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ALMisned G, Elshami W, Kilic G, Ilik E, Rabaa E, Zakaly HMH, Ene A, Tekin HO. Exploring the Radioprotective Indium (III) Oxide Screens for Mammography Scans Using a Three-Layer Heterogeneous Breast Phantom and MCNPX: A Comparative Study Using Clinical Findings. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59020327. [PMID: 36837529 PMCID: PMC9964137 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Background: During mammography, a lead-acrylic protective screen is recommended to reduce radiation exposure to the unexposed breast. Objectives: This research study aimed to construct an Indium-(III)-oxide-rich tellurite-glass screen (TZI8) and compare its performance to that of lead acrylic. Materials and Methods: A three-layer heterogeneous-breast phantom was developed, using the MCNPX (version 2.7.0) Monte Carlo code. An MCNPX-simulation geometry was designed and implemented, using the lead-acrylic and TZI8 shielding screens between the right and left breast. Next, the reliability of the phantom and the variations in absorption between the lead-acrylic and TZI8 glass were investigated. Results: The findings show that the TZI8-protective-glass screen offers significantly greater radioprotection than the lead-acrylic material. The quantity of total dose absorbed in the unexposed breast was much lower for TZI8 than for lead-based acrylic. The TZI8-glass screen gives about 60% more radioprotection than the lead-acrylic screen. Conclusion: Considering the toxic lead in the structure that may be hazardous to the human tissues, the TZI8-glass screen may be used in mammography examination to provide greater radioprotection than the lead-acrylic screen, in order to greatly reduce the dose to the unexposed breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada ALMisned
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wiam Elshami
- Medical Diagnostic Imaging Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gokhan Kilic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Türkiye
| | - Erkan Ilik
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Türkiye
| | - Elaf Rabaa
- Medical Diagnostic Imaging Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hesham M. H. Zakaly
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Antoaneta Ene
- INPOLDE Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008 Galati, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.E.); (H.O.T.)
| | - Huseyin O. Tekin
- Medical Diagnostic Imaging Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Türkiye
- Correspondence: (A.E.); (H.O.T.)
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Monteiro S, Logiudice A, Sibbald M. The unexplored value of “Normal”: A commentary on the lack of normal cases in high-stakes assessment. ARCHIVES OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/amhs.amhs_106_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Nakano IT, Salvador GLDO, Schelin HR, Denyak V, Khoury HJ, Tacara S. Image evaluation and breast density categories as a function of mammary positioning in full-field digital mammography. Acta Radiol 2020; 61:868-874. [PMID: 31698930 DOI: 10.1177/0284185119884678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate mammary positioning is an important factor in optimizing image quality in mammography (MMG). PURPOSE To study the correlation of quality criteria and breast density classification proposed by the American College of Radiology (ACR) and European Guidelines and its influence to achieve a proper positioning, therefore an adequate MMG. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 128 routine MMG examinations were reviewed for the definition of breast composition parenchyma and assessment of several quality criteria proposed by the ACR and European Guidelines to achieve an adequate MMG. Adequate MMG was defined as a difference between the posterior nipple line (PNL), difference of the mediolateral oblique (MLO) and craniocaudal (CC) incidences > 1 cm. The quality criteria were analyzed as a function of correlation coefficient in order to evaluate the individual impact of each factor and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for all criteria. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to evaluate the performance of the criteria on each type of parenchyma. RESULTS Negative correlation of fatty breasts and visibility of the mammary angle, a greater number of skin folds and PNL > 1 cm (r < 0). Dense MMG presented less visibility of the lateral tissue compared with other categories. Area under the curve of ROC analysis revealed values of 53.1% and 54.7% for the right and left breasts, respectively. CONCLUSION Several factors influenced in the MMG process, but we find that breast parenchyma has a substantial role in affecting these criteria and therefore a correct position for diagnosis, which could compromise MMG diagnostic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tomoko Nakano
- Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Paraná, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valeriy Denyak
- Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
- National Science Center ‘Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology’, Akademicheskaya, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Helen Jamil Khoury
- Federal University of Parana, Department of Radiology, Internal Medicine Branch. Curitiba Parana, Brazil
| | - Silvio Tacara
