1
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Oksanen V, Rautiainen S, Wirtanen T. Nickel-Electrocatalyzed Synthesis of Bifuran-Based Monomers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302572. [PMID: 37735957 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Bifuran motifs can be accessed with nickel-bipyridine electrocatalyzed homocouplings of bromine-substituted methyl furancarboxylates, which, in turn, can be prepared from hemicellulose-derived furfural. The described protocol uses sustainable carbon-based graphite electrodes in the simplest setup - an undivided cell with constant current electrolysis. The reported method avoids using a sacrificial anode by employing triethanolamine as an electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtteri Oksanen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sari Rautiainen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tom Wirtanen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
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2
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Fukazawa A, Shimizu Y, Shida N, Atobe M. Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of benzoic acids in a proton-exchange membrane reactor. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7363-7368. [PMID: 34612359 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01197a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The highly efficient chemoselective electrocatalytic hydrogenation of benzoic acids (BAs) to cyclohexanecarboxylic acids (CCAs) was carried out in a proton-exchange membrane reactor under mild conditions without hydrogenation of the carboxyl group. Among the investigated catalysts, the PtRu alloy catalyst was found to be the most suitable for achieving high current efficiencies for production of CCAs. An electrochemical spillover mechanism on the PtRu alloy catalyst was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fukazawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
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3
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Sato E, Fujii M, Tanaka H, Mitsudo K, Kondo M, Takizawa S, Sasai H, Washio T, Ishikawa K, Suga S. Application of an Electrochemical Microflow Reactor for Cyanosilylation: Machine Learning-Assisted Exploration of Suitable Reaction Conditions for Semi-Large-Scale Synthesis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16035-16044. [PMID: 34355889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyanosilylation of carbonyl compounds provides protected cyanohydrins, which can be converted into many kinds of compounds such as amino alcohols, amides, esters, and carboxylic acids. In particular, the use of trimethylsilyl cyanide as the sole carbon source can avoid the need for more toxic inorganic cyanides. In this paper, we describe an electrochemically initiated cyanosilylation of carbonyl compounds and its application to a microflow reactor. Furthermore, to identify suitable reaction conditions, which reflect considerations beyond simply a high yield, we demonstrate machine learning-assisted optimization. Machine learning can be used to adjust the current and flow rate at the same time and identify the conditions needed to achieve the best productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Sato
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Mayu Fujii
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaru Kondo
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Shinobu Takizawa
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.,Artificial Intelligence Research Center, ISIR, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sasai
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Washio
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, ISIR, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.,Department of Reasoning for Intelligence, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ishikawa
- Department of Reasoning for Intelligence, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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4
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Shida N, Nakamura Y, Atobe M. Electrosynthesis in Laminar Flow Using a Flow Microreactor. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2164-2177. [PMID: 33734573 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis and microflow synthesis have become essential tools in their own rights in modern organic synthesis. In this personal account, we summarize our works on the integrated use of these techniques, i. e., electrosynthesis in a flow microreactor. Our group has developed an electrochemical microflow system composed of a pair of electrodes that face each other to form a micrometer-scale gap for the flow path, through which solution passes in laminar flow. By the aid of laminar flow, unprecedented chemo- and electrochemical selectivity has been observed, which is not achievable with conventional batch-type electrochemical cells. In addition, we showcase various unique electrochemical systems and reactions achieved with the flow microreactor, including self-supported electrolysis, efficient paired electrolysis, in situ generation of active species and its flash use, the spaciotemporal control of electropolymerization, and combinatorial screening of the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuto Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mahito Atobe
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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5
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Fransen S, Ballet S, Fransaer J, Kuhn S. Overcoming diffusion limitations in electrochemical microreactors using acoustic streaming. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Shipman MA, Sproules S, Wilson C, Symes MD. Towards a better understanding of the electrosynthesis of 2,5-dicarboxy-2,5-dihydrofurans: structure, mechanism and influence over stereochemistry. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190336. [PMID: 31417736 PMCID: PMC6689595 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
