Clinical-pathologic features, long term-outcome and surgical treatment in a large series of patients with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC)

Evaluating Surgical Outcomes Between Estrogen Receptor Positive Invasive Lobular and Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast-A Propensity Matched Analysis

INTRODUCTION

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) contributes significantly to the global cancer burden and is the most common of the histological "special types" of breast cancer. ILC has unique features setting it apart from the more common invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Despite differences, treatment algorithms do not consider histological differences.

AIM

To determine the differences in treatment and outcomes of ILC relative to IDC in a strict case-matched cohort study at a tertiary referral, specialist, breast cancer center.

METHODS

All Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) ILCs from 1999 to 2015 were matched for; age, tumor size, grade, PR/HER2 status, nodal stage and metastases with ER+ IDCs from the same period. Surgical and systemic treatments were assessed along with overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS).

RESULTS

762 cases in total were analyzed (1:1 matching; ILC:IDC). ILC cases were more often treated with mastectomy (37.5% vs. 28.6%, P .009) and those who received breast conserving surgery (BCS) more often had an incomplete resection (30.2% vs. 19.6%, P .01). IDC were more often treated with NACT (5.5% vs. 14.4%, P < .001). Mean DFS were similar between ILC and IDC; 148.3 vs. 141.4 months (P .112) but OS was significantly longer in the ILC group; 165.7 vs. 134 months (P .002). This trend was consistent among the subset of patients undergoing BCS. For ILC undergoing BCS, mean DFS was 129.8 vs. 128.3 months for IDC (P .418) and OS was 155.4 and 110.7 months respectively (P < .001). Incomplete resection at the time of index surgery did not alter the disease free or overall survival in either the ILC or IDC patients to a level that reached statistical significance.

CONCLUSION

In this cohort study, the strict matching of ILC and IDCs for a number of prognostic indicators, demonstrates the impact of lobular histology with a clarity not previously observed. ILCs have comparable survival outcomes to patients with IDC but at the expense of more extensive index and revisional surgery. There is a need for awareness of these facts among surgeons and patients for optimal treatment prioritization and provision.

Resection Ratios and Tumor Eccentricity in Breast-Conserving Surgery Specimens for Surgical Accuracy Assessment

This study aims to evaluate several defined specimen parameters that would allow to determine the surgical accuracy of breast-conserving surgeries (BCS) in a representative population of patients. These specimen parameters could be used to compare surgical accuracy when using novel technologies for intra-operative BCS guidance in the future. Different specimen parameters were determined among 100 BCS patients, including the ratio of specimen volume to tumor volume (resection ratio) with different optimal margin widths (0 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, and 10 mm). Furthermore, the tumor eccentricity [maximum tumor-margin distance - minimum tumor-margin distance] and the relative tumor eccentricity [tumor eccentricity ÷ pathological tumor diameter] were determined. Different patient subgroups were compared using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. When using a surgical margin width of 0 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, and 10 mm, on average, 19.16 (IQR 44.36), 9.94 (IQR 18.09), 6.06 (IQR 9.69) and 1.35 (IQR 1.78) times the ideal resection volume was excised, respectively. The median tumor eccentricity among the entire patient population was 11.29 mm (SD = 3.99) and the median relative tumor eccentricity was 0.66 (SD = 2.22). Resection ratios based on different optimal margin widths (0 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, and 10 mm) and the (relative) tumor eccentricity could be valuable outcome measures to evaluate the surgical accuracy of novel technologies for intra-operative BCS guidance.

Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Preoperative Evaluation of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Purpose: Preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is known to detect additional cancers that are occult on mammography and ultrasound. There is debate as to whether these additional lesions affect clinical outcomes. The objective of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence on whether additional information on disease extent obtained with preoperative breast MRI in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer affects surgical management, rates of recurrence, survival, re-excision, and early detection of bilateral cancer. Methods: Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched until January 2021 (partial update July 2022) for studies comparing outcomes with versus without pre-operative MRI. Included were both randomized controlled trials and other comparative studies provided MRI and control groups had equivalent disease and patient characteristics or methods such as multivariable analysis or propensity score matching were used to control potential confounders. Results: The search resulted in 26,399 citations, of which 8 randomized control trials, 1 prospective cohort study, and 42 retrospective studies met the inclusion criteria. Use of MRI resulted in decreased rates of reoperations (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.63 to 0.85), re-excisions (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.45 to 0.89), and recurrence (HR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.65 to 0.90). Increased detection of synchronous contralateral breast cancers led to a reduction in metachronous contralateral breast cancer (HR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.59 to 0.85). Hazard ratios for recurrence-free and overall survival were 0.77 (95% CI = 0.53 to 1.12) and 0.89 (95% CI = 0.74 to 1.07). Conclusion: This systematic review indicates substantial benefits of pre-operative breast MRI in decreasing reoperations and recurrence.

Histologic tumor type as a determinant of survival in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, pT1-3 invasive ductal and lobular breast cancer

PURPOSE

The aim of the study was to compare the difference in survival between invasive ductal (IDC) and lobular carcinoma (ILC).

METHODS

Data of patients (n = 1843) with a hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, pT1-3 IDC or ILC cancer without distant metastasis, treated at the Ghent University Hospital over the time period 2001-2015, were analyzed.

RESULTS

ILC represented 13.9% of the tumors, had a higher percentage of pT3 and pN3 stages than IDC, lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) was less present and Ki-67 was mostly low. 73.9% of ILCs were grade 2, whereas IDC had more grade 1 and grade 3 tumors. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank testing showed a significant worse DFS for ILC with pN ≥ 1 than for their IDC counterpart. In a multivariable Cox regression analysis the histologic tumor type, ductal or lobular, was a determinant of DFS over 120 months (IDC as reference; hazard ratio for ILC 1.77, 95% CI 1.08-2.90) just as the ER Allred score (hazard ratio 0.84, 95% CI 0.78-0.91), LVSI (hazard ratio 1.75, 95% CI 1.12-2.74) and pN3 (hazard ratio 2.29, 95% CI 1.03-5.09). Determinants of OS over ten years were age (hazard ratio 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.07), LVSI (hazard ratio 3.62, 95% CI 1.92-6.82) and the ER Allred score (hazard ratio 0.80, 95% CI 0.73-0.89).

CONCLUSION

The histologic tumor type, ductal or lobular, determines DFS in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, pT1-3 breast cancer besides the ER Allred score, LVSI and pN3.

Axillary lymph node status and invasive lobular breast cancer : Analysis of the Clinical Tumor Register of the AGO Austria

BACKGROUND

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) represents the second most common type of invasive breast cancer (BC). Although ILC generally have good prognostic properties (positive estrogen receptor, ER, low tumor grade), they are generally diagnosed at a more advanced stage. The data on the axillary lymph node status in ILC compared to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) are considered controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the pathological node stage (pN) between ILC and IDC in an Austria-wide register.

METHODS

Data of the Clinical Tumor Register (Klinisches TumorRegister, KTR) of the Austrian Association for Gynecological Oncology (AGO) were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with primary early BC, invasive lobular or ductal, diagnosed between January 2014 and December 2018, and primary surgery were included. A total of 2127 tumors were evaluated and compared in 2 groups, ILC n = 303, IDC n = 1824.

RESULTS

A total of 2095 patients were analyzed in the study. In the multivariate analysis, pN2 and pN3 were observed significantly more frequently in ILC compared with IDC (odds ratio, OR 1.93; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.19-3.14; p = 0.008 and OR 3.22; 95% CI: 1.47-7.03; p = 0.003; respectively). Other factors associated with ILC were tumor grades 2 and 3, positive ER, and pathological tumor stage (pT) 2 and pT3. In contrast, concomitant ductal carcinoma in situ, overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and a moderate and high proliferation rate (Ki67) were found less frequently in ILC.