- Federal Institute of Paraná, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Kim SJ, Kim WG. Imaging and Clinical Features of an Unusual Unilateral Breast Enlargement Diagnosed as Fibrocystic Change: A Case Report. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2018; 19:1550-1555. [PMID: 30595602 PMCID: PMC6324867 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.913456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Female, 38 Final Diagnosis: Fibrocystic change Symptoms: Breast swelling Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Breast biopsy Specialty: Radiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Jung Kim
- Department of Radiology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Woo Gyeong Kim
- Department of Pathology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
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Chen JH, Liao F, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chang CJ, Chou CP, Yang TL, Su MY. 3D MRI for Quantitative Analysis of Quadrant Percent Breast Density: Correlation with Quadrant Location of Breast Cancer. Acad Radiol 2017; 24:811-817. [PMID: 28131498 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Breast cancer occurs more frequently in the upper outer (UO) quadrant, but whether this higher cancer incidence is related to the greater amount of dense tissue is not known. Magnetic resonance imaging acquires three-dimensional volumetric images and is the most suitable among all breast imaging modalities for regional quantification of density. This study applied a magnetic resonance imaging-based method to measure quadrant percent density (QPD), and evaluated its association with the quadrant location of the developed breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 126 cases with pathologically confirmed breast cancer were reviewed. Only women who had unilateral breast cancer located in a clear quadrant were selected for analysis. A total of 84 women, including 47 Asian women and 37 western women, were included. An established computer-aided method was used to segment the diseased breast and the contralateral normal breast, and to separate the dense and fatty tissues. Then, a breast was further separated into four quadrants using the nipple and the centroid as anatomic landmarks. The tumor was segmented using a computer-aided method to determine its quadrant location. The distribution of cancer quadrant location, the quadrant with the highest QPD, and the proportion of cancers occurring in the highest QPD were analyzed. RESULTS The highest incidence of cancer occurred in the UO quadrant (36 out of 84, 42.9%). The highest QPD was also noted most frequently in the UO quadrant (31 out of 84, 36.9%). When correlating the highest QPD with the quadrant location of breast cancer, only 17 women out of 84 (20.2%) had breast cancer occurring in the quadrant with the highest QPD. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that the development of breast cancer in a specific quadrant could not be explained by the density in that quadrant, and further studies are needed to find the biological reasons accounting for the higher breast cancer incidence in the UO quadrant.
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Chan S, Chen JH, Li S, Chang R, Yeh DC, Chang RF, Yeh LR, Kwong J, Su MY. Evaluation of the association between quantitative mammographic density and breast cancer occurred in different quadrants. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:274. [PMID: 28415974 PMCID: PMC5392962 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the relationship between mammographic density measured in four quadrants of a breast with the location of the occurred cancer. METHODS One hundred and ten women diagnosed with unilateral breast cancer that could be determined in one specific breast quadrant were retrospectively studied. Women with previous cancer/breast surgery were excluded. The craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) mammography of the contralateral normal breast were used to separate a breast into 4 quadrants: Upper-Outer (UO), Upper-Inner (UI), Lower-Outer (LO), and Lower-Inner (LI). The breast area (BA), dense area (DA), and percent density (PD) in each quadrant were measured by using the fuzzy-C-means segmentation. The BA, DA, and PD were compared between patients who had cancer occurring in different quadrants. RESULTS The upper-outer quadrant had the highest BA (37 ± 15 cm2) and DA (7.1 ± 2.9 cm2), with PD = 20.0 ± 5.8%. The order of BA and DA in the 4 separated quadrants were: UO > UI > LO > LI, and almost all pair-wise comparisons showed significant differences. For tumor location, 67 women (60.9%) had tumor in UO, 16 (14.5%) in UI, 7 (6.4%) in LO, and 20 (18.2%) in LI quadrant, respectively. The estimated odds and the 95% confidence limits of tumor development in the UO, UI, LO and LI quadrants were 1.56 (1.06, 2.29), 0.17 (0.10, 0.29), 0.07 (0.03, 0.15), and 0.22 (0.14, 0.36), respectively. In these 4 groups of women, the order of quadrant BA and DA were all the same (UO > UI > LO > LI), and there was no significant difference in BA, DA or PD among them (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Breast cancer was most likely to occur in the UO quadrant, which was also the quadrant with highest BA and DA; but for women with tumors in other quadrants, the density in that quadrant was not the highest. Therefore, there was no direct association between quadrant density and tumor occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwa Chan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging, Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeon-Hor Chen
- Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Department of Radiology, E-Da Hospital and I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,John Tu and Thomas Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, University of California Irvine, No. 164, Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-5020, USA.
