An ionophore–Nafion modified bismuth electrode for the analysis of cadmium(II)

A Novel Electrochemical Sensor Based on Electropolymerized Ion Imprinted PoPD/ERGO Composite for Trace Cd(II) Determination in Water

A novel electrochemical sensor based on electropolymerized ion imprinted poly (o-phenylenediamine) PoPD/electrochemical reduced graphene (ERGO) composite on glass carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated for selective and sensitive determination of trace Cd(II) in water. ERGO was first deposited on the surface of GCE by electrochemical cyclic voltammetry (CV) scanning to enhance the electron transport activity at electrode surface. The ion imprinted polymer (IIP) of imprinted PoPD was then in situ electropolymerized on ERGO via CV scanning with oPD as functional monomer and Cd(II) ions as template, following removal of the template using electrochemical peroxidation method. The obtained imprinted PoPD/RERGO composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray energy spectroscopy (EDS) for the observation of their morphologies and components. The electrochemical behavior of the imprinted PoPD/ERGO/GCE was performed by CV and SWASV. The fabricated sensor of the imprinted PoPD/ERGO/GCE showed a good selectivity toward target Cd(II) ions in the presence of other heavy metal ions. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the sensor exhibited a good linear relationship between SWASV stripping peak values and Cd(II) concentration in the range of 1 to 50 ng/mL, with the limit of detection as 0.13 ng/mL (S/N = 3). The proposed electrochemical sensor of imprinted PoPD/ERGO/GCE was successfully applied for trace Cd(II) determination in real water samples.

Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Ordered Mesoporous Silica for the Electrochemical Detection of Cadmium Ions

Four different samples of ordered mesoporous silica powders (MCM-41 and SBA-15) and amino-functionalized mesoporous silica (MCM-41-NH2 and SBA-15-NH2) were used to prepare modified glassy carbon electrodes coated with ion-exchange polymer Nafion to be used for the electrochemical detection of Cd(II). The mesoporous silica samples were characterized through transmission electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, and N2-adsorption/desorption isotherms. The electrodes were characterized by using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. The effect of pH and of the silica type on the electrodes' response was investigated. The influence of amino functional groups grafted on the silica surface toward Cd(II) ion detection was also examined. The detection limits determined with the new silica-modified electrodes [between 0.36 and 1.68 μM Cd(II)] are slightly higher than those reported in the literature, but they are lower than those stipulated in the European legislation [45 μM Cd(II)] and, consequently, the electrodes could be successfully used to detect Cd(II) in aqueous solutions.

Optimization of Stripping Voltammetric Sensor by a Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network for the Accurate Determination of Pb(II) in the Presence of Cd(II)

An easy, but effective, method has been proposed to detect and quantify the Pb(II) in the presence of Cd(II) based on a Bi/glassy carbon electrode (Bi/GCE) with the combination of a back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) and square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) without further electrode modification. The effects of Cd(II) in different concentrations on stripping responses of Pb(II) was studied. The results indicate that the presence of Cd(II) will reduce the prediction precision of a direct calibration model. Therefore, a two-input and one-output BP-ANN was built for the optimization of a stripping voltammetric sensor, which considering the combined effects of Cd(II) and Pb(II) on the SWASV detection of Pb(II) and establishing the nonlinear relationship between the stripping peak currents of Pb(II) and Cd(II) and the concentration of Pb(II). The key parameters of the BP-ANN and the factors affecting the SWASV detection of Pb(II) were optimized. The prediction performance of direct calibration model and BP-ANN model were tested with regard to the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), average relative error (ARE), and correlation coefficient. The results proved that the BP-ANN model exhibited higher prediction accuracy than the direct calibration model. Finally, a real samples analysis was performed to determine trace Pb(II) in some soil specimens with satisfactory results.