CONCLUSION

The data show an increased risk of extensive axillary lymph node metastasis (pN2/3) in ILC.

Association of body mass index with clinicopathological features and survival in patients with primary invasive lobular breast cancer

PURPOSE

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) represents up to 15% of all breast carcinomas. While the proportion of women with overweight and obesity increases globally, the impact of body mass index (BMI) at primary diagnosis on clinicopathological features of ILC and the prognosis of the patients has not been investigated yet.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We performed a multicentric retrospective study including patients diagnosed with non-metastatic pure ILC. The association of BMI at diagnosis with clinicopathological variables was assessed using linear or multinomial logistic regression. Univariable and multivariable survival analyses were performed to evaluate the association of BMI with disease-free survival (DFS), distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS), and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

The data of 2856 patients with ILC and available BMI at diagnosis were collected, of which 2570/2856 (90.0%) had oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) not amplified/overexpressed (ER+/HER2-) ILC. Of these 2570 patients, 80 were underweight (3.1%), 1410 were lean (54.9%), 712 were overweight (27.7%), and 368 were obese (14.3%). Older age at diagnosis, a higher tumour grade, a larger tumour size, a nodal involvement, and multifocality were associated with a higher BMI. In univariable models, higher BMI was associated with worse outcomes for all end-points (DFS: hazard ratio (HR) 1.21, 95CI 1.12-1.31, p value<0.01; DRFS: HR 1.25, 95CI 1.12-1.40, p value<0.01; OS: HR 1.25, 95CI 1.13-1.37, p value<0.01). This association was not statistically significant in multivariable analyses (DFS: HR 1.09, 95CI 0.99-1.20, p value 0.08; DRFS: HR 1.03, 95CI 0.89-1.20, p value 0.67; OS: HR 1.11, 95CI 0.99-1.24, p value 0.08), whereas grade, tumour size, and nodal involvement were still prognostic for all end-points.

CONCLUSION

Worse prognostic factors such as higher grade, larger tumour size, and nodal involvement are associated with higher BMI in ER+/HER2- ILC, while there was no statistical evidence for an independent prognostic role for BMI. Therefore, we hypothesise that the effect of BMI on survival could be mediated through its association with these clinicopathological variables.

Clinicopathologic and genomic features of lobular like invasive mammary carcinoma: is it a distinct entity?

This study describes "lobular-like invasive mammary carcinomas" (LLIMCas), a group of low- to intermediate-grade invasive mammary carcinomas with discohesive, diffusely infiltrative cells showing retained circumferential membranous immunoreactivity for both E-cadherin and p120. We analyzed the clinical-pathologic features of 166 LLIMCas compared to 104 classical invasive lobular carcinomas (ILCs) and 100 grade 1 and 2 invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs). Tumor size and pT stage of LLIMCas were intermediate between IDCs and ILCs, and yet often underestimated on imaging and showed frequent positive margins on the first resection. Despite histomorphologic similarities to classical ILC, the discohesion in LLIMCa was independent of E-cadherin/p120 immunophenotypic alteration. An exploratory, hypothesis-generating analysis of the genomic features of 14 randomly selected LLIMCas and classical ILCs (7 from each category) was performed utilizing an FDA-authorized targeted capture sequencing assay (MSK-IMPACT). None of the seven LLIMCas harbored CDH1 loss-of-function mutations, and none of the CDH1 alterations detected in two of the LLIMCas was pathogenic. In contrast, all seven ILCs harbored CDH1 loss-of-function mutations coupled with the loss of heterozygosity of the CDH1 wild-type allele. Four of the six evaluable LLIMCas were positive for CDH1 promoter methylation, which may partially explain the single-cell infiltrative morphology seen in LLIMCa. Further studies are warranted to better define the molecular basis of the discohesive cellular morphology in LLIMCa. Until more data becomes available, identifying LLIMCas and distinguishing them from typical IDCs and ILCs would be justified. In patients with LLIMCas, preoperative MRI should be entertained to guide surgical management.

Preoperative Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario) Clinical Practice Guideline

BACKGROUND

The use of preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after the diagnosis of breast cancer by mammography and/or ultrasound is inconsistent.

METHODS

After conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing preoperative breast MRI versus no MRI, we reconvened to prepare a clinical practice guideline on this topic.

RESULTS

Based on the evidence that MRI improved recurrence, decreased the rates of reoperations (re-excisions or conversion mastectomy), and increased detection of synchronous contralateral breast cancer, we recommend that preoperative breast MRI should be considered on a case-by-case basis in patients diagnosed with breast cancer for whom additional information about disease extent could influence treatment. Based on stronger evidence, preoperative breast MRI is recommended in patients diagnosed with invasive lobular carcinoma for whom additional information about disease extent could influence treatment. For both recommendations, the decision to proceed with MRI would be conditional on shared decision-making between care providers and the patient, taking into account the benefits and risks of MRI as well as patient preferences. Based on the opinion of the Working Group, preoperative breast MRI is also recommended in the following more specific situations: (a) to aid in surgical planning of breast conserving surgery in patients with suspected or known multicentric or multifocal disease; (b) to identify additional lesions in patients with dense breasts; (c) to determine the presence of pectoralis major muscle/chest wall invasion in patients with posteriorly located tumours or when invasion of the pectoralis major muscle or chest wall is suspected; (d) to aid in surgical planning for skin/nipple-sparing mastectomies, autologous reconstruction, oncoplastic surgery, and breast conserving surgery with suspected nipple/areolar involvement; and (e) in patients with familial/hereditary breast cancer but who have not had recent breast MRI as part of screening or diagnosis.

Nanomedicine Technologies for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide, yet conventional treatments have several shortcomings, including low specificity, systemic toxicity, and drug resistance. Nanomedicine technologies provide a promising alternative while also overcoming the limitations posed by conventional therapies. This mini-Review highlights important signaling pathways related to occurrence and development of breast cancer and current breast cancer therapies, followed by an analysis of various nanomedicine technologies developed for diagnosis and treatment of breast cancers.

Mixed invasive ductal lobular carcinoma is clinically and pathologically more similar to invasive lobular than ductal carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Mixed invasive ductal lobular carcinoma (mDLC) remains a poorly understood subtype of breast cancer composed of coexisting ductal and lobular components.

METHODS

We sought to describe clinicopathologic characteristics and determine whether mDLC is clinically more similar to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) or invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), using data from patients seen at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.

RESULTS

We observed a higher concordance in clinicopathologic characteristics between mDLC and ILC, compared to IDC. There is a trend for higher rates of successful breast-conserving surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with mDLC compared to patients with ILC, in which it is known to be lower than in those with IDC. Metastatic patterns of mDLC demonstrate a propensity to develop in sites characteristic of both IDC and ILC. A meta-analysis evaluating mDLC showed shared features with both ILC and IDC with significantly more ER-positive and fewer high grades in mDLC compared to IDC, although mDLCs were significantly smaller and included fewer late-stage tumours compared to ILC.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings support clinicopathologic characteristics of mDLC driven by individual ductal vs lobular components and given the dominance of lobular pathology, mDLC features are often more similar to ILC than IDC. This study exemplifies the complexity of mixed disease.

The Importance of the Pathological Perspective in the Management of the Invasive Lobular Carcinoma

Background

Invasive lobular carcinomas (ILC) account for 10–15% of all breast cancers and are the second most common histological form of breast cancer. They usually show a discohesive pattern of single cell infiltration, tend to be multifocal, and the tumor may not be accompanied by a stromal reaction. Because of these histological features, which are not common in other breast tumors, radiological detection of the tumor may be difficult, and its pathological evaluation in terms of size and spread is often problematic. The SSO-ASTRO guideline defines the negative surgical margin in breast-conserving surgeries as the absence of tumor detection on the ink. However, surgical margin assessment in invasive lobular carcinomas has not been much discussed from the pathological perspective.

