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Li W, Xiang XX, Da Wang H, Cai CJ, Cao YH, Liu T. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery versus radical resection for early-stage rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2023; 38:49. [PMID: 36800079 PMCID: PMC9938057 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-023-04341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the treatment of early-stage rectal cancer, a growing number of studies have shown that transanal endoscopic microsurgery is one of the alternatives to radical surgery adhering to total mesorectal excision that can reduce the incidence of adverse events without compromising treatment outcomes. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to compare the safety and treatment effect of transanal endoscopic microsurgery and radical surgery adhering to total mesorectal excision to provide a basis for clinical treatment selections. METHOD We searched the literatures of four major databases, PubMed, Embase, Web of science, and Cochrane Library, without limitation of time. The literatures included randomized controlled studies and cohort studies comparing two surgical procedures of transanal endoscopic microsurgery and radical surgery adhering to total mesorectal excision. Treatment effectiveness and safety results of transanal endoscopic microsurgery and radical surgery were extracted from the included literatures and statistically analyzed using RevMan5.4 and stata17. RESULT Ultimately, 13 papers were included in the study including 5 randomized controlled studies and 8 cohort studies. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the treatment effect and safety of both transanal endoscopic microsurgery and radical surgery in distant metastasis (RR, 0.59 (0.34, 1.02), P > 0.05), overall recurrence (RR, 1.49 (0.96, 2.31), P > 0.05), disease-specific-survival (RR, 0.74 (0.09, 1.57), P > 0.05), dehiscence of the sutureline or anastomosis leakage (RR, 0.57 (0.30, 1.06), P > 0.05), postoperative bleeding (RR, 0.47 (0.22, 0.99), P > 0.05), and pneumonia (RR, 0.37, (0.10, 1.40), P > 0.05) were not significantly different. However, they differ significantly in perioperative mortality (RR, 0.26 (0.07, 0.93, P < 0.05)), local recurrence (RR, 2.51 (1.53, 4.21), P < 0.05),_overall survival_ (RR, 0.88 (0.74, 1.00), P < 0.05), disease-free-survival (RR, 1.08 (0.97, 1.19), P < 0.05), temporary stoma (RR, 0.05 (0.01, 0.20), P < 0.05), permanent stoma (RR, 0.16 (0.08, 0.33), P < 0.05), postoperative complications (RR, 0.35 (0.21, 0.59), P < 0.05), rectal pain (RR, 1.47 (1.11, 1.95), P < 0.05), operation time (RR, -97.14 (-115.81, -78.47), P < 0.05), blood loss (RR, -315.52 (-472.47, -158.57), P < 0.05), and time of hospitalization (RR, -8.82 (-10.38, -7.26), P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Transanal endoscopic microsurgery seems to be one of the alternatives to radical surgery for early-stage rectal cancer, but more high-quality clinical studies are needed to provide a reliable basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan , Hubei Province, 430022, China
| | - Xing Xing Xiang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan , Hubei Province, 430022, China
| | - Hong Da Wang
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan , Hubei Province, 430022, China
| | - Chen Jun Cai
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan , Hubei Province, 430022, China
| | - Ying Hao Cao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Groen HC, den Hartog AG, Heerink WJ, Kuhlmann KFD, Kok NFM, van Veen R, Hiep MAJ, Snaebjornsson P, Grotenhuis BA, Beets GL, Aalbers AGJ, Ruers TJM. Use of Image-Guided Surgical Navigation during Resection of Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050645. [PMID: 35629313 PMCID: PMC9143650 DOI: 10.3390/life12050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery for locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC) presents several challenges, which is why the percentage of inadequate resections of these tumors is high. In this exploratory study, we evaluate the use of image-guided surgical navigation during resection of LRRC. Patients who were scheduled to undergo surgical resection of LRRC who were deemed by the multidisciplinary team to be at a high risk of inadequate tumor resection were selected to undergo surgical navigation. The risk of inadequate surgery was further determined by the proximity of the tumor to critical anatomical structures. Workflow characteristics of the surgical navigation procedure were evaluated, while the surgical outcome was determined by the status of the resection margin. In total, 20 patients were analyzed. For all procedures, surgical navigation was completed successfully and demonstrated to be accurate, while no complications related to the surgical navigation were discerned. Radical resection was achieved in 14 cases (70%). In five cases (25%), a tumor-positive resection margin (R1) was anticipated during surgery, as extensive radical resection was determined to be compromised. These patients all received intraoperative brachytherapy. In one case (5%), an unexpected R1 resection was performed. Surgical navigation during resection of LRRC is thus safe and feasible and enables accurate surgical guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald C. Groen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.d.H.); (W.J.H.); (K.F.D.K.); (N.F.M.K.); (R.v.V.); (M.A.J.H.); (B.A.G.); (G.L.B.); (A.G.J.A.); (T.J.M.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anne G. den Hartog
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.d.H.); (W.J.H.); (K.F.D.K.); (N.F.M.K.); (R.v.V.); (M.A.J.H.); (B.A.G.); (G.L.B.); (A.G.J.A.); (T.J.M.R.)