2,5-Dicarboxy-2,5-dihydrofurans are key constituents of a number of natural products and have roles as intermediates in the formation of other such compounds of interest. Typically, these species are synthesized using toxic Pb(IV) salts. Electrochemical syntheses of 2,5-diacetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran that do not require the use of lead have been reported, but a general lack of experimental detail has prevented these procedures from being more widely adopted. Moreover, no electrochemical study has yet reported the ratio of cis and trans isomers produced. Herein, we compare the chemical, lead-based route to 2,5-diacetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran with a fully described electrosynthesis method. In doing so, we have discovered that the cis and trans isomers of this compound were previously incorrectly assigned in the literature, an error that we correct by obtaining the crystal structure of cis-2,5-diacetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran. This allows the ratios of the isomers as prepared by the chemical (2 : 1 cis : trans) and electrochemical (7 : 5 cis : trans) methods to be obtained. Through experimental and computational insights, we propose a mechanism for the electrochemical synthesis of 2,5-dicarboxy-2,5-dihydrofurans and go some way towards validating this mechanism by synthesizing 2,5-dibutoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran electrochemically for the first time. We hope that these findings will provide some greater clarity to the literature surrounding the electrosynthesis and potential applications of 2,5-dicarboxy-2,5-dihydrofurans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark D. Symes
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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7
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Fransen S, Fransaer J, Kuhn S. Current and concentration distributions in electrochemical microreactors: Numerical calculations and asymptotic approximations for self-supported paired synthesis. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Syntrivanis LD, Javier del Campo F, Robertson J. An electrochemical flow cell for the convenient oxidation of Furfuryl alcohols. J Flow Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-018-0016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Mitsudo K, Kurimoto Y, Yoshioka K, Suga S. Miniaturization and Combinatorial Approach in Organic Electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5985-5999. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuji Kurimoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshioka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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10
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Möhle S, Zirbes M, Rodrigo E, Gieshoff T, Wiebe A, Waldvogel SR. Modern Electrochemical Aspects for the Synthesis of Value-Added Organic Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6018-6041. [PMID: 29359378 PMCID: PMC6001547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of electricity instead of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizers or reducing agents in synthesis is very appealing for economic and ecological reasons, and represents a major driving force for research efforts in this area. To use electron transfer at the electrode for a successful transformation in organic synthesis, the intermediate radical (cation/anion) has to be stabilized. Its combination with other approaches in organic chemistry or concepts of contemporary synthesis allows the establishment of powerful synthetic methods. The aim in the 21st Century will be to use as little fossil carbon as possible and, for this reason, the use of renewable sources is becoming increasingly important. The direct conversion of renewables, which have previously mainly been incinerated, is of increasing interest. This Review surveys many of the recent seminal important developments which will determine the future of this dynamic emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
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11
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Möhle S, Zirbes M, Rodrigo E, Gieshoff T, Wiebe A, Waldvogel SR. Moderne Aspekte der Elektrochemie zur Synthese hochwertiger organischer Produkte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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12
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Folgueiras‐Amador AA, Philipps K, Guilbaud S, Poelakker J, Wirth T. An Easy-to-Machine Electrochemical Flow Microreactor: Efficient Synthesis of Isoindolinone and Flow Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15446-15450. [PMID: 29045019 PMCID: PMC5708274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Flow electrochemistry is an efficient methodology to generate radical intermediates. An electrochemical flow microreactor has been designed and manufactured to improve the efficiency of electrochemical flow reactions. With this device only little or no supporting electrolytes are needed, making processes less costly and enabling easier purification. This is demonstrated by the facile synthesis of amidyl radicals used in intramolecular hydroaminations to produce isoindolinones. The combination with inline mass spectrometry facilitates a much easier combination of chemical steps in a single flow process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai Philipps
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Sébastien Guilbaud
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Jarno Poelakker
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
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13
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Folgueiras-Amador AA, Philipps K, Guilbaud S, Poelakker J, Wirth T. Ein einfach herzustellender elektrochemischer Flussmikroreaktor: effiziente Isoindolinon-Synthese und Funktionalisierung im Fluss. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana A. Folgueiras-Amador
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Kai Philipps
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Sébastien Guilbaud
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Jarno Poelakker
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
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14
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Pletcher D, Green RA, Brown RCD. Flow Electrolysis Cells for the Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4573-4591. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Pletcher
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Robert A. Green