Methods

The study included 79 cases diagnosed with invasive lobular carcinoma by a Tru-cut biopsy where operated in our center between 2014 and 2021. Clinicopathological characteristics of the cases, results of an intraoperative frozen evaluation in cases that underwent conservative surgery, the necessity of re-excision and complementary mastectomy, and consistency in radiological and pathological response evaluation in cases receiving neoadjuvant treatment were questioned.

Results

The tumor was multifocal in 37 (46.8%) cases and single tumor focus in 42 (53.2%) cases. When the entire patient population was evaluated, regardless of focality, mastectomy was performed in 27 patients (34.2%) and breast-conserving surgery (BCS) was performed in 52 patients (65.8%). Of the 52 patients who underwent BCS, 26 (50%) required an additional surgical procedure (cavity revision or completion mastectomy). There is a statistical relationship between tumor size and additional surgical intervention (p < 0.05). BCS was performed in 7 of 12 patients who were operated on after neoadjuvant treatment, but all of them were reoperated with the same or a second session and turned to mastectomy. Neoadjuvant treatment and the need for reoperation were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Additional surgical procedures were performed in 20 (44.4%) of 45 patients in BCS cases who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy.

Conclusions

Diagnostic difficulties in the intraoperative frozen evaluation of invasive lobular carcinoma are due to the different histopathological patterns of the ILC. In our study, it was determined that large tumor size and neoadjuvant therapy increased the need for additional surgical procedures. It is thought that the pathological perspective is the determining factor in order to minimize the negative effects such as unsuccessful cosmesis, an additional surgical burden on the patient, and cost increase that may occur with additional surgical procedures; for this reason, new approaches should be discussed in the treatment planning of invasive lobular carcinoma cases.

Current and future diagnostic and treatment strategies for patients with invasive lobular breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) is the second most common type of breast cancer after invasive breast cancer of no special type (NST), representing up to 15% of all breast cancers.

DESIGN

Latest data on ILC are presented, focusing on diagnosis, molecular make-up according to the European Society for Medical Oncology Scale for Clinical Actionability of molecular Targets (ESCAT) guidelines, treatment in the early and metastatic setting and ILC-focused clinical trials.

RESULTS

At the imaging level, magnetic resonance imaging-based and novel positron emission tomography/computed tomography-based techniques can overcome the limitations of currently used imaging techniques for diagnosing ILC. At the pathology level, E-cadherin immunohistochemistry could help improving inter-pathologist agreement. The majority of patients with ILC do not seem to benefit as much from (neo-)adjuvant chemotherapy as patients with NST, although chemotherapy might be required in a subset of high-risk patients. No differences in treatment efficacy are seen for anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) therapies in the adjuvant setting and cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 inhibitors in the metastatic setting. The clinical utility of the commercially available prognostic gene expression-based tests is unclear for patients with ILC. Several ESCAT alterations differ in frequency between ILC and NST. Germline BRCA1 and PALB2 alterations are less frequent in patients with ILC, while germline CDH1 (gene coding for E-cadherin) alterations are more frequent in patients with ILC. Somatic HER2 mutations are more frequent in ILC, especially in metastases (15% ILC versus 5% NST). A high tumour mutational burden, relevant for immune checkpoint inhibition, is more frequent in ILC metastases (16%) than in NST metastases (5%). Tumours with somatic inactivating CDH1 mutations may be vulnerable for treatment with ROS1 inhibitors, a concept currently investigated in early and metastatic ILC.

CONCLUSION

ILC is a unique malignancy based on its pathological and biological features leading to differences in diagnosis as well as in treatment response, resistance and targets as compared to NST.

Chromatin accessibility landscape and active transcription factors in primary human invasive lobular and ductal breast carcinomas

BACKGROUND

Invasive lobular breast carcinoma (ILC), the second most prevalent histological subtype of breast cancer, exhibits unique molecular features compared with the more common invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). While genomic and transcriptomic features of ILC and IDC have been characterized, genome-wide chromatin accessibility pattern differences between ILC and IDC remain largely unexplored.

METHODS

Here, we characterized tumor-intrinsic chromatin accessibility differences between ILC and IDC using primary tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) breast cancer assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq) dataset.

RESULTS

We identified distinct patterns of genome-wide chromatin accessibility in ILC and IDC. Inferred patient-specific transcription factor (TF) motif activities revealed regulatory differences between and within ILC and IDC tumors. EGR1, RUNX3, TP63, STAT6, SOX family, and TEAD family TFs were higher in ILC, while ATF4, PBX3, SPDEF, PITX family, and FOX family TFs were higher in IDC.

CONCLUSIONS

This study reveals the distinct epigenomic features of ILC and IDC and the active TFs driving cancer progression that may provide valuable information on patient prognosis.

Invasive Lobular Carcinoma-Correlation Between Imaging and Final Pathology: Is MRI Better?

BACKGROUND

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is associated with high re-excision rates following breast-conserving surgery (BCS). The correlation between lesion size on different imaging modalities and final tumor size has not been well characterized.

METHODS

A prospective database of patients with stage I-III breast cancer undergoing BCS between 2006 and 2016 was reviewed. Pearson correlation analysis was used to correlate tumor size on breast imaging to final pathology.

RESULTS

Of these, 111 patients with ILC were identified. Mean lesion size was 1.93 cm for MMG, 1.61 cm for US, and 2.51 cm for MRI. Mean tumor size on surgical excision was 2.64 cm. The correlation coefficient between pathology and the different imaging modalities were as follows: MMG .17, US 0.37, and MRI .58. Actual tumor size was underestimated by 1 cm in 27.1% of MMGs, 50% of USs, and in 13.3% of MRIs. 38 patients (34.2%) underwent re-excision. No differences in re-excision rates were noted in patients with and without MRI, 30.3% vs 40.0%, respectively (P = .31).

CONCLUSION

While MRI provides a better estimate of tumor size than MMG and US, the size of the tumor on imaging only weakly correlated with pathology. The use of MRI does not decrease re-excision rates.

Development and Preclinical Evaluation of a Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe Based on Tailored Hepatitis B Core Particles for Imaging-Guided Surgery in Breast Cancer

PURPOSE

Tumor-free surgical margin is crucial but challenging in breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Fluorescence imaging is a promising strategy for surgical navigation that can reliably assist the surgeon with visualization Of the tumor in real-time. Notably, finding an optimized fluorescent probe has been a challenging research topic. Herein, we developed a novel near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe based on tailored Hepatitis B Core virus-like protein (HBc VLP) and presented the preclinical imaging-guided surgery.

METHODS

The RGD-HBc₁₆₀ VLP was synthesized by genetic engineering followed encapsulation of ICG via disassembly-reassembly. The applicability of the probe was tested for cell and tissue binding capacities through cell-based plate assays, xenograft mice model, and MMTV-PyVT mammary tumor transgenic mice. Subsequently, the efficacy of RGD-HBc₁₆₀/ICG-guided surgery was evaluated in an infiltrative tumor-bearing mouse model. The protein-induced body's immune response was further assessed.

RESULTS

The prepared RGD-HBc₁₆₀/ICG showed outstanding integrin α_vβ₃ targeting ability in vitro and in vivo. After intravenous administration of probe, the fluorescence guidance facilitated more complete tumor resection and improved overall survival Of the infiltrative tumor-bearing mice. The probe also showed the excellent capability to differentiate between benign and malignant breast tissues in the mammary tumor transgenic mice. Interestingly, the ingenious tailoring of HBc VLP could not only endow its tumor-targeting ability towards integrin α_vβ₃ but also significantly reduce the humoral and cellular immune response.

