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Madden J, Barrett C, Laffir FR, Thompson M, Galvin P, O’ Riordan A. On-Chip Glucose Detection Based on Glucose Oxidase Immobilized on a Platinum-Modified, Gold Microband Electrode. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11080249. [PMID: 34436051 PMCID: PMC8392376 DOI: 10.3390/bios11080249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the microfabrication and characterization of gold microband electrodes on silicon using standard microfabrication methods, i.e., lithography and etching techniques. A two-step electrodeposition process was carried out using the on-chip platinum reference and gold counter electrodes, thus incorporating glucose oxidase onto a platinum-modified, gold microband electrode with an o-phenylenediamine and ß-cyclodextrin mixture. The as-fabricated electrodes were studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The two-step electrodeposition process was conducted in low sample volumes (50 µL) of both solutions required for biosensor construction. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were utilised for electrochemical characterization at each stage of the deposition process. The enzymatic-based microband biosensor demonstrated a linear response to glucose from 2.5-15 mM, using both linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometric measurements in buffer-based solutions. The biosensor performance was examined in 30 µL volumes of fetal bovine serum. Whilst a reduction in the sensor sensitivity was evident within 100% serum samples (compared to buffer media), the sensor demonstrated linear glucose detection with increasing glucose concentrations (5-17 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Madden
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland; (C.B.); (M.T.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (A.O.R.)
| | - Colm Barrett
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland; (C.B.); (M.T.); (P.G.)
| | - Fathima R. Laffir
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
| | - Michael Thompson
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland; (C.B.); (M.T.); (P.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Paul Galvin
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland; (C.B.); (M.T.); (P.G.)
| | - Alan O’ Riordan
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland; (C.B.); (M.T.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (A.O.R.)
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2
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Chronoamperometry as effective alternative technique for electro‐synthesis of
ortho
‐
phenylendiamine permselective films for biosensor applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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Moonla C, Nontapha C, Ouiram T, Preechaworapun A, Tangkuaram T. Enhancing a Novel Robust Multicomposite Materials Platform for Glucose Biosensors. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chochanon Moonla
- Applied Chemistry Program, Faculty of ScienceMaejo University Chiang Mai 50290 Thailand
| | | | - Tik Ouiram
- Applied Chemistry Program, Faculty of ScienceMaejo University Chiang Mai 50290 Thailand
| | - Anchana Preechaworapun
- Chemistry Program, Faculty of Science and TechnologyPibulsongkram Rajabhat University Phitsanulok 65000 Thailand
| | - Tanin Tangkuaram
- Applied Chemistry Program, Faculty of ScienceMaejo University Chiang Mai 50290 Thailand
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4
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Baig N, Rana A, Kawde AN. Modified Electrodes for Selective Voltammetric Detection of Biomolecules. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Baig
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences; King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Azeem Rana
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences; King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Nasser Kawde
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences; King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
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Monti P, Rocchitta G, Marceddu S, Dettori MA, Fabbri D, Jaoua S, Migheli Q, Delogu G, Serra PA. Use of β-cyclodextrin as enhancer of ascorbic acid rejection in permselective films for amperometric biosensor applications. Talanta 2018; 186:53-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Prusty
- Biosensor Lab, Department of Chemistry; BITS; Pilani-K.K. Birla Goa Campus Goa 403726 India
| | - Sunil Bhand
- Biosensor Lab, Department of Chemistry; BITS; Pilani-K.K. Birla Goa Campus Goa 403726 India
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7
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Brown MD, Schoenfisch MH. Nitric oxide permselectivity in electropolymerized films for sensing applications. ACS Sens 2016; 1:1453-1461. [PMID: 31875180 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of biological interferents in physiological media necessitates chemical modification of the working electrode to facilitate accurate electrochemical measurement of nitric oxide (NO). In this study, we evaluated a series of self-terminating electropolymerized films prepared from one of three isomers of phenylenediamine (PD), phenol, eugenol, or 5-amino-1-naphthol (5A1N) to improve the NO selectivity of a platinum working electrode. The electrodeposition procedure for each monomer was individually optimized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) or constant potential amperometry (CPA). Cyclic voltammetry deposition parameters favoring slower film formation generally yielded films with improved selectivity for NO over nitrite and l-ascorbate. Nitric oxide sensors were fabricated and compared using the optimized deposition procedure for each monomer. Sensors prepared using poly-phenol and poly-5A1N film-modified platinum working electrodes demonstrated the most ideal analytical performance, with the former demonstrating the best selectivity. In simulated wound fluid, platinum electrodes modified with poly-5A1N films proved superior with respect to the NO sensitivity and detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah D. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North
Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North
Carolina 27599, United States
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8
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Monti P, Calia G, Marceddu S, Dettori MA, Fabbri D, Jaoua S, O'Neill RD, Migheli Q, Delogu G, Serra PA. Low electro-synthesis potentials improve permselectivity of polymerized natural phenols in biosensor applications. Talanta 2016; 162:151-158. [PMID: 27837811 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
First-generation amperometric biosensors are often based on the electro-oxidation of oxidase-generated H2O2. At the applied potential used in most studies, other molecules such as ascorbic acid or dopamine can be oxidized. Phenylenediamines are commonly used to avoid this problem: when these compounds are electro-deposited onto the transducer surface in the form of poly-phenylenediamine, a highly selective membrane is formed. Although there is no evidence of toxicity of the resulting polymer, phenylenediamine monomers are considered carcinogenic. An aim of this work was to evaluate the suitability of natural phenols as non-toxic alternatives to the ortho isomer of phenylenediamine. Electrosynthesis over Pt-Ir electrodes of 2-methoxy phenols (guaiacol, eugenol and isoeugenol), and hydroxylated biphenyls (dehydrodieugenol and magnolol) was achieved. The potentials used in the present study are significantly lower than values commonly applied during electro-polymerization. Polymers were obtained by means of constant potential amperometry, instead of cyclic voltammetry, in order to achieve multiple polymerizations, hence decreasing the time of realization and variability. Permselective properties of natural phenols were significantly improved at low polymerization potentials. Among the tested compounds, isoeugenol and magnolol, polymerized respectively at +25mV and +170mV against Ag/AgCl reference electrode, proved as permselective as poly-ortho-phenylenediamine and may be considered as effective polymeric alternatives. The natural phenol-coated electrodes were stable and responsive throughout 14 days. A biosensor prototype based on acetylcholine esterase and choline oxidase was electro-coated with poly-magnolol in order to evaluate the interference-rejecting properties of the electrosynthesized film in an amperometric biosensor; a moderate decrease in ascorbic acid rejection was observed during in vitro calibration of biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Monti
- Dipartimento di Agraria and Unità di Ricerca Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, UOS Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giammario Calia
- Dipartimento di Agraria and Unità di Ricerca Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Marceddu
- Istituto CNR di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, UOS Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria A Dettori
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, UOS Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Davide Fabbri
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, UOS Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Samir Jaoua
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Robert D O'Neill
- UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria and Unità di Ricerca Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, UOS Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier A Serra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.
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10
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Glassy carbon electrode modified with a graphene oxide/poly(o-phenylenediamine) composite for the chemical detection of hydrogen peroxide. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 44:144-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Hrbac J, Jakubec P, Halouzka V, Matejka P, Pour M, Kopecky J, Vacek J. The permselective layer prepared onto carbon and gold surfaces by electropolymerization of phenolic cyclopentenedione-nostotrebin 6. Electrochem commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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12
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The electrocatalytic oxidative polymerization of o-phenylenediamine by reduced graphene oxide and properties of poly(o-phenylenediamine). Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Rothwell SA, O'Neill RD. Effects of applied potential on the mass of non-conducting poly(ortho-phenylenediamine) electro-deposited on EQCM electrodes: comparison with biosensor selectivity parameters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5413-21. [PMID: 21359356 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical quartz-crystal microbalance (EQCM) was used to determine the mass of poly-(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) layers electro-deposited at different applied potentials in neutral buffered monomer solution, conditions that produce the insulating form of the polymer used as a permselective membrane in biosensor applications. There was a systematic increase in the total, steady state PoPD mass deposited for fixed applied potentials from 0.05 to 0.6 V vs. SCE, followed by a plateau up to 0.8 V. Comparison of PoPD mass and permselectivity parameters indicates that the ability of the passivating form of PoPD to block interference species in biosensor applications is not related in a simple way to the mass of material deposited on the surface. Instead, effects of the applied electropolymerisation potential in driving the electro-oxidation of oPD dimers and oligomers formed during the electro-deposition process are likely to have a more direct impact on the selectivity characteristics of the PoPD layer. The results highlight the usefulness of apparent permeabilities, especially of ascorbic acid, in revealing differences between PoPD layers electro-deposited under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Rothwell