| | - Shunshan Li
- Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rita Chang
- Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Darh-Cherng Yeh
- Breast Cancer Center, Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Feng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Ren Yeh
- Department of Radiology, E-Da Hospital and I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jessica Kwong
- Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Min-Ying Su
- Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Ang ZZ, Rawashdeh MA, Heard R, Brennan PC, Lee W, Lewis SJ. Classification of normal screening mammograms is strongly influenced by perceived mammographic breast density. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2017; 61:461-469. [PMID: 28052571 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate how breast screen readers classify normal screening cases using descriptors of normal mammographic features and to assess test cases for suitability for a single reading strategy. METHODS Fifteen breast screen readers interpreted a test set of 29 normal screening cases and classified them by firstly rating their perceived difficulty to reach a 'normal' decision, secondly identifying the cases' salient normal mammographic features and thirdly assessing the cases' suitability for a single reading strategy. RESULTS The relationship between the perceived difficulty in making 'normal' decisions and the normal mammographic features was investigated. Regular ductal pattern (Tb = -0.439, P = 0.001), uniform density (Tb = -0.527, P < 0.001), non-dense breasts (Tb = -0.736, P < 0.001), symmetrical mammographic features (Tb = -0.474, P = 0.001) and overlapped density (Tb = 0.630, P < 0.001) had a moderate to strong correlation with the difficulty to make 'normal' decisions. Cases with regular ductal pattern (Tb = 0.447, P = 0.002), uniform density (Tb = 0.550, P < 0.001), non-dense breasts (Tb = 0.748, P < 0.001) and symmetrical mammographic features (Tb = 0.460, P = 0.001) were considered to be more suitable for single reading, whereas cases with overlapped density were not (Tb = -0.679, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that perceived mammographic breast density has a major influence on the difficulty for readers to classify cases as normal and hence their suitability for single reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoey Zy Ang
- Medical Imaging Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPeG), Faculty of Health Sciences, Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia.,National Healthcare Group Diagnostics (NHGD), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Mohammad A Rawashdeh
- Medical Imaging Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPeG), Faculty of Health Sciences, Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rob Heard
- Health Systems and Global Populations Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Discipline of Behavioural and Social Sciences in Health, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick C Brennan
- Medical Imaging Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPeG), Faculty of Health Sciences, Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Warwick Lee
- Medical Imaging Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPeG), Faculty of Health Sciences, Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- Medical Imaging Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPeG), Faculty of Health Sciences, Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia
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Quantification of Regional Breast Density in Four Quadrants Using 3D MRI-A Pilot Study. Transl Oncol 2015; 8:250-7. [PMID: 26310370 PMCID: PMC4562976 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: This study presented a three-dimensional magnetic resonance (MR)–based method to separate a breast into four quadrants for quantitative measurements of the quadrant breast volume (BV) and density. METHODS: Breast MR images from 58 healthy women were studied. The breast and the fibroglandular tissue were segmented by using a computer-based algorithm. A breast was divided into four quadrants using two perpendicular planes intersecting at the nipple or the nipple-centroid line. After the separation, the BV, the fibroglandular tissue volume, and the percent density (PD) were calculated. The symmetry of the quadrant BV in the left and right breasts separated by using the nipple alone, or the nipple-centroid line, was compared. RESULTS: The quadrant separation made on the basis of the nipple-centroid line showed closer BVs in four quadrants than using the nipple alone. The correlation and agreement for the BV in corresponding quadrants of the left and the right breasts were improved after the nipple-centroid reorientation. Among the four quadrants, PD was the highest in the lower outer and the lowest in the upper outer (significant than the other three) quadrants (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: We presented a quantitative method to divide a breast into four quadrants. The reorientation based on the nipple-centroid line improved the left to right quadrant symmetry, and this may provide a better standardized method to measure quantitative quadrant density. The cancer occurrence rates are known to vary in different sites of a breast, and our method may provide a tool for investigating its association with the quantitative breast density.