CONCLUSION

The RGD-HBc₁₆₀/ICG holds promise as an effective tool to delineate tumor margin. These results have translational potential to achieve margin-negative resection and improve the stratification of patients for a potentially curative.

Increased Risk for Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence in Invasive Lobular Carcinoma after Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation Brachytherapy

BACKGROUND

The suitability criteria for accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) from the American Brachytherapy Society (ABS), American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO), and The Groupe Européende Curiethérapie European SocieTy for Radiotherapy & Oncology (GEC-ESTRO) have significant differences.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is a single institution retrospective review of 946 consecutive patients with invasive breast cancer who underwent lumpectomy and APBI intracavitary brachytherapy from 2003 to 2018. Overall survival (OS), breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS), relapse-free survival (RFS), and ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) were estimated with Kaplan-Meier method.

RESULTS

Median follow-up time was 60.2 months. Median age was 68 years (46-94 years). The majority of patients had estrogen receptor (ER)-positive disease (94%). There were 821 (87%) cases of invasive ductal carcinoma and 68 cases (7%) of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). The 5-year OS, BCSS, RFS, and IBTR were 93%, 99%, 90%, and 1.5%, respectively. Upon univariate analysis, ILC (hazard ratio [HR], 4.6; p = .008) and lack of nodal evaluation (HR, 6.9; p = .01) were risk factors for IBTR. The 10-year IBTR was 2.5% for IDC and 14% for ILC. While the ABS and ASTRO criteria could not predict IBTR, the GEC-ESTRO intermediate risk group was associated with inferior IBTR (p = .04) when compared to both low risk and high risk groups. None of the suitability criteria was able to predict RFS.

CONCLUSION

These results show that APBI is an effective treatment for patients with invasive breast cancer. Expansion of the current eligibility criteria should be considered, although prospective validation is needed. Caution is required when considering APBI for patients with ILC.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

In a large retrospective review of 946 patients with early breast cancer treated with partial mastectomy and accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) intracavitary brachytherapy, this study demonstrates durable local control. Patients deemed unsuitable or high risk by the American Brachytherapy Society, American Society for Radiation Oncology, and European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology guidelines were not at increased risk for ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR), suggesting that expansion of the current criteria should be considered. Importantly, however, these results demonstrate that caution should be taken when considering APBI for patients with invasive lobular carcinoma, as these patients had relatively high risk for IBTR (10-year IBTR, 14%).

Invasive lobular carcinoma: clinicopathological features and subtypes

Objective

To analyze the characteristics of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) compared with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and to investigate the impact of histology on axillary lymph node (ALN) involvement in luminal A subtype tumors.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed patients diagnosed with ILC or IDC from 2012 to 2016 who underwent surgery. Patients constituted 493 primary early breast cancer cases (82 ILC; 411 IDC).

Results

Compared with IDC, ILC tumors were significantly more likely to be grade 2, estrogen receptor- (ER) positive (+), have a lower proliferation rate (Ki67 <14%), and a higher pathological T stage (pT2–4). The luminal A subtype was significantly more common in ILC compared with IDC. In a multivariate regression model, grade 2, ER+, progesterone receptor-positive, pT2, and pT3 were significantly associated with ILC. Additionally, with the luminal A subtype, ALN involvement (pathological node stage (pN)1–3) was significantly more frequent with ILC versus IDC.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that grade 2, positive hormone receptor status, and higher pathological T stage are associated with ILC. With the luminal A subtype, ALN involvement was more frequent with ILC versus IDC.

An innovative fluorescent probe targeting IGF1R for breast cancer diagnosis

Breast cancer is the most dangerous, among all malignant tumors that threaten women's lives and health. Surgical resection can effectively prolong the survival time of patients with early breast cancer. Insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF1R) is a member of the large family of receptor tyrosine kinases, and it's significantly overexpressed in breast cancer cells, which make them ideal biomarkers for the diagnosis and surgery navigation of breast cancer. Herein, we developed a series of IGF1R-targeted probes (YQ-L) for fluorescent imaging in breast cancer based on the strategy of drug repositioning. YQ-L exhibited specific IGF1R binding both in vitro and in vivo, especially probe 5d exhibited higher tumor uptake with a high tumor/normal ratio in the MCF-7 tumor bearing mouse. The maximum T/N ratio of probe 5d was 4.9, which was about 3 times that of indocyanine green (ICG). Meanwhile, probe 5d displayed more favorable in vivo pharmacokinetic properties than that of ICG with less hepatic and intestinal uptake. Convenient preparation, excellent IGF1R specificity in breast cancer, rapid clearance from normal organs and good biosafety profiles of probe 5d warrant further investigations for clinical translation in detection and surgery navigation of breast cancer.

Peritoneal Metastasis After Treated With Abemaciclib Plus Fulvestrant for Metastatic Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Peritoneal metastases from invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) of breast are uncommon and usually related to poor prognosis due to difficulty of detection in clinical practice and drug resistance. Therefore, recognizing the entities of peritoneal metastases of ILC and the potential mechanism of drug resistance is of great significance for early detection and providing accurate management. We herein report a case of a 60-year-old female who presented with nausea and vomiting as the first manifestation after treated with abemaciclib (a CDK4/6 inhibitor) plus fulvestrant for 23 months due to bone metastasis of ILC. Exploratory laparotomy found multiple nodules in the peritoneum and omentum, and immunohistochemistry confirmed that the peritoneal metastatic lesions were consistent with ILC. Palliative therapy was initiated, but the patient died two months later due to disease progression with malignant ascites. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was used to detect the tumor samples and showed the peritoneal metastatic lesions had acquired ESR1 and PI3KCA mutations, potentially explaining the mechanism of endocrine therapy resistance. We argue that early diagnosis of peritoneal metastasis from breast cancer is crucial for prompt and adequate treatment and WES might be an effective supplementary technique for detection of potential gene mutations and providing accurate treatment for metastatic breast cancer patients.

Comparison of Overall Survival Between Invasive Lobular Breast Carcinoma and Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma: A Propensity Score Matching Study Based on SEER Database

Objective

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) account for most breast cancers. However, the overall survival (OS) differences between ILC and IDC remain controversial. This study aimed to compare nonmetastatic ILC to IDC in terms of survival and prognostic factors for ILC.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Cancer Database (www.seer.cancer.gov). Women diagnosed with nonmetastatic ILC and IDC between 2006 and 2016 were included. A propensity score matching (PSM) method was used in our analysis to reduce baseline differences in clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test were used for survival analysis.

Results

Compared to IDC patients, ILC patients were diagnosed later in life with poorly differentiated and larger lesions, as well as increased expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and/or progesterone receptors (PRs). A lower rate of radiation therapy and chemotherapy was observed in ILC. After PSM, ILC, and IDC patients exhibited similar OS (HR=1.017, p=0.409, 95% CI: 0.967–1.069). In subgroup analysis of HR-negative, AJCC stage III, N2/N3 stage patients, or those who received radiotherapy, ILC patients exhibited worse OS compared to IDC patients. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed a 47% survival benefit for IDC compared to ILC in HR-negative patients who received chemotherapy (HR=1.47, p=0.01, 95% CI: 1.09–1.97).

Conclusions

Our results demonstrated that ILC and IDC patients had similar OS after PSM. However, ILC patients with high risk indicators had worse OS compared to IDC patients by subgroup analysis.

Effects of Marital Status on Prognosis in Women with Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast: A Real-World 1: 1 Propensity-Matched Study

Background

The effects of marital status on infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast cancer (IDC) have not been studied in detail. This study investigated the impact of marital status on IDC patients.

