to excipients upon in vitro stimulation with MV140. Conclusion Overall, we provide novel mechanistic insights into how V132-induced trained immunity enhances both innate and adaptive immune responses triggered by MV140, which might open the door for new interventions for GUTIs with important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Martín-Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Angelina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ilayda Baydemir
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Özlem Bulut
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands,Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jorge Domínguez-Andrés
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Oscar Palomares,
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Jafarzadeh L, Ranjbar M, Nazari T, Naeimi Eshkaleti M, Aghaei Gharehbolagh S, Sobel JD, Mahmoudi S. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: An overview of mycological, clinical, and immunological aspects. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2022; 48:1546-1560. [PMID: 35445492 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To provide an overview of clinical, immunological, and mycological aspects of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). METHODS A literature search was conducted to find relevant articles about different aspects of VVC. Related data from retrieved articles were summarized in different headings. RESULTS VVC has a global distribution and Candida albicans is the leading cause of infection except for specific patient groups like postmenopausal, diabetic, or immunocompromised women. VVC has a range of clinical presentations, accordingly, its diagnosis should be based on clinical examination coupled with laboratory investigations. The best therapeutic regimen depends on the patient's conditions and the causative agent. Moreover, factors like drug resistance of the causative agents and different mutations in the immunity-related genes could affect the treatment outcome. CONCLUSION As a globally distributed disease, VVC needs further attention, especially in areas related to the treatment failure and recurrence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Ranjbar
- Department of Persian Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tina Nazari
- Department of Medical Geriatrics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Naeimi Eshkaleti
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Aghaei Gharehbolagh
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jack D Sobel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Shahram Mahmoudi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Oliveira AS, Rolo J, Gaspar C, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R, Ferraz C, Coelho S, Pastorinho MR, Sousa AC, Teixeira JP, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A. Chemical characterization and bioactive potential of Thymus×citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. preparations for anti-acne applications: Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and safety profiles. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 287:114935. [PMID: 34954264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. is an interspecific hybrid between Thymus pulegioides and Thymus vulgaris, known for its pharmacological activities as diaphoretic, deodorant, antiseptic and disinfectant, the last mostly related with its antimicrobial activity. The folk use of other extracts, as hydrolates, have also been disseminated, as regulators of oily skin with anti-acne effect. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to evaluate the anti-acne potential of two Thymus x citriodorus (TC) preparations, the essential oil (EO) and the hydrolate, to be used as active ingredients for skin applications. Specifically, we intend to validate their anti-acne potential by describing their activity on acne related bacteria, bacterial virulence, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, and biocompatibility on inflammatory cells. Additionally, we aimed to report their ecotoxicity under the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), thus focusing not only on the consumer, but also on environmental safety assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against C. acnes, S. aureus and S. epidermidis was evaluated. Minimum lethal concentration (MLC) was also determined. The effect on C. acnes biofilm formation and disruption was evaluated with crystal violet staining. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated on LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7), by studying nitric oxide (NO) production (Griess reagent) and cellular biocompatibility through MTT assay. In-vitro NO and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging potential were also evaluated. The ecotoxicity was evaluated using Daphnia magna acute toxicity assays. RESULTS EO presented direct antimicrobial activity, with visual MICs ranging from 0.06% for S. epidermidis and C. acnes to 0.125% for S. aureus. MLCs were higher than the obtained MICs. Hydrolate revealed visual MIC only for C. acnes. TC essential oil was effective in preventing biofilm formation and disrupting preformed biofilms even at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Hydrolate showed a more modest anti-biofilm effect. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, TC hydrolate has a higher cellular biocompatibility. Still, both plant preparations were able to inhibit at least 50% of NO production at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Both EO and hydrolate have poor anti-oxidant activities. Regarding the ecotoxicity, TC essential oil was classified under acute 3 category, while the hydrolate has proved to be nontoxic, in accordance to the GHS. CONCLUSIONS These results support the anti-acne value of different TC preparations for different applications. TC hydrolate by presenting higher biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory potential and the ability to modulate C. acnes virulence, can be advantageous in a product for everyday application. On the other hand, EO by presenting a marked antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and anti-inflammatory activities, still with some cytotoxicity, may be better suited for application in acute flare-ups, for short treatment periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Joana Rolo
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Gaspar
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Labfit-Health Products Research and Development Lda, UBImedical, Estrada Nacional 506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Rita Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Labfit-Health Products Research and Development Lda, UBImedical, Estrada Nacional 506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Celso Ferraz
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Susana Coelho
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - M Ramiro Pastorinho
- NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal.
| | - Ana Catarina Sousa
- NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal.
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal.
| | - José Martinez-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Labfit-Health Products Research and Development Lda, UBImedical, Estrada Nacional 506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Maocha IG, Carvalho J, Lopes-Nunes J, Rosado T, Gallardo E, Tomás M, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Campello MPC, Paulo A, Cruz C. Drug formulations for localized treatment of Human Papillomavirus-induced lesions. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2230-2238. [PMID: 35182543 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for over 90% of all cervical cancer cases. The use of vaginal gels is often indicated for local vaginal drug delivery. Previous studies have shown that Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TEO) exhibits anticancer properties besides antifungal and antibacterial properties. Its activity derives from a specific increase in free radicals and oxidative stress caused in cancer cells. Furthermore, mitoxantrone (MTX), an anthracenedione and C8, an acridine orange derivative, were shown to inhibit the growth of the cervical cancer cell line HeLa. RESULTS The results showed that TEO + C8 is the most promising formulation in terms of viscosity and osmolality properties in vaginal fluid simulant (VFS). The combined action of TEO with the compound's MTX and C8 resulted in HeLa cell viability reduction compared with the effect obtained with the individual formulations containing each one of the compounds. CONCLUSIONS The formulation TEO + C8 holds promise in terms of cost-benefit and topical application of the active compound for the HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izamara Gomes Maocha
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Josué Carvalho
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Lopes-Nunes
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rosado
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal; C4 - Cloud Computing Competence Centre, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Gallardo
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mariana Tomás
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal; Labfit - HPRD Health Products Research and Development, Lda, Edifício UBIMEDICAL Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Rita Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Labfit - HPRD Health Products Research and Development, Lda, Edifício UBIMEDICAL Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - José Martinez-de-Oliveira
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula Cabral Campello
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal; DECN -Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Paulo
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal; DECN -Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, Portugal.
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