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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15
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Atobe M, Tateno H, Matsumura Y. Applications of Flow Microreactors in Electrosynthetic Processes. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4541-4572. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahito Atobe
- Department of Environment and System Sciences, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-7, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tateno
- Department of Environment and System Sciences, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-7, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Matsumura
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, Jonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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16
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Cardoso DSP, Šljukić B, Santos DMF, Sequeira CAC. Organic Electrosynthesis: From Laboratorial Practice to Industrial Applications. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. P. Cardoso
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Biljana Šljukić
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo M. F. Santos
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - César A. C. Sequeira
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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17
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Applicability of a Polymerized Ionic Liquid/Carbon Nanoparticle Composite Electrolyte to Reductive Cyclization and Dimerization Reactions. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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19
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Scialdone O, Galia A, Sabatino S, Mira D, Amatore C. Electrochemical Conversion of Dichloroacetic Acid to Chloroacetic Acid in a Microfluidic Stack and in a Series of Microfluidic Reactors. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Atobe M. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2015; 83:463-466. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.83.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Kabeshov MA, Musio B, Murray PRD, Browne DL, Ley SV. Expedient preparation of nazlinine and a small library of indole alkaloids using flow electrochemistry as an enabling technology. Org Lett 2014; 16:4618-21. [PMID: 25147957 DOI: 10.1021/ol502201d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An expedient synthesis of the indole alkaloid nazlinine is reported. Judicious choice of flow electrochemistry as an enabling technology has permitted the rapid generation of a small library of unnatural relatives of this biologically active molecule. Furthermore, by conducting the key electrochemical Shono oxidation in a flow cell, the loading of electrolyte can be significantly reduced to 20 mol % while maintaining a stable, broadly applicable process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Kabeshov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
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22
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Arai K, Watts K, Wirth T. Difluoro-and Trifluoromethylation of Electron-Deficient Alkenes in an Electrochemical Microreactor. ChemistryOpen 2014; 3:23-8. [PMID: 24688891 PMCID: PMC3943609 DOI: 10.1002/open.201300039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical microreactors, which have electrodes integrated into the flow path, can afford rapid and efficient electrochemical reactions without redox reagents due to the intrinsic properties of short diffusion distances. Taking advantage of electrochemical microreactors, Kolbe electrolysis of di-and trifluoroacetic acid in the presence of various electron-deficient alkenes was performed under constant current at continuous flow at room temperature. As a result, di-and trifluoromethylated compounds were effectively produced in either equal or higher yields than identical reactions under batch conditions previously reported by Uneyamas group. The strategy of using electrochemical microreactor technology is useful for an effective fluoromethylation of alkenes based on Kolbe electrolysis in significantly shortened reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Arai
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT (United Kingdom) http://www.cf.ac.uk/chemy/wirth
| | - Kevin Watts
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT (United Kingdom) http://www.cf.ac.uk/chemy/wirth
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT (United Kingdom) http://www.cf.ac.uk/chemy/wirth
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23
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Scialdone O, Galia A, Sabatino S, Vaiana GM, Agro D, Busacca A, Amatore C. Electrochemical Conversion of Dichloroacetic Acid to Chloroacetic Acid in Conventional Cell and in Two Microfluidic Reactors. ChemElectroChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201300216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Fuchigami T. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2013; 81:589-594. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.81.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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25
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SAWAMURA T, TAKAHASHI K, INAGI S, FUCHIGAMI T. Sodium Salts Dissolution in an Aprotic Solvent by Coordination of Poly(ethylene glycol) for Effective Anodic Reactions of Organic Compounds. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.81.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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26