Material/Methods

SEER databases were searched from 2010 to 2015 for subjects who were married, divorced, single, and widowed. The influence of marital status on breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS) of IDC patients was investigated through multivariate Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier analysis. To prevent bias, propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed.

Results

The 5-year OS was 89.6%in married patients, 84.9% in divorced patients, 83.5% in single patients, and 71.3% in widowed patients (p<0.001). The 5-year BCSS were 92.9%, 90.2%, 87.6%, and 86.4%, respectively (p<0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that marriage was a protective factor for patients with IDC in terms of OS (divorced: HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.21–1.32; p<0.001; single: HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.31–1.42; p<0.001; widowed: HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.36–1.48; p<0.001) and BCSS (divorced: HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.09–1.21; p<0.001; single: HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.21–1.33; p<0.001; widowed: HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.25–1.40; p<0.001). Following subgroup and PSM analysis, married patients were shown to have better OS and BCSS as opposed to divorced, single, or widowed patients.

Conclusions

We identify marital status as a predictor of survival in those with IDC. Widowed patients showed the highest mortality risk.

Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer as a Distinct Disease: Implications for Therapeutic Strategy

Invasive lobular carcinoma comprises 10-15% of all breast cancers and is increasingly recognised as a distinct and understudied disease compared with the predominant histological subtype, invasive ductal carcinoma. Hallmarks of invasive lobular carcinoma include E-cadherin loss, leading to discohesive morphology with cells proliferating in single-file strands and oestrogen receptor positivity, with favourable response to endocrine therapy. This review summarises the distinct histological and molecular features of invasive lobular carcinoma with focus on diagnostic challenges and the impact on surgical management and medical therapy. Emphasis is placed on recent advances in our understanding of the unique molecular biology of lobular breast cancer and how this is optimising our therapy approach in the clinic.

Management of the axilla in breast cancer: outcome analysis in a series of ductal versus lobular invasive cancers

INTRODUCTION

Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) has been considered essential for the staging of breast cancer (BC). As the impact of tumor biology on clinical outcomes is recognized, a surgical de-escalation approach is being implemented. We performed a retrospective study focused on surgical management of the axilla in invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) versus invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1151 newly diagnosed BCs, IDCs (79.6%) or ILCs (20.4%), were selected among patients treated at our Breast Cancer Unit from 2012 to 2018. Tumor characteristics and clinical information were collected and predictors of further metastasis after positive sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) analyzed in relation to disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

27.5% of patients with ILC had ≥ 3 metastatic lymph nodes at ALND after positive SLNB versus 11.48% of IDCs (p = 0.04). Risk predictors of further metastasis at ALND were the presence of > 2 positive lymph nodes at SLNB (OR = 4.72, 95% CI 1.15-19.5 p = 0.03), T3-T4 tumors (OR = 4.93, 95% CI 1.10-22.2, p = 0.03) and Non-Luminal BC (OR = 2.74, 95% CI 1.16-6.50, p = 0.02). The lobular histotype was not associated with the risk of further metastasis at ALND (OR = 1.62, 95% CI 0.77-3.41, p = 0.20).

CONCLUSIONS

ILC histology is not associated with higher risk of further metastasis at ALND in our analysis. However, surgical management decisions should be taken considering tumor histotype, biology and expected sensitivity to adjuvant therapies.

Response of metastatic mouse invasive lobular carcinoma to mTOR inhibition is partly mediated by the adaptive immune system

Effective treatment of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) of the breast is hampered by late detection, invasive growth, distant metastasis, and poor response to chemotherapy. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, one of the major druggable oncogenic signaling networks, is frequently activated in ILC. We investigated treatment response and resistance to AZD8055, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), in the K14-cre;Cdh1^Flox/Flox;Trp53^Flox/Flox (KEP) mouse model of metastatic ILC. Inhibition of mTOR signaling blocked the growth of primary KEP tumors as well as the progression of metastatic disease. However, primary tumors and distant metastases eventually acquired resistance after long-term AZD8055 treatment, despite continued effective suppression of mTOR signaling in cancer cells. Interestingly, therapeutic responses were associated with increased expression of genes related to antigen presentation. Consistent with this observation, increased numbers of tumor-infiltrating major histocompatibility complex class II-positive (MHCII+) immune cells were observed in treatment-responsive KEP tumors. Acquisition of treatment resistance was associated with loss of MHCII+ cells and reduced expression of genes related to the adaptive immune system. The therapeutic efficacy of mTOR inhibition was reduced in Rag1^−/- mice lacking mature T and B lymphocytes, compared to immunocompetent mice. Furthermore, therapy responsiveness could be partially rescued by transplanting AZD8055-resistant KEP tumors into treatment-naïve immunocompetent hosts. Collectively, these data indicate that the PI3K signaling pathway is an attractive therapeutic target in invasive lobular carcinoma, and that part of the therapeutic effect of mTOR inhibition is mediated by the adaptive immune system.

A Comparison of the Clinicopathological Features, Metastasis Sites and Survival Outcomes of Invasive Lobular, Invasive Ductal and Mixed Invasive Ductal and Lobular Breast Carcinoma

Objective

We compared the breast cancer patients with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and mixed invasive ductal and lobular carcinoma (IDLC) in terms of clinicopathological and treatment features, metastatic patterns and long-term survival.

Materials and Methods

In a 10 years patient cohort, 3412 patients with unilateral breast carcinoma were enrolled in the study. Tumors were classified histologically according to criteria described by World Health Organization classification.

Results

The highest rate of T3 tumors were found in IDLC patients, the lowest in IDC patients, and the difference between groups was significant only in comparison of IDC vs IDLC. Axillary positivity rate was highest in IDLC, lowest in ILC; differences were significant in comparisons of IDLC vs ILC and IDLC vs IDC. There was no significant difference between the patient groups in terms of surgical treatment, mastectomy and breast conserving surgery. Rate of bone metastasis was highest in IDLC, lowest in IDC, with significant difference between IDLC and IDC. Locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS) rate was 90.9% in ILC patients, 92.5% in IDC patients, 92.9% in IDLC patients, with no significant difference between the groups; in multivariate Cox analysis, histological type had no prognostic significance (p=0.599). Distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rate was 66.2% in ILC patients, 66.7% in IDC patients, 57.1% in IDLC patients; in multivariate Cox analysis, histological type had no prognostic significance (p=0.392).

Conclusion

Although these results suggest that IDLC may have a worse prognosis than IDC and ILC, in multivariate analysis LRFS and DMFS were not significantly different among the histological type groups.

Was Reexcision Less Frequent for Patients with Lobular Breast Cancer After Publication of the SSO-ASTRO Margin Guidelines?

BACKGROUND

The Society of Surgical Oncology and American Society for Radiation Oncology consensus guidelines defined a negative margin for breast-conserving surgery (BCS) as no ink on tumor, and implementation has reduced rates of additional surgery for patients with invasive ductal cancer (IDC). The outcomes for invasive lobular cancer (ILC) patients are uncertain.

METHODS

This study identified patients who had stage 1 or 2 ILC treated with BCS from January 2010 to February 2018. The guidelines were adopted 1 January 2014. Clinicopathologic characteristics, margin status, and reexcisions were compared before and after adoption of the guidelines and with those of IDC patients treated from May 2013 to February 2015.