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Chen JH, Pan WF, Kao J, Lu J, Chen LK, Kuo CC, Chang CK, Chen WP, McLaren CE, Bahri S, Mehta RS, Su MY. Effect of taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy on fibroglandular tissue volume and percent breast density in the contralateral normal breast evaluated by 3T MR. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:1705-13. [PMID: 23940080 PMCID: PMC3838444 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the change of breast density in the normal breast of patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Forty-four breast cancer patients were studied. MRI acquisition was performed before treatment (baseline), and 4 and 12 weeks after treatment. A computer-algorithm-based program was used to segment breast tissue and calculate breast volume (BV), fibroglandular tissue volume (FV), and percent density (PD) (the ratio of FV over BV × 100%). The reduction of FV and PD after treatment was compared with baseline using paired t-tests with a Bonferroni-Holm correction. The association of density reduction with age was analyzed. FV and PD after NAC showed significant decreases compared with the baseline. FV was 110.0 ml (67.2, 189.8) (geometric mean (interquartile range)) at baseline, 104.3 ml (66.6, 164.4) after 4 weeks (p < 0.0001), and 94.7 ml (60.2, 144.4) after 12 weeks (comparison with baseline, p < 0.0001; comparison with 4 weeks, p = 0.016). PD was 11.2% (6.4, 22.4) at baseline, 10.6% (6.6, 20.3) after 4 weeks (p < 0.0001), and 9.7% (6.2, 17.9) after 12 weeks (comparison with baseline, p = 0.0001; comparison with 4 weeks, p = 0.018). Younger patients tended to show a higher density reduction, but overall correlation with age was only moderate (r = 0.28 for FV, p = 0.07, and r = 0.52 for PD, p = 0.0003). Our study showed that breast density measured from MR images acquired at 3T MR can be accurately quantified using a robust computer-aided algorithm based on non-parametric non-uniformity normalization (N3) and an adaptive fuzzy C-means algorithm. Similar to doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide regimens, the taxane-based NAC regimen also caused density atrophy in the normal breast and showed reduction in FV and PD. The effect of breast density reduction was age related and duration related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeon-Hor Chen
- Tu & Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, E-Da Hospital and I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fan Pan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Julian Kao
- Tu & Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jocelyn Lu
- Tu & Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, California, USA
| | - Li-Kuang Chen
- Tu & Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, California, USA
| | - Chih-Chen Kuo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kai Chang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Pin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Shadfar Bahri
- Tu & Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, California, USA
| | - Rita S. Mehta
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
| | - Min-Ying Su
- Tu & Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, California, USA
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Chen JH, Chen WP, Chan S, Yeh DC, Su MY, McLaren CE. Correlation of endogenous hormonal levels, fibroglandular tissue volume and percent density measured using 3D MRI during one menstrual cycle. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:2329-35. [PMID: 23661294 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We measured breast density (BD) on MRI and correlated with endogenous hormonal levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-four premenopausal women received four weekly breast MRI. A blood sample was collected on the same day of MRI. BD was measured using a computer-based algorithm. The generalized estimation equation method was applied to model mean fibroglandular tissue volume (FV) and mean percent density (PD) from predictor variables including estradiol, progesterone, and week during a cycle. RESULTS In week 3, a borderline significant correlation between estradiol and PD (r = 0.43, P = 0.04), estradiol and FV (r = 0.40, P = 0.05) and between progesterone and FV (r = 0.42, P = 0.04) was noted. The FV and PD measured in weeks 4 and 1 were higher than in weeks 2 and 3, adjusted for variation in endogenous estradiol and progesterone, indicating that the hormone change could not account for the changes in density. No lag effect of endogenous hormone on the change of FV or PD was noted (all P-values > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that BD is not strongly associated with the endogenous hormone. Their association with breast cancer risk was likely coming from different mechanisms, and they should be considered as independent risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Chen
- Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA.
