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Krajcar D, Jereb R, Legen I, Opara J, Grabnar I. Predictive Potential of Acido-Basic Properties, Solubility and Food on Bioequivalence Study Outcome: Analysis of 128 Studies. Drugs R D 2023; 23:211-220. [PMID: 37300755 PMCID: PMC10439087 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-023-00426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Risk assessment related to bioequivalence study outcome is critical for effective planning from the early stage of drug product development. The objective of this research was to evaluate the associations between solubility and acido-basic parameters of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), study conditions and bioequivalence outcome. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 128 bioequivalence studies of immediate-release products with 26 different APIs. Bioequivalence study conditions and acido-basic/solubility characteristics of APIs were collected and their predictive potential on the study outcome was assessed using a set of univariate statistical analyses. RESULTS There was no difference in bioequivalence rate between fasting and fed conditions. The highest proportion of non-bioequivalent studies was for weak acids (10/19 cases, 53%) and neutral APIs (23/95 cases, 24%). Lower non-bioequivalence occurrence was observed for weak bases (1/15 cases, 7%) and amphoteric APIs (0/16 cases, 0%). The median dose numbers at pH 1.2 and pH 3 were higher and the most basic acid dissociation constant (pKa) was lower in the non-bioequivalent group of studies. Additionally, APIs with low calculated effective permeability (cPeff) or low calculated lipophilicity (clogP) had lower non-bioequivalence occurrence. Results of the subgroup analysis of studies under fasting conditions were similar as for the whole dataset. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that acido-basic properties of API should be considered in bioequivalence risk assessment and reveal which physico-chemical parameters are most relevant for the development of bioequivalence risk assessment tools for immediate-release products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Krajcar
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., A Sandoz Company, Verovskova 57, 1526, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Rebeka Jereb
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., A Sandoz Company, Verovskova 57, 1526, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Legen
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., A Sandoz Company, Verovskova 57, 1526, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerneja Opara
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., A Sandoz Company, Verovskova 57, 1526, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Grabnar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Matsui K, Nakamichi K, Nakatani M, Yoshida H, Yamashita S, Yokota S. Lowly-buffered biorelevant dissolution testing is not necessarily biopredictive of human bioequivalence study outcome: Relationship between dissolution and pharmacokinetics. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122531. [PMID: 36563795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been revealed that buffer capacity of aspirated human intraluminal fluid is much lower than that of in vitro compendial dissolution media. Since buffer capacity significantly alters the dissolution profile of certain drug products, dissolution testing in highly buffered media dictates poor predictability of in vivo drug performance. To mitigate this inconsistency, low buffer capacity medium was suggested as an in vivo representation (biorelevant dissolution testing). The purpose of this study was to characterize the dissolution profiles of enteric-coated drug products in different buffer capacity media in a flow through cell dissolution apparatus, and to evaluate the in vivo predictability of human bioequivalence study outcomes conducted in the fasted state. It was confirmed that the lower the buffer capacity of dissolution media, the higher the discriminatory power of esomeprazole magnesium hydrate enteric-coated pellets, reflecting human bioequivalence failure. In the meantime, two duloxetine hydrochloride enteric-coated pellets also exhibited distinct dissolution profiles in such a lowly buffered medium despite the fact that these two are bioequivalent in human. Biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic characteristics comparison suggested that low intestinal permeability and small systemic elimination rate of duloxetine hinders the clear impact of different dissolution profile on its in vivo performance. These data suggest that dissolution comparison in physiologically-relevant low buffer capacity media is not always indicative of human bioequivalence. Instead, biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic aspects must be taken into consideration to make biorelevant dissolution testing biopredictive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Matsui
- Research & Development Division, Sawai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka 532-0003, Japan.
| | - Katsuki Nakamichi
- Research & Development Division, Sawai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka 532-0003, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakatani
- Research & Development Division, Sawai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka 532-0003, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshida
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Shoji Yokota
- Research & Development Division, Sawai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka 532-0003, Japan
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Rauf-ur-Rehman, Shoaib MH, Ahmed FR, Yousuf RI, Siddiqui F, Saleem MT, Qazi F, Khan MZ, Irshad A, Bashir L, Naz S, Farooq M, Mahmood ZA. SeDeM expert system with I-optimal mixture design for oral multiparticulate drug delivery: An encapsulated floating minitablets of loxoprofen Na and its in silico physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1066018. [PMID: 36937845 PMCID: PMC10022826 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1066018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A SeDeM expert tool-driven I-optimal mixture design has been used to develop a directly compressible multiparticulate based extended release minitablets for gastro-retentive drug delivery systems using loxoprofen sodium as a model drug. Methods: Powder blends were subjected to stress drug-excipient compatibility studies using FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, and DSC. SeDeM diagram expert tool was utilized to assess the suitability of the drug and excipients for direct compression. The formulations were designed using an I-optimal mixture design with proportions of methocel K100M, ethocel 10P and NaHCO3 as variables. Powder was compressed into minitablets and encapsulated. After physicochemical evaluation lag-time, floating time, and drug release were studied. Heckel analysis for yield pressure and accelerated stability studies were performed as per ICH guidelines. The in silico PBPK Advanced Compartmental and Transit model of GastroPlus™ was used for predicting in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters. Results: Drug release follows first-order kinetics with fickian diffusion as the main mechanism for most of the formulations; however, a few formulations followed anomalous transport as the mechanism of drug release. The in-silico-based pharmacokinetic revealed relative bioavailability of 97.0%. Discussion: SeDeM expert system effectively used in QbD based development of encapsulated multiparticulates for once daily administration of loxoprofen sodium having predictable in-vivo bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauf-ur-Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Harris Shoaib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Harris Shoaib, ,
| | - Farrukh Rafiq Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Ismail Yousuf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Talha Saleem
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Faaiza Qazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Momina Zarish Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Asma Irshad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Lubna Bashir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Naz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Alam Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
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Kambayashi A, Dressman JB. Towards virtual bioequivalence studies for oral dosage forms containing poorly water-soluble drugs: a physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) approach. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:135-145. [PMID: 34390740 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to develop a physiologically based biopharmaceutics (PBBM) approach to predict the bioequivalence of dosage forms containing poorly soluble drugs. Aripiprazole and enzalutamide were used as model drugs. Variations in the gastrointestinal (GI) physiological parameters of fasted humans were taken into consideration in in vitro biorelevant dissolution testing and in an in silico PBBM simulations. To estimate bioequivalence between dosage forms, the inter-individual variabilities in their performance in virtual human subjects were predicted from the in vitro studies and variability in e.g. gastric emptying and fluid volume in the stomach was also taken into account. Formulations with different in vitro dissolution performance, a solution and a tablet formulation, were used in order to evaluate the accuracy of bioequivalence prediction using the PBBM approach. The bioequivalence parameters, i.e. geometric mean ratio and 90% confidence interval, for both drugs were predicted well in the virtual studies. In order to achieve even more precise predictions, it will be important to continue characterizing GI physiological parameters, along with their variabilities, on both an inter-subject and inter-occasion basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kambayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 180 Ozumi, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0072, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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