RESULTS

Among 745 early-stage ILC patients undergoing BCT, 312 (42%) were treated before the guidelines and 433 (58%) after the guidelines. Most clinicopathologic characteristics were similar between the two groups, with differences in lobular carcinoma in situ, lymphovascular invasion, and node-positivity rates. The overall rates of additional surgery declined significantly after the guidelines (31.4 to 23.1%; p = 0.01), but the difference did not reach significance for reexcisions (19.9 to 15.2%; p = 0.12) or conversions to mastectomy (11.5 to 7.9%; p = 0.099) individually. Between eras, no difference in incidence or number of tumor on ink or ≤ 2 mm margins was observed (all p = 0.2). Larger tumors, younger age, and pre-guideline era were independently associated with additional surgery. Only younger age was predictive of mastectomy. Among 431 pre-guideline and 601 post-guideline IDC patients, reexcisions declined from 21.3 to 14.8% (p = 0.008), and conversion to mastectomy was rare (0.6%). The magnitude of reduction in any additional surgery (interaction, p = 0.92) and reexcisions (interaction, p = 0.56) was similar between ILC and IDC.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite differences in growth pattern and conspicuity, guideline adoption significantly reduced additional surgery among ILC patients, with a magnitude of benefit similar to that among IDC patients.

Orbital metastases of invasive lobular breast carcinoma

Breast cancer is the main site of origin of orbital metastatic disease. Although invasive lobular breast carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of all breast cancer cases, it has been noticed that it metastasizes to the orbit more often compared to breast cancer of no special type (NST). The pathogenesis of this metastasis is not entirely understood; however, it seems that the unique tissue-specific characteristics of orbital microenvironment might contribute to metastatic disease in this particular site. Given the increasing survival of breast cancer patients and the prolonged metastatic potential of invasive lobular breast carcinoma, it is possible that the incidence of this rare metastasis might increase in the future. The purpose of this review is to present clinical manifestations, immunohistochemical characteristics and therapeutic options for orbital metastases from invasive lobular carcinoma.

Differences in race, molecular and tumor characteristics among women diagnosed with invasive ductal and lobular breast carcinomas

BACKGROUND

The dominant invasive breast cancer histologic subtype, ductal carcinoma, shows intrinsic subtype diversity. However, lobular breast cancers are predominantly Luminal A. Both histologic subtypes show distinct relationships with patient and tumor characteristics, but it is unclear if these associations remain after accounting for intrinsic subtype.

METHODS

Generalized linear models were used to estimate relative frequency differences (RFDs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the associations between age, race, tumor characteristics, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RNA-based intrinsic subtype, TP53 status, and histologic subtype in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS, n = 3,182) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA, n = 808).

RESULTS

Relative to ductal tumors, lobular tumors were significantly more likely to be Luminal A [CBCS RNA RFD: 44.9%, 95% CI (39.6, 50.1); TCGA: RFD: 50.5%, 95% CI (43.9, 57.1)], were less frequent among young (≤ 50 years) and black women, were larger in size, low grade, less frequently had TP53 pathway defects, and were diagnosed at later stages. These associations persisted among Luminal A tumors (n = 242).

CONCLUSIONS

While histology is strongly associated with molecular characteristics, histologic associations with age, race, size, grade, and stage persisted after restricting to Luminal A subtype. Histology may continue to be clinically relevant among Luminal A breast cancers.

Long-Term Survival Differences Between T1-2 Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer and Corresponding Ductal Carcinoma After Breast-Conserving Surgery: A Propensity-Scored Matched Longitudinal Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

The role of histology subtype on the prognosis of T1-2 breast cancer patients receiving breast-conserving surgery (BCS) is not clear.

METHODS

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program was used to compare overall survival, second primary cancer-free survival (CFS), and local recurrence risk (LR) for patients with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), both receiving BCS.

RESULTS

The study enrolled 196,688 patients with T1-2 disease receiving BCS, including 12,906 with ILC and 183,782 with IDC. Patients with IDC showed higher unadjusted annual rates of BCS than ILC. Five- and 10-year estimated survival rates were, respectively, 92.06% and 86.14% in ILC, compared to 90.50% and 85.26% in IDC (P = .12). In multivariable Cox regression, ILC patients showed advantage over IDC in overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.93, P = .001), whereas no significant differences in CFS (HR = 1.03, P = .33) and LR (HR = 1.17, P = .06) were found, which were consistent with results from matched cohort. In subgroup analyses, patients with grade III ILC had poorer CFS (HR = 1.23, P = .009) and higher LR (HR = 1.59, P = .01) than IDC.

CONCLUSION

Histologic type is of prognostic importance in T1-2 patients receiving BCS, and surgeons should be cautious in performing BCS for individuals with grade III ILC.

No survival improvement of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy among women with invasive lobular carcinoma

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

The prognosis of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) in women with breast cancer has been widely reported. Here, we evaluated the survival outcome among patients with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) to determine the potential benefit of CPM.

METHODS

We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database to identify patients with ILC diagnosed between 1998 and 2010. Survival differences were compared between unilateral mastectomy and CPM. Propensity score matching and risk-stratified subgroup analyses were conducted to reduce selection bias.

RESULTS

Among 10 226 patients with ILC, 21.8% women underwent CPM, and the rate of CPM nearly tripled over a 13-year period. Kaplan-Meier curves and hazard ratio (HR) of non-breast cancer-specific survival (non-BCSS) in multivariate analysis reflected a pre-existing selection bias in the present cohort. A Cox proportional hazard model confirmed that patients who received CPM had significantly better BCSS and overall survival (OS) in the prematching population (BCSS: HR = 0.90; OS: HR = 0.93). However, the survival improvement could not be achieved in the postmatching cohort. None of the defined subgroups had OS benefits when CPM was performed.

CONCLUSIONS

CPM offers no survival advantage to patients with ILC. The role of CPM among ILC women should be further investigated by incorporating more objective factors.

[An analysis of breast cancer treatment waiting times: Experience of a tertiary referral center in Morocco]

Measuring waiting times is a good indicator of quality and performance of cancer care. However, no detailed evaluation of these deadlines has been carried out in Morocco. The aim of this study was to determine the waiting times of medical care of breast cancer in a national tertiary referral center. The study was carried out by retrospective analysis of 373 cases of patients randomly selected among the cases recruited during the year 2015. Twelve delays of the care pathway were evaluated. The mean age was of 50,7 years. The deadline of access to this center was 9±8days. The deadline of access to the diagnosis was 33.5±21.2 days. The deadlines of access to multidisciplinary team meeting pre-therapeutic was 20.4±16.9 days. The access to the first treatment was 51.1±34.3 days for the neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 75.5±34.8 days for surgery. The deadline of access to the postoperative therapeutic proposal was on average 49.2±25.2 days. The deadline of access to the postoperative chemotherapy was 83.7±28.8 days and 284±43.8 days for postoperative radiotherapy in case of adjuvant chemotherapy. The global deadline mammography-radiotherapy was 372±66.5 days. Many of our deadlines were long compared to international recommendations. The factors associated with these delays must be analyzed in order to introduce improvement measures to control these indicators.

Survival following breast-conserving therapy is equal to that following mastectomy in young women with early-stage invasive lobular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Previous observational studies reported the superior survival of patients with early-stage breast cancer who underwent breast-conserving therapy (BCT, lumpectomy plus postsurgical radiation) compared to that of those who underwent mastectomy. Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is not the same disease as invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) as it has distinct biologic features and thus requires unique consideration and research.

METHODS

We selected women (≤50 years of age) from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database diagnosed with stage T1-2, N0-1, M0 primary breast cancer with invasive lobular features between 1998 and 2011, that were treated with either BCT or mastectomy with and without radiation. We assessed survival proportions using the Kaplan-Meier method and hazard ratios using Cox proportional hazards models. Breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) served as the primary endpoint.