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Anjamrooz SH. Biceps sternalis: a Y-shaped muscle on the anterior chest wall. J Cardiothorac Surg 2013; 8:38. [PMID: 23497563 PMCID: PMC3606442 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-8-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The sternalis muscle is an accessory muscle located in the anterior thoracic region, which is relatively unfamiliar to clinicians and surgeons. To date, no data from the Iranian population have been published. Here, a rare case of a sternalis muscle is presented. In addition, this anomalous muscle was observed along with other visceral and vascular anomalies. This case is unique and provides significant information to radiologists, angiologists and surgeons seeking to apply safer interventions. It is also imperative for better interpretation of mammographic images and in reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hadi Anjamrooz
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, P,O, Box: 66177-13446, Sanandaj, Iran.
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Yang X, Wu S, Sechopoulos I, Fei B. Cupping artifact correction and automated classification for high-resolution dedicated breast CT images. Med Phys 2012; 39:6397-406. [PMID: 23039675 DOI: 10.1118/1.4754654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and test an automated algorithm to classify the different tissues present in dedicated breast CT images. METHODS The original CT images are first corrected to overcome cupping artifacts, and then a multiscale bilateral filter is used to reduce noise while keeping edge information on the images. As skin and glandular tissues have similar CT values on breast CT images, morphologic processing is used to identify the skin mask based on its position information. A modified fuzzy C-means (FCM) classification method is then used to classify breast tissue as fat and glandular tissue. By combining the results of the skin mask with the FCM, the breast tissue is classified as skin, fat, and glandular tissue. To evaluate the authors' classification method, the authors use Dice overlap ratios to compare the results of the automated classification to those obtained by manual segmentation on eight patient images. RESULTS The correction method was able to correct the cupping artifacts and improve the quality of the breast CT images. For glandular tissue, the overlap ratios between the authors' automatic classification and manual segmentation were 91.6% ± 2.0%. CONCLUSIONS A cupping artifact correction method and an automatic classification method were applied and evaluated for high-resolution dedicated breast CT images. Breast tissue classification can provide quantitative measurements regarding breast composition, density, and tissue distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Response of bilateral breasts to the endogenous hormonal fluctuation in a menstrual cycle evaluated using 3D MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 31:538-44. [PMID: 23219249 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The normal breast tissue responds to the fluctuation of endogenous hormones during a menstrual cycle (MC) and shows changes in breast density. The changes between left and right breasts of the same women were compared to evaluate the symmetrical response. Twenty-four healthy women were recruited in this study. Four weekly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were performed during one MC. A computer algorithm was used to segment the breast and the fibroglandular tissue to measure the fibroglandular tissue volume (FV) and three morphological parameters: circularity, convexity and irregularity. The coefficient of variation (CV) for each parameter measured among four MRI studies was calculated; also, the maximal percent change between two MRI studies that show the highest and the lowest FV was calculated. These parameters measured from left and right breasts were compared using Pearson correlation. For the FV, the CV measured between left and right breasts of 24 subjects was highly correlated, with r=0.91; the maximal percent difference was also highly correlated, with r=0.93. Overall, the mean left-to-right difference in the measured FV was small: 1.2%±1.1% for CV and 2.6%±2.3% for the maximal percent difference. For the three morphological parameters, the mean left-to-right percentage difference was similar to the differences seen in FV; however, these morphological parameters do not reveal a high functional symmetry between left and right breasts. The results showed that the measured FV from left and right breasts of the same woman revealed a high functional symmetry. Since endogenous hormone plays an important role in the development of breast cancer, it would be interesting to investigate whether the functional asymmetry of response in some patients is associated with the risk of developing unilateral breast cancer.