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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14
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Toniolo R, Dossi N, Pizzariello A, Susmel S, Bontempelli G. Simultaneous Detection of Ascorbic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide by Flow-Injection Analysis with a Thin Layer Dual-Electrode Detector. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Salazar P, Martín M, Roche R, O’Neill R, González-Mora J. Prussian Blue-modified microelectrodes for selective transduction in enzyme-based amperometric microbiosensors for in vivo neurochemical monitoring. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Enzyme immobilization strategies and electropolymerization conditions to control sensitivity and selectivity parameters of a polymer-enzyme composite glucose biosensor. SENSORS 2010; 10:6439-62. [PMID: 22163559 PMCID: PMC3231131 DOI: 10.3390/s100706439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In an ongoing programme to develop characterization strategies relevant to biosensors for in-vivo monitoring, glucose biosensors were fabricated by immobilizing the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) on 125 μm diameter Pt cylinder wire electrodes (Pt(C)), using three different methods: before, after or during the amperometric electrosynthesis of poly(ortho-phenylenediamine), PoPD, which also served as a permselective membrane. These electrodes were calibrated with H(2)O(2) (the biosensor enzyme signal molecule), glucose, and the archetypal interference compound ascorbic acid (AA) to determine the relevant polymer permeabilities and the apparent Michaelis-Menten parameters for glucose. A number of selectivity parameters were used to identify the most successful design in terms of the balance between substrate sensitivity and interference blocking. For biosensors electrosynthesized in neutral buffer under the present conditions, entrapment of the GOx within the PoPD layer produced the design (Pt(C)/PoPD-GOx) with the highest linear sensitivity to glucose (5.0 ± 0.4 μA cm(-2) mM(-1)), good linear range (K(M) = 16 ± 2 mM) and response time (< 2 s), and the greatest AA blocking (99.8% for 1 mM AA). Further optimization showed that fabrication of Pt(C)/PoPD-GOx in the absence of added background electrolyte (i.e., electropolymerization in unbuffered enzyme-monomer solution) enhanced glucose selectivity 3-fold for this one-pot fabrication protocol which provided AA-rejection levels at least equal to recent multi-step polymer bilayer biosensor designs. Interestingly, the presence of enzyme protein in the polymer layer had opposite effects on permselectivity for low and high concentrations of AA, emphasizing the value of studying the concentration dependence of interference effects which is rarely reported in the literature.
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Song W, Chen Y, Xu J, Yang XR, Tian DB. Dopamine sensor based on molecularly imprinted electrosynthesized polymers. J Solid State Electrochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-010-1025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Gornall D, Collyer S, Higson S. Evaluation of Poly(o-phenylenediamine) Films for Application as Insulating Layers upon Carbon Substrates for Use within Sonochemically Fabricated Microelectrode Arrays. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200900392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Effects of polymerization potential on the permselectivity of poly(o-phenylenediamine) coatings deposited on Pt–Ir electrodes for biosensor applications. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Merisalu M, Kruusma J, Banks CE. Metallic impurity free carbon nanotube paste electrodes. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Doaga R, McCormac T, Dempsey E. Electrochemical Sensing of NADH and Glutamate Based on Meldola Blue in 1,2-Diaminobenzene and 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Polymer Films. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200904627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rothwell SA, Kinsella ME, Zain ZM, Serra PA, Rocchitta G, Lowry JP, O'Neill RD. Contributions by a novel edge effect to the permselectivity of an electrosynthesized polymer for microbiosensor applications. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3911-8. [PMID: 19371060 DOI: 10.1021/ac900162c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pt electrodes of different sizes (2 x 10(-5)-2 x 10(-2) cm(2)) and geometries (disks and cylinders) were coated with the ultrathin non-conducting form of poly(o-phenylenediamine), PPD, using amperometric electrosynthesis. Analysis of the ascorbic acid (AA) and H(2)O(2) apparent permeabilities for these Pt/PPD sensors revealed that the PPD deposited near the electrode insulation (Teflon or glass edge) was not as effective as the bulk surface PPD for blocking AA access to the Pt substrate. This discovery impacts on the design of implantable biosensors where electrodeposited polymers, such as PPD, are commonly used as the permselective barrier to block electroactive interference by reducing agents present in the target medium. The undesirable "edge effect" was particularly marked for small disk electrodes which have a high edge density (ratio of PPD-insulation edge length to electrode area), but was essentially absent for cylinder electrodes with a length of >0.2 mm. Sample biosensors, with a configuration based on these findings (25 microm diameter Pt fiber cylinders) and designed for brain neurotransmitter L-glutamate, behaved well in vitro in terms of Glu sensitivity and AA blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Rothwell
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Kruusma J, Sammelselg V, Banks CE. A systematic study of the electrochemical determination of hydrogen peroxide at single-walled carbon nanotube ensemble networks. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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