Optical nanosphere sensor based on shell-by-shell fabrication for removal of toxic metals from human blood

Because toxic heavy metals tend to bioaccumulate, they represent a substantial human health hazard. Various methods are used to identify and quantify toxic metals in biological tissues and environment fluids, but a simple, rapid, and inexpensive system has yet to be developed. To reduce the necessity for instrument-dependent analysis, we developed a single, pH-dependent, nanosphere (NS) sensor for naked-eye detection and removal of toxic metal ions from drinking water and physiological systems (i.e., blood). The design platform for the optical NS sensor is composed of double mesoporous core-shell silica NSs fabricated by one-pot, template-guided synthesis with anionic surfactant. The dense shell-by-shell NS construction generated a unique hierarchical NS sensor with a hollow cage interior to enable accessibility for continuous monitoring of several different toxic metal ions and efficient multi-ion sensing and removal capabilities with respect to reversibility, longevity, selectivity, and signal stability. Here, we examined the application of the NS sensor for the removal of toxic metals (e.g., lead ions from a physiological system, such as human blood). The findings show that this sensor design has potential for the rapid screening of blood lead levels so that the effects of lead toxicity can be avoided.

Simultaneous determination of ultratrace lead and cadmium by square wave stripping voltammetry with in situ depositing bismuth at Nafion-medical stone doped disposable electrode

An ultrasensitive electrochemical method for simultaneous determination of lead and cadmium was first developed using the novel bismuth-Nafion-medical stone doped disposable electrode (an improved wax-impregnated graphite electrode). Through the synergistic sensitization effect of the resulting composite material, the disposable electrode showed remarkable electrochemical responses to lead and cadmium. The oxidation of the two metals produced two well-defined and separated square wave peaks at about -0.62 V for Pb(2+) and -0.85 V for Cd(2+), respectively. The effects of the amount of medical stone, concentration of Nafion, thickness of bismuth, pH of buffer solution, deposition potential, accumulation time, voltammetric measurement and possible interferences were investigated in detail. Under the optimal conditions, the fabricated electrode exhibited linear ranges from 2.0 to 12.0 μg L(-1) with detection limit of 0.07 μg L(-1) for lead and 2.0-12.0 μg L(-1) with detection limit of 0.47 μg L(-1) for cadmium. The assay results of heavy metals in wastewater with the proposed method were in acceptable agreement with the atomic absorption spectroscopy method.

Determination of in a sequential injection lab-on-valve system with voltammetric detection using a modified electrode

A stripping voltammetric assay using a morin modified electrode in a sequential injection lab-on-valve system was developed for the determination of trace amounts of cadmium. The sample and reagent arrangements were achieved by a syringe pump. The target metal ions were accumulated on the morin modified glassy carbon electrode surface, and the quantification step was performed by subsequent anodic stripping voltammetry. The key experimental variables relevant to the voltammetric measurement procedure were optimized. For a 100 s preconcentration time, a linear calibration curve was obtained for a concentration range of 1 to 125 μg L-1 with a detection limit of 0.41 μg L-1. The analytical use of the established method was assessed by applying it to the determination of cadmium in real samples and carrying out recovery experiments. The method was subsequently validated by comparing the results with those given by ICP-OES.

Septonex-tetraphenylborate screen-printed ion selective electrode for the potentiometric determination of Septonex in pharmaceutical preparations

A screen-printed electrode (SPE) was fabricated for the determination of 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)pentadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (Septonex) based on the use of Septonex-tetraphenylborate as the electroactive substance, and o-nitrophenyloctylether (o-NPOE) as the plasticizing agent. The electrode passes a near-Nernstian cationic slope of 59.33 ± 0.85 mV from activity between pH values of 2 to 9 with a lower detection limit of 9×10(-7) M and response time of about 5 s and exhibits an adequate shelf-life of 6 months. The method was applied for the determination of Septonex in pharmaceutical preparations. A percentage recovery of 99.88% was obtained with RSD=1.24%. The electrode was successfully applied in the determination of Septonex in laboratory-prepared samples by direct potentiometric, calibration curve and standard addition methods. Potentiometric titration of Septonex with sodium tetraphenylborate and phosphotungstic acid as a titrant was monitored with the modified screen-printed electrode as an end-point indicator electrode. Selectivity coefficients for Septonex relative to a number of potential interfering substances were determined. The sensor was highly selective for Septonex over a large number of compounds. Selectivity coefficient data for some common ions show negligible interference; however, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and iodide ions interfere significantly. The analytical usefulness of the proposed electrode was evaluated by its application in the determination of Septonex in laboratory-prepared pharmaceutical samples with satisfactory results. The results obtained with the fabricated sensor are comparable with those obtained by the British Pharmacopeia method.