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14
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Nickson C, Kavanagh AM. Tumour Size at Detection According to Different Measures of Mammographic Breast Density. J Med Screen 2009; 16:140-6. [DOI: 10.1258/jms.2009.009054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Breast cancer prognosis is better for smaller tumours. Women with high breast density are at higher risk of breast cancer and have larger screen-detected and interval cancers in mammographic screening programmes. We assess which continuous measures of breast density are the strongest predictors of breast tumour size at detection and therefore the best measures to identify women who might benefit from more intensive mammographic screening or alternative screening strategies. Setting and methods We compared the association between breast density and tumour size for 1007 screen-detected and 341 interval cancers diagnosed in an Australian mammographic screening programme between 1994 and 1996, for three semi-automated continuous measures of breast density: per cent density, dense area and dense area adjusted for non-dense area. Results After adjustment for age, hormone therapy use, family history of breast cancer and mode of detection (screen-detected or interval cancers), all measures of breast density shared a similar positive and significant association with tumour size. For example, tumours increased in size with dense area from an estimated mean 2.2 mm larger in the second quintile (β = 2.2; 95% Cl 0.4–3.9, P < 0.001) to mean 6.6 mm larger in the highest decile of dense area (β = 6.6; 95% Cl 4.4–8.9, P < 0.001), when compared with first quintile of breast density. Conclusions Of the breast density measures assessed, either dense area or per cent density are suitable measures for identifying women who might benefit from more intensive mammographic screening or alternative screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Nickson
- Key Centre for Women's Health in Society, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 2/723 Swanston St. Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Anne M Kavanagh
- Key Centre for Women's Health in Society, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, 2/723 Swanston St. Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
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15
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Abstract
Differences in breast tissue composition are important determinants in assessing risk, identifying disease in images and following changes over time. This paper presents an algorithm for tissue classification that separates breast tissue into its three primary constituents of skin, fat and glandular tissue. We have designed and built a dedicated breast CT scanner. Fifty-five normal volunteers and patients with mammographically identified breast lesions were scanned. Breast CT voxel data were filtered using a 5 pt median filter and the image histogram was computed. A two compartment Gaussian fit of histogram data was used to provide an initial estimate of tissue compartments. After histogram analysis, data were input to region-growing algorithms and classified as to belonging to skin, fat or gland based on their value and architectural features. Once tissues were classified, a more detailed analysis of glandular tissue patterns and a more quantitative analysis of breast composition was made. Algorithm performance assessment demonstrated very good or excellent agreement between algorithm and radiologist observers in 97.7% of the segmented data. We observed that even in dense breasts the fraction of glandular tissue seldom exceeded 50%. For most individuals the composition is better characterized as being a 70% (fat)-30% (gland) composition than a 50% (fat)-50% (gland) composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Nelson
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037-0610, USA.
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16
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Abramson RG, Mavi A, Cermik T, Basu S, Wehrli NE, Houseni M, Mishra S, Udupa J, Lakhani P, Maidment ADA, Torigian DA, Alavi A. Age-Related Structural and Functional Changes in the Breast: Multimodality Correlation With Digital Mammography, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Positron Emission Tomography. Semin Nucl Med 2007; 37:146-53. [PMID: 17418148 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary results generated from digital mammography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography demonstrate concordant findings of decreasing glandular tissue and decreasing metabolic activity with increasing age. These results are presented in the context of a detailed literature review summarizing age-related changes in the breast, both from the histologic/physiologic and the imaging perspectives. We also discuss potential applications of this approach and emphasize the importance of new advanced imaging technologies to offer high levels of quantitative precision for tissue characterization for research and clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Abramson
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
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