RESULTS

A total of 3393 eligible young ILC patients were identified, 1391 (41%) of which underwent lumpectomy followed by radiation. The 10-year BCSS rates for patients who received BCT, mastectomy alone and mastectomy with radiation were 95.7%, 94.2% and 89.3%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that BCSS was not improved in patients assigned to mastectomy alone group (HR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.57-1.28) or mastectomy with postsurgical radiation group (HR = 0.97; 95% CI 0.58-1.62) compared to that in those who underwent BCT. The results did not changed when evaluating the 1998-2004 and 2005-2011 time periods separately.

CONCLUSION

None of the treatment demonstrated an absolute superiority in young women with early-stage ILC. Future studies with more detailed analyses of the confounding factors are worthwhile.

Lobular Breast Cancer: Different Disease, Different Algorithms?

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the second most common type of breast cancer, with a unique pathogenesis and distinct clinical biology. ILCs display a characteristic loss of E-cadherin, are largely estrogen receptor positive, HER2 negative, and low to intermediate grade. These features portend a favorable prognosis, but there is a tendency for late recurrences and atypical metastases. ILCs tend to be insidious and infiltrative, which can pose a challenge for diagnosis, and emerging data suggest they may have a propensity for a differing response to standard therapies.

Outcomes in women with invasive ductal or invasive lobular early stage breast cancer treated with anastrozole or exemestane in CCTG (NCIC CTG) MA.27

BACKGROUND

Histological subtype, (invasive ductal breast cancer (IDBC)/invasive lobular breast cancer (ILBC)), might be a marker for differential response to endocrine therapy in breast cancer.

METHODS

Clinical trial MA.27 compared 5 years of adjuvant anastrozole or exemestane in postmenopausal patients with hormone receptor positive early breast cancer. We evaluated IDBC versus ILBC (based on original pathology reports) as predictor for event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

A total of 5709 patients (5021 with IDBC and 688 with ILBC) were included (1876 were excluded because of missing or other histological subtype). Median follow-up was 4.1 years. Overall, histological subtype did not influence OS or EFS (HR (hazard ratio) 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.79-1.63], P = 0.49 and HR 1.04, 95% CI [0.77-1.41], P = 0.81, respectively). There was no significant difference in OS between treatment with exemestane versus treatment with anastrozole in the IDBC group (HR = 0.92, 95% CI [0.73-1.16], P = 0.46). In the ILBC group, a marginally significant difference in favour of treatment with anastrozole was seen (HR = 1.79, 95% CI [0.98-3.27], P = 0.055). In multivariable analysis a prognostic effect of the interaction between treatment and histological subtype on OS (but not on EFS) was noted, suggesting a better outcome for patients with ILBC on anastrozole (HR 2.1, 95% CI [0.99-4.29], P = 0.05). After stepwise selection in the multivariable model, a marginally significant prognostic effect for the interaction variable (treatment with histological subtype) on OS (but not on EFS) was noted (Ratio of HR 2.1, 95% CI [1.00-4.31], P = 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Our data suggest an interaction effect between treatment and histology (P = 0.05) on OS. Here, patients with ILBC cancers had a better OS when treated with anastrozole versus exemestane, whereas no difference was noted for patients with IDBC.

CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION

NCT00066573.

Clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes of invasive lobular carcinoma in different races

To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and to determine whether there is a differential effect of race and examine survival outcomes according to race, 18,295 breast invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) patients were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database, which includes White patients (n=15,936), Black patients (n=1,451) and patients of other races (including American Indians/Alaskan Natives and Asian/Pacific Islanders) (n=908). The Black ILC patients presented a higher rate of advanced histological grades and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stages, a higher rate of lymph node (LN) involvement and a lower rate of progesterone receptors (PR)-positivity than the White patients and other races. The five-year overall survival (OS) and five-year breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) were worst in the Black patients among these patients (85.5%, 76.0% and 87.7%, P<0.01; 91.1%, 84.4% and 91.6%, P<0.01). Multivariate regression analyses were performed to determine the risk hazards ratios (HR) of death for patients of the White, Black and other races. Among these patients, the Black patients had the worst survival outcomes in five-year OS and BCSS outcomes (HR=1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) :1.20-1.51, P<0.01; HR=1.39, 95%CI:1.21-1.61, P<0.01, respectively). After a 1:1:1 matching of the three groups, the Black patients still presented worse survival outcomes in BCSS compared to White patients (HR=1.88, 95%CI: 1.14-3.10, P=0.013), however, there was no difference in OS (HR=1.35, 95%CI: 0.93-1.96, P=0.111). Difference in outcomes may partially explained by difference in histological grades, AJCC stage, LN and PR status among the three groups. In conclusion, this study revealed that the Black patients had worse five-year OS and BCSS than White and other race patients.

Mixed invasive ductal and lobular carcinoma has distinct clinical features and predicts worse prognosis when stratified by estrogen receptor status

In order to investigate clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of mixed invasive ductal and lobular carcinoma (IDC-L), 209,109 primary breast cancer patients diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) or IDC-L were included. It was found that IDC-L patients had lower tumor grade and higher hormone receptor positive proportions than IDC patients. Moreover, IDC-L patients were younger and had a similar hormone receptor status compared with ILC patients. Kaplan-Meier plots showed that the breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) of IDC-L patients was significantly better than IDC patients (P < 0.001) and tended to be better than ILC patients (P = 0.166). However, after adjusting for clinicopathological factors, survival advantage of IDC-L disappeared. Subgroup analysis indicated that IDC-L had higher hazard ratios (HRs) than IDC in grade 1, grade 2, ER-positive and ER-negative subgroups. Survival analysis in ER-positive and ER-negative subgroups showed that IDC-L predicted a worse prognosis than IDC. In conclusion, IDC-L is a distinct histological subtype compared with IDC and ILC. Lower grade and higher ER-positive proportions mainly contribute to its better prognosis. In both ER-positive and ER-negative subgroups, IDC-L predicts worse prognosis than IDC, which suggested the inadequacy of IDC-based therapy and the need of escalated therapy.

Breast MRI increases the number of mastectomies for ductal cancers, but decreases them for lobular cancers

PURPOSE

In this retrospective population-based cohort study, we analyzed breast MRI use and its impact on type of surgery, surgical margin involvement, and the diagnosis of contralateral breast cancer.

METHODS

All Dutch patients with cT_1-4N_0-3M₀ breast cancer diagnosed in 2011-2013 and treated with primary surgery were eligible for inclusion. Using multivariable analyses, we analyzed in different categories whether MRI use was related to surgery type, margin involvement, and diagnosis of contralateral breast cancer (CBC).

RESULTS

MRI was performed in 10,740 out of 36,050 patients (29.8%). Patients with invasive ductal cancer undergoing MRI were more likely to undergo primary mastectomy than those without MRI (OR 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22-1.39, p < 0.0001). Patients with invasive lobular cancer undergoing MRI were less likely to undergo primary mastectomy than those without MRI (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.76-0.99, p = 0.0303). A significantly lower risk of positive surgical margins after breast-conserving surgery was only seen in patients with lobular cancer who had undergone MRI as compared to those without MRI (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.44-0.79, p = 0.0003) and, consequently, a lower risk of secondary mastectomy (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.42-0.88, p = 0.0088). Patients who underwent MRI were almost four times more likely to be diagnosed with CBC (OR 3.55, 95% CI 3.01-4.17, p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Breast MRI use was associated with a reduced number of mastectomies and less positive surgical margins in invasive lobular cancer, but with an increased number of mastectomies in ductal cancers. Breast MRI use was associated with a fourfold higher incidence of CBC.