| | - Wouter J. Heerink
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.d.H.); (W.J.H.); (K.F.D.K.); (N.F.M.K.); (R.v.V.); (M.A.J.H.); (B.A.G.); (G.L.B.); (A.G.J.A.); (T.J.M.R.)
| | - Koert F. D. Kuhlmann
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.d.H.); (W.J.H.); (K.F.D.K.); (N.F.M.K.); (R.v.V.); (M.A.J.H.); (B.A.G.); (G.L.B.); (A.G.J.A.); (T.J.M.R.)
| | - Niels F. M. Kok
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.d.H.); (W.J.H.); (K.F.D.K.); (N.F.M.K.); (R.v.V.); (M.A.J.H.); (B.A.G.); (G.L.B.); (A.G.J.A.); (T.J.M.R.)
| | - Ruben van Veen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.d.H.); (W.J.H.); (K.F.D.K.); (N.F.M.K.); (R.v.V.); (M.A.J.H.); (B.A.G.); (G.L.B.); (A.G.J.A.); (T.J.M.R.)
| | - Marijn A. J. Hiep
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.d.H.); (W.J.H.); (K.F.D.K.); (N.F.M.K.); (R.v.V.); (M.A.J.H.); (B.A.G.); (G.L.B.); (A.G.J.A.); (T.J.M.R.)
| | - Petur Snaebjornsson
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Brechtje A. Grotenhuis
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.d.H.); (W.J.H.); (K.F.D.K.); (N.F.M.K.); (R.v.V.); (M.A.J.H.); (B.A.G.); (G.L.B.); (A.G.J.A.); (T.J.M.R.)
| | - Geerard L. Beets
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.d.H.); (W.J.H.); (K.F.D.K.); (N.F.M.K.); (R.v.V.); (M.A.J.H.); (B.A.G.); (G.L.B.); (A.G.J.A.); (T.J.M.R.)
| | - Arend G. J. Aalbers
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.d.H.); (W.J.H.); (K.F.D.K.); (N.F.M.K.); (R.v.V.); (M.A.J.H.); (B.A.G.); (G.L.B.); (A.G.J.A.); (T.J.M.R.)
| | - Theo J. M. Ruers
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.G.d.H.); (W.J.H.); (K.F.D.K.); (N.F.M.K.); (R.v.V.); (M.A.J.H.); (B.A.G.); (G.L.B.); (A.G.J.A.); (T.J.M.R.)
- Faculty of Science and Technology (TNW), Nanobiophysics Group (NBP), University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Gao Z, Gu J. Surgical treatment of locally recurrent rectal cancer: a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1026. [PMID: 34277826 PMCID: PMC8267292 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective To summarize the recent literature on surgical treatment of locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC). Background LRRC is a heterogeneous disease that requires a multidisciplinary treatment approach. The treatment and prognosis depend on the site and type of recurrence. Radical resection remains the primary method for achieving long-term survival and improving symptom control. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy can reduce tumor volume and improve the R0 resection rate. Surgeons must clearly understand pelvic anatomy, develop a detailed preoperative plan, adopt a multidisciplinary approach for the surgical resection of the tumor as well as any invaded soft tissues, vessels, and bones, and ensure proper reconstruction. However, extended radical surgery often leads to a higher risk of postoperative complications and a low quality of life. Methods We searched English-language articles with keywords “locally recurrent rectal cancer”, “surgery” and “multidisciplinary team” in PubMed published between January 2000 to October 2020. Conclusions LRRC is a complex problem. Long-term survival is not impossible following multidisciplinary treatment in appropriately selected LRRC patients. The management of LRRC relies on a specialist team that determines the biological behavior of the tumor and evaluates treatment options through multidisciplinary discussions, thereby balancing the surgical costs and benefits, alleviating postoperative complications, and improving patients’ quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoya Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Gu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Long-term outcomes of resection for locoregional recurrence of colon cancer: A retrospective descriptive cohort study. Eur J Surg Oncol 2021; 47:2390-2397. [PMID: 34034943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resection for isolated distant recurrence of colon cancer is well accepted. Resection for locoregionally recurrent colon cancer (LRCC) is not well studied. We evaluated the long-term outcomes of curative-intent resection for LRCC. METHODS All patients undergoing curative-intent resection for LRCC at three specialized cancer centers affiliated with the University of Toronto were identified (1993-2017). Follow-up included serial clinical assessment, colonoscopy, CEA, and cross-sectional imaging. Overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and time to re-recurrence were estimated using Kaplan-Meier method and cumulative incidence function. The association between resection margins and outcome was assessed with Cox models. RESULTS 117 patients were included in the study cohort. Median follow-up was 53 months (IQR: 34-101). OS was 75% (95% CI: 68-84) at 5 years, and 69% (95% CI: 59-79) at 10 years. CSS was 78% (95% CI: 70-86) at 5 years and 72% (95% CI: 63-83) at 10 years. The rate of re-recurrence was 22% (95% CI: 14-31) at 5 years, and 27% (95% CI: 16-39) at 10 years. Negative resection margin (R0) was associated with improved OS (HR 3.33, 95% CI: 1.85-6.00, p < 0.01). There were no postoperative deaths; complications with Clavien-Dindo grade > II occurred in 12% of patients. Perioperative chemotherapy was used in 63% of patients and radiotherapy in 37%. CONCLUSION In selected patients with LRCC, excellent OS, CSS and low re-recurrence rates were observed, and R0 resection predicted better outcomes. These findings support consideration of resection for LRCC in fit patients after review at a multidisciplinary cancer conference.