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Scialdone O, Galia A, Sabatino S. Electro-generation of H2O2 and abatement of organic pollutant in water by an electro-Fenton process in a microfluidic reactor. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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MIURA Y, TATENO H, TAJIMA T. An Electrolytic System Based on the Acid-Base Reaction between Solid-Supported Acids and Water. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.81.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sumi T, Saitoh T, Natsui K, Yamamoto T, Atobe M, Einaga Y, Nishiyama S. Anodic Oxidation on a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode Mediated by Methoxy Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Sumi T, Saitoh T, Natsui K, Yamamoto T, Atobe M, Einaga Y, Nishiyama S. Anodic Oxidation on a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode Mediated by Methoxy Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5443-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Watts P, Wiles C. Micro Reactors, Flow Reactors and Continuous Flow Synthesis. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.3184/174751912x13311365798808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dr Paul Watts is a reader in organic chemistry at The University of Hull and since graduating from the University of Bristol, where he completed a PhD in bio-organic natural product synthesis, he has led the Micro Reactor Group at Hull. In this role, he has published 90 papers, and he regularly contributes to the field by way of invited book chapters, review articles, and keynote lecturers on the subject of micro reaction technology in organic synthesis. Dr Charlotte Wiles is the Chief Technology Officer at Chemtrix BV, and has been actively researching within the area of micro reaction technology for 10 years, starting with a PhD entitled Micro reactors in organic chemistry, which she obtained from The University of Hull in 2003. In the past decade, she has authored many scientific papers and review articles, recently co-authoring a book on the subject of micro reaction technology in organic synthesis. More recently, she has tailored her experience to the development and evaluation of commercially available continuous flow reactors, systems and peripheral equipment. This review article explains the advantages of micro reactors and flow reactors as tools for conducting organic synthesis and describes how the technology may be used in research and development as well as production. A selection of examples is taken from the literature to illustrate how micro reactors enables chemists to perform their reactions more efficiently than when using batch processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Watts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Charlotte Wiles
- Chemtrix BV, Burgemeester Lemmensstraat 358, 6163 JT, Geleen, The Netherlands
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31
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Nagaki A, Yoshida JI. Controlled Polymerization in Flow Microreactor Systems. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2012_179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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32
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Scialdone O, Guarisco C, Galia A. Oxidation of organics in water in microfluidic electrochemical reactors: Theoretical model and experiments. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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A study on designing a paired electrolysis for electro-induced Michael addition using tetrafluoroborate-based ionic liquid as electrolysis medium and pre-catalyst in a divided cell. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Watts K, Gattrell W, Wirth T. A practical microreactor for electrochemistry in flow. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:1108-14. [PMID: 21915214 PMCID: PMC3170202 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A microreactor for electrochemical synthesis has been designed and fabricated. It has been shown that different reactions can be carried out successfully using simple protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Watts
- Cardiff University, School of Chemistry, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | | | - Thomas Wirth
- Cardiff University, School of Chemistry, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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Watkins JD, Ahn SD, Taylor JE, Bull SD, Bulman-Page PC, Marken F. Liquid–liquid electro-organo-synthetic processes in a carbon nanofibre membrane microreactor: Triple phase boundary effects in the absence of intentionally added electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Amemiya F, Kashiwagi T, Fuchigami T, Atobe M. Electrochemical Conversion of Benzylamine to Dibenzylamine Using a Microreactor: Analogous System of Photocatalytic Redox Combined Synthesis. CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2011.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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37
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Kuleshova J, Hill-Cousins JT, Birkin PR, Brown RC, Pletcher D, Underwood TJ. A simple and inexpensive microfluidic electrolysis cell. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Yoshida JI, Kim H, Nagaki A. Green and sustainable chemical synthesis using flow microreactors. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:331-40. [PMID: 21394921 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Several features that allow flow microreactors contribute to green and sustainable chemical synthesis are presented: (1) For extremely fast reactions, kinetics often cannot be used because of the lack of homogeneity of the reaction environment when they are conducted in batch macroreactors. Better controllability, by virtue of fast mixing based on short diffusion paths in microreactors, however, leads to a higher selectivity of the products, based on kinetics considerations. Therefore, less waste is produced. (2) Reactions involving highly unstable intermediates usually require very low temperatures when they are conducted in macrobatch reactors. By virtue of short residence times, flow microreactors enable performing such reactions at ambient temperatures, avoiding cryogenic conditions and minimizing the energy required for cooling. (3) By virtue of the precise residence time control, flow microreactors allow to avoid the use of auxiliary substances such as protecting groups, enabling highly atom- and step-economical straightforward syntheses. The development of several test plants based on microreaction technology has proved that flow microreactor synthesis can be applied to the green and sustainable production of chemical substances on industrial scales. (4) Microreactor technology enables on-demand and on-site synthesis, which leads to less energy for transportation and easy recycling of substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.