Tumor-Specific Uptake of Fluorescent Bevacizumab-IRDye800CW Microdosing in Patients with Primary Breast Cancer: A Phase I Feasibility Study

Purpose: To provide proof of principle of safety, breast tumor-specific uptake, and positive tumor margin assessment of the systemically administered near-infrared fluorescent tracer bevacizumab-IRDye800CW targeting VEGF-A in patients with breast cancer.Experimental Design: Twenty patients with primary invasive breast cancer eligible for primary surgery received 4.5 mg bevacizumab-IRDye800CW as intravenous bolus injection. Safety aspects were assessed as well as tracer uptake and tumor delineation during surgery and ex vivo in surgical specimens using an optical imaging system. Ex vivo multiplexed histopathology analyses were performed for evaluation of biodistribution of tracer uptake and coregistration of tumor tissue and healthy tissue.Results: None of the patients experienced adverse events. Tracer levels in primary tumor tissue were higher compared with those in the tumor margin (P < 0.05) and healthy tissue (P < 0.0001). VEGF-A tumor levels also correlated with tracer levels (r = 0.63, P < 0.0002). All but one tumor showed specific tracer uptake. Two of 20 surgically excised lumps contained microscopic positive margins detected ex vivo by fluorescent macro- and microscopy and confirmed at the cellular level.Conclusions: Our study shows that systemic administration of the bevacizumab-IRDye800CW tracer is safe for breast cancer guidance and confirms tumor and tumor margin uptake as evaluated by a systematic validation methodology. The findings are a step toward a phase II dose-finding study aimed at in vivo margin assessment and point to a novel drug assessment tool that provides a detailed picture of drug distribution in the tumor tissue. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2730-41. ©2016 AACR.

Prognostic value of primary tumor SUVmax on F-18 FDG PET/CT compared with semi-quantitative tumor uptake on Tc-99m sestamibi breast-specific gamma imaging in invasive ductal breast cancer

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of F-18 FDG PET/CT in comparison with Tc-99m sestamibi breast-specific gamma imaging (BSGI) and previously established clinical prognostic parameters of invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC).

METHODS

We retrospectively included 157 female IDC patients (mean age 49.2 years, range 29.9-78.9) who underwent PET/CT and BSGI. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUV_max) and tumor to normal background ratios (TNRs) of their primary tumors were measured on PET/CT and BSGI, respectively. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed to evaluate the prognostic value of the measured parameters and other clinical prognostic factors: age, menopausal status, breast density, pathologic tumor size (pTS), axillary nodal status (ANS), nuclear grade, histologic grade, hormone receptor status of estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) and HER-2 expression.

RESULTS

Among 157 patients, recurrences occurred in 22 patients (14.0 %). In univariate analyses, pTS (p < 0.0001), ANS (p < 0.0001), nuclear grade (p = 0.0046), histologic grade (p = 0.0001), ER status (p < 0.0001), PR status (p = 0.0037), HER-2 status (p = 0.0007), primary tumor SUV_max (p < 0.0001) and TNR (p = 0.0001) were significant predictors of recurrence. Among them, pTS (p = 0.0172), ANS (p = 0.0416), ER status (p = 0.0375) and primary tumor SUV_max (p = 0.0239) were independent prognostic factors in multivariate regression analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

High primary tumor SUV_max of PET/CT and high TNR of BSGI were poor prognostic factors in IDC patients; in addition, primary tumor SUV_max was an independent prognostic factor along with pTS, ANS and ER status.

Prognostic implication of the tumor location according to molecular subtypes in axillary lymph node-positive invasive ductal cancer in a Korean population

Previous studies have not considered the axillary lymph node status when investigating the prognostic role of tumor location according to each molecular subtype. The present study aimed to investigate the prognostic implication of tumor location according to each molecular subtype in Korean invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) patients with axillary lymph node metastasis. Data from 7856 Korean IDC women with axillary lymph node metastasis were retrospectively analyzed. According to tumor location, patients were divided into the following groups: upper-outer quadrant, lower-outer quadrant, upper-inner quadrant, lower-inner quadrant (LIQ), and central group. Overall survival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) were evaluated according to tumor location and molecular subtype. A subgroup analysis based on tumor size categorization was also performed. The patients' mean age was 47.97 ± 9.64 years, and the median follow-up time was 90 months. The LIQ group showed significantly worse prognosis in OS and BCSS (76.4 and 83.3 %, respectively) compared with the other groups, which was only significant in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression and triple-negative (TN) subtypes. In the subgroup analysis according to tumor size, the LIQ group showed a significantly worse prognosis in OS and BCSS compared with the other groups, in HER2 and TN subtypes, and only in patients with more than T2 stage. In Korean IDC patients with axillary lymph node metastasis, LIQ tumor location was associated with poor prognosis among those with HER2 and TN molecular subtypes and especially in those with more than T2 stage.

Comparison of clinical outcomes between luminal invasive ductal carcinoma and luminal invasive lobular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

The pathological and clinical features of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) differ from those of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Several studies have indicated that patients with ILC have a better prognosis than those with ductal carcinoma. However, no previous study has considered the molecular subtypes and histological subtypes of ILC. We compared prognosis between IDC and classical, luminal type ILC and developed prognostic factors for early breast cancer patients with classical luminal ILC.

METHODS

Four thousand one hundred ten breast cancer patients were treated at the Aichi Cancer Center Hospital from 2003 to 2012. We identified 1,661 cases with luminal IDC and 105 cases with luminal classical ILC. We examined baseline characteristics, clinical outcomes, and prognostic factors of luminal ILC.

RESULTS

The prognosis of luminal ILC was significantly worse than that of luminal IDC. The rates of 5-year disease free survival (DFS) were 91.9% and 88.4% for patients with luminal IDC and luminal ILC, respectively (P = 0.008). The rates of 5-year overall survival (OS) were 97.6% and 93.1% for patients with luminal IDC and luminal ILC respectively (P = 0.030). Although we analyzed prognosis according to stratification by tumor size, luminal ILC tended to have worse DFS than luminal IDC in the large tumor group. In addition, although our analysis was performed according to matching lymph node status, luminal ILC had a significantly worse DFS and OS than luminal IDC in node-positive patients. Survival curves showed that the prognosis for ILC became worse than IDC over time. Multivariate analysis showed that ILC was an important factor related to higher risk of recurrence of luminal type breast cancer, even when tumor size, lymph node status and histological grade were considered.

CONCLUSIONS

Luminal ILC had worse outcomes than luminal IDC. Consequently, different treatment approaches should be used for luminal ILC than for luminal IDC.

Impact of Consensus Guidelines by the Society of Surgical Oncology and the American Society for Radiation Oncology on Margins for Breast-Conserving Surgery in Stages 1 and 2 Invasive Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to evaluate the impact that the release of consensus guidelines for margins in breast-conserving surgery (BCS) had on re-excision rates.

METHODS

A retrospective review examined a prospectively maintained database of patients who had operable invasive breast cancer treated with BCS at the authors' institution. The patients were divided into two groups: (1) those with a diagnosis determined from 1 July 2011 to 31 July 2013 (before release of the guidelines) and (2) those with a diagnosis determined from 1 February 2014 to 31 July 2014 (after release of the guidelines). The groups were evaluated with respect to patient and tumor characteristics, re-excision rates, and reasons for re-excision.

RESULTS

A total of 846 cases of BCS were managed: 597 in group 1 and 249 in group 2. Re-excision rates were significantly reduced after release of the consensus guidelines (p = 0.03). Re-excisions were performed for 115 (19 %) of 597 patients in group 1 and 32 (13 %) of 249 patients in group 2. After release of the guidelines, re-excisions were performed for positive margins, as defined by the consensus statement, in 25 (78 %) of 32 cases. The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of age, tumor size, grade, nodal status, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status. Group 1 had more tumors of mixed ductal and lobular histology than group 2, and group 2 had more lobular tumors than group 1 (p = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

The consensus guidelines on margins for BCS were applied for 78 % of the patients who underwent re-excision and resulted in a significant reduction in re-excision rates.