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Voogt ELK, van Zoggel DMGI, Kusters M, Nieuwenhuijzen GAP, Cnossen JS, Creemers GJ, van Lijnschoten G, Nederend J, Roef MJ, Burger JWA, Rutten HJT. Impact of a history of metastases or synchronous metastases on survival in patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 2021; 23:1120-1131. [PMID: 33474793 DOI: 10.1111/codi.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC) frequently present with either synchronous metastases or a history of metastases. This study was conducted to evaluate whether LRRC patients without metastases have a different oncological outcome compared to patients with a history of metastases treated with curative intent or patients with potentially curable synchronous metastases. METHOD All consecutive LRRC patients who underwent intentionally curative surgery between 2005 and 2017 in a large tertiary hospital were retrospectively reviewed and categorized as having no metastases, a history of (curatively treated) metastases or synchronous metastases. Patients with unresectable distant metastases were excluded from the analysis. RESULTS Of the 349 patients who were analysed, 261 (75%) had no metastases, 42 (12%) had a history of metastases and 46 (13%) had synchronous metastases. The 3-year metastasis-free survival was 52%, 33% and 13% in patients without metastases, with a history of metastases, and with synchronous metastases, respectively (P < 0.001) A history of metastases did not influence overall survival (OS), but there was a trend towards a worse OS in patients with synchronous metastases compared with patients without synchronous metastases (hazard ratio 1.43; 95% CI 0.98-2.11). CONCLUSION LRRC patients with a history of curatively treated metastases have an OS comparable to that in patients without metastases and should therefore be treated with curative intent. However, LRRC patients with synchronous metastases have a poor metastasis-free survival and worse OS; in these patients, an individualized treatment approach to observe the behaviour of the disease is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L K Voogt
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Kusters
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - J S Cnossen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - G J Creemers
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - G van Lijnschoten
- Pathology Department, PAMM Laboratory for Pathology and Medical Microbiology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J Nederend
- Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M J Roef
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J W A Burger
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - H J T Rutten
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Dijkstra EA, Mul VEM, Hemmer PHJ, Havenga K, Hospers GAP, Kats-Ugurlu G, Beukema JC, Berveling MJ, El Moumni M, Muijs CT, van Etten B. Clinical selection strategy for and evaluation of intra-operative brachytherapy in patients with locally advanced and recurrent rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol 2021; 159:91-97. [PMID: 33741470 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A radical resection of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) or recurrent rectal cancer (RRC) can be challenging. In case of increased risk of an R1 resection, intra-operative brachytherapy (IOBT) can be applied. We evaluated the clinical selection strategy for IOBT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between February 2007 and May 2018, 132 LARC/RRC patients who were scheduled for surgery with IOBT standby, were evaluated. By intra-operative inspection of the resection margin and MR imaging, it was determined whether a resection was presumed to be radical. Frozen sections were taken on indication. In case of a suspected R1 resection, IOBT (1 × 10 Gy) was applied. Histopathologic evaluation, treatment and toxicity data were collected from medical records. RESULTS Tumour was resected in 122 patients. IOBT was given in 42 patients of whom 54.8% (n = 23) had a histopathologically proven R1 resection. Of the 76 IOBT-omitted R0 resected patients, 17.1% (n = 13) had a histopathologically proven R1 resection. In 4 IOBT-omitted patients, a clinical R1/2 resection was seen. In total, correct clinical judgement occurred in 72.6% (n = 88) of patients. In LARC, 58.3% (n = 14) of patients were overtreated (R0, with IOBT) and 10.9% (n = 5) were undertreated (R1, without IOBT). In RRC, 26.5% (n = 9) of patients were undertreated. CONCLUSION In total, correct clinical judgement occurred in 72.6% (n = 88). However, in 26.5% (n = 9) RRC patients, IOBT was unjustifiedly omitted. IOBT is accompanied by comparable and acceptable toxicity. Therefore, we recommend IOBT to all RRC patients at risk of an R1 resection as their salvage treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmée A Dijkstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Medical Oncology, the Netherlands
| | - Véronique E M Mul
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Radiation Oncology, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick H J Hemmer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Surgery, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Havenga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Surgery, the Netherlands
| | - Geke A P Hospers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Medical Oncology, the Netherlands
| | - Gursah Kats-Ugurlu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, the Netherlands
| | - Jannet C Beukema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Radiation Oncology, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike J Berveling
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Radiation Oncology, the Netherlands
| | - Mostafa El Moumni
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Surgery, the Netherlands
| | - Christina T Muijs
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Radiation Oncology, the Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn van Etten
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Surgery, the Netherlands.
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