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39
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40
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Marken F, Watkins JD, Collins AM. Ion-transfer- and photo-electrochemistry at liquid|liquid|solid electrode triple phase boundary junctions: perspectives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:10036-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20375d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Bouzek K, Jiřičný V, Kodým R, Křišťál J, Bystroň T. Microstructured reactor for electroorganic synthesis. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Scialdone O, Guarisco C, Galia A, Filardo G, Silvestri G, Amatore C, Sella C, Thouin L. Anodic abatement of organic pollutants in water in micro reactors. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Hosokawa YY, Hakamata H, Murakami T, Kusu F. Electrosynthesis of cholesta-4,6-dien-3-one from cholesterol on a laboratory synthetic scale. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Amatore C, Da Mota N, Lemmer C, Pebay C, Sella C, Thouin L. Theory and experiments of transport at channel microband electrodes under laminar flows. 2. Electrochemical regimes at double microband assemblies under steady state. Anal Chem 2009; 80:9483-90. [PMID: 19007242 DOI: 10.1021/ac801605v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of any particular analytical or preparative applications using electrochemical techniques in microfluidic devices requires integration of microelectrodes. This involves detailed predictions for optimizing the design of devices and selecting the best hydrodynamic conditions. For this purpose, we undertook a series of works aimed at a precise investigation of mass transport near electrodes with focus on analytical measurements. Part I of this series (Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 8502-8510) evaluated the common case of a single microband electrode embedded within a microchannel under laminar flow. The present work (Part 2) investigated the case of a pair of microband electrodes operating either in generator-generator or generator-collector modes. The influence of the confining effect and flow velocity on the amperometric responses was examined on the basis of numerical simulations under steady-state regime. Several situations were identified, each of them corresponding to specific interactions taking place between the electrodes. Related conditions were extracted to establish a zone diagram describing all the situations. These predictions were systematically validated by experimental measurements. The results show that amperometric detections within microchannels can be performed at dual electrodes with higher analytical performances than at single ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Amatore
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR CNRS-ENS-UPMC 8640 Pasteur, 24 rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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45
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Anodic acyloxylation based on the acid–base reactions between acetic acid or trifluoroacetic acid and solid-supported bases. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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46
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Ziogas A, Kolb G, O’Connell M, Attour A, Lapicque F, Matlosz M, Rode S. Electrochemical microstructured reactors: design and application in organic synthesis. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-009-9939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Nakajima A, Tajima T. Anodic oxidation of organic compounds based on the cation exchange reaction between KBF4 and solid-supported acids. Electrochem commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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48
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Horii D, Amemiya F, Fuchigami T, Atobe M. A Novel Electrosynthetic System for Anodic Substitution Reactions by Using Parallel Laminar Flow in a Microflow Reactor. Chemistry 2008; 14:10382-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Yoshida JI, Kataoka K, Horcajada R, Nagaki A. Modern Strategies in Electroorganic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2265-99. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0680843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1027] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Wiles C, Watts P. Continuous Flow Reactors, a Tool for the Modern Synthetic Chemist. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200701041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Wiles
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Paul Watts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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