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Dong XIN, Spindler BD, Kim M, Stein A, Bühlmann P. Spontaneous Mesoporosity-Driven Sequestration of Ionic Liquids from Silicone-Based Reference Electrode Membranes. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1774-1781. [PMID: 37043696 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanopore-driven sequestration of ionic liquids from a silicone membrane is presented, a phenomenon that has not been reported previously. Reference electrodes with ionic liquid doped polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) reference membranes and colloid-imprinted mesoporous carbon (CIM) as solid contact are not functional unless special attention is paid to the porosity of the solid contact. In the fabrication of such reference electrodes, a solution of a hydroxyl-terminated silicone oligomer, ionic liquid, cross-linking reagent, and polymerization catalyst is deposited on top of the carbon layer, rapidly filling the pores of the CIM carbon. The catalyzed polymerization curing of the silicone quickly results in cross-linking of the hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane oligomers, forming structures that are too large to penetrate the CIM carbon pores. Therefore, as solvent evaporation from the top of freshly prepared membranes drives the diffusional transport of solvent toward that membrane surface, the solvent molecules that leave the CIM carbon pores can only be replaced by the ionic liquid. This depletes the ionic liquid in the reference membrane that overlies the CIM carbon solid contact and increases the membrane resistance by up to 3 orders of magnitude, rendering the devices dysfunctional. This problem can be avoided by presaturating the CIM carbon with ionic liquid prior to the deposition of the solution that contains the silicone oligomers and ionic liquid. Alternatively, a high amount of ionic liquid can be added into the membrane solution to account for the size-selective sequestration of ionic liquid into the carbon pores. Either way, a wide variety of ionic liquids can be used to prepare PDMS-based reference electrodes with CIM carbon as a solid contact. A similar depletion of the K+ ionophore BME-44 from ion-selective silicone membranes was observed too, highlighting that the depletion of active ingredients from polymeric ion-selective and reference membranes due to interactions with high surface area solid contacts may be a more common phenomenon that so far has been overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin I N Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Brian D Spindler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Minog Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Andreas Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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2
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NISHI N, MINAMI E, SAKKA T. Adsorption Properties of Alkylsulfate Ions at the Ionic Liquid/Water Interfaces: Ionic Liquid Cation Dependence. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2021. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.70.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya NISHI
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Eiji MINAMI
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Tetsuo SAKKA
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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Radtke V, Stoica D, Leito I, Camões F, Krossing I, Anes B, Roziková M, Deleebeeck L, Veltzé S, Näykki T, Bastkowski F, Heering A, Dániel N, Quendera R, Liv L, Uysal E, Lawrence N. A unified pH scale for all solvents: part I – intention and reasoning (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The definition of pH, its measurement and standard buffers, is well developed in aqueous solutions. Its definition in solvents other than water has been elaborated for a couple of solvents and their mixtures with water. However, the definition of a universal pH scale spanning all solvents and phases, not to mention standard procedures of measurement, is still a largely uncharted territory. UnipHied is a European collaboration and has the goal of putting the theoretical concept of an earlier introduced (2010) unified pHabs scale on a metrologically well-founded basis into practice. The pHabs scale enables the comparability of acidity between different phases. This article draws the connection of the concepts of unified acidity and secondary pH measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Radtke
- Universität Freiburg, IAAC , Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Daniela Stoica
- Laboratoire de Métrologie et d’Essais , 1 Rue Gaston Boissier, 75015 , Paris , France
| | - Ivo Leito
- University of Tartu , 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu , Estonia
| | - Filomena Camões
- FCiências.ID, Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Universität Freiburg, IAAC , Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Bárbara Anes
- FCiências.ID , Centro de Química Estrutural , Faculdade de Ciências da Universidadede Lisboa, Campo Grande , 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Matilda Roziková
- Czech Metrology Institute , Okružní 31/772, 638 00 , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Deleebeeck
- Danish Fundamental Metrology , Kogle Allé 5 2970 Hørsholm , Denmark
| | - Sune Veltzé
- Danish National Metrology Institute , Hørsholm , Denmark
| | - Teemu Näykki
- Suomen ympäristökeskus (SYKE) , Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Frank Bastkowski
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt , Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Agnes Heering
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt , Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Nagy Dániel
- Metrological and Technical Supervisory Department of the Government Office of the Capital City Budapest (BFKH) , Németvölgyi út 37-39, 1124 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Raquel Quendera
- Instituto Português da Qualidade , Rua António Gião, 2, 2829-513 Caparica , Portugal
| | - Lokman Liv
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Group, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey - National Metrology Institute (TUBITAK UME) , Gebze , Kocaeli , 41470 , Turkey
| | - Emrah Uysal
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Group, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey - National Metrology Institute (TUBITAK UME) , Gebze , Kocaeli , 41470 , Turkey
| | - Nathan Lawrence
- ANBSensors , Unit 4, Penn Farm Studios, Haslingfield , Cambridge , CB23 1JZ , UK
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Gao W, Zdrachek E, Xie X, Bakker E. A Solid‐State Reference Electrode Based on a Self‐Referencing Pulstrode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2294-2298. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Gao
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
- Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Elena Zdrachek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
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5
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Gao W, Zdrachek E, Xie X, Bakker E. A Solid‐State Reference Electrode Based on a Self‐Referencing Pulstrode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Gao
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
- Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Elena Zdrachek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
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Galiullin TM, Pokhvishcheva NV, Kalinichev AV, Peshkova MA. Evaluation of Ionic Liquids Based on Amino Acid Anions for Use in Liquid‐junction Free Reference Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timur M. Galiullin
- Chemistry InstituteSaint Petersburg State University 26 Universitetskiy prospect 198504 Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Pokhvishcheva
- Chemistry InstituteSaint Petersburg State University 26 Universitetskiy prospect 198504 Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Andrey V. Kalinichev
- Chemistry InstituteSaint Petersburg State University 26 Universitetskiy prospect 198504 Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Maria A. Peshkova
- Chemistry InstituteSaint Petersburg State University 26 Universitetskiy prospect 198504 Saint Petersburg Russia
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Lindner E, Guzinski M, Khan TA, Pendley BD. Reference Electrodes with Ionic Liquid Salt Bridge: When Will These Innovative Novel Reference Electrodes Gain Broad Acceptance? ACS Sens 2019; 4:549-561. [PMID: 30762347 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we raise questions that researchers have to ask if they intend to replace a conventional reference electrode with an ionic liquid-based reference electrode and try to answer these questions based on our experiences and literature data. Among these questions, the most important is which ionic liquid should be used. However, beyond the chemical composition of the ionic liquid, to realize all the potential benefits of ionic-liquid based reference electrodes, there are additional, equally important considerations. Through examples we will show the importance of the (i) purity of the ionic liquid and the consequences of deviations from its stoichiometric salt composition, (ii) form of implementation of the ionic liquid-based reference electrode membrane (free-flowing salt bridge, or ionic liquid embedded in a membrane), (iii) membrane/gelling agent material and its composition, and (iv) experimental conditions (steady state or flowing conditions) under which it will be used. Finally, we recommend methods to test the performance criteria of the ionic liquid-based reference electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernő Lindner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Marcin Guzinski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Taskia A. Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Bradford D. Pendley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
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8
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Himmel D, Radtke V, Butschke B, Krossing I. Grundlegende Bemerkungen zur Azidität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Burkhard Butschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
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Himmel D, Radtke V, Butschke B, Krossing I. Basic Remarks on Acidity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4386-4411. [PMID: 29171707 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This Review provides a unified view on Brønsted acidity. For this purpose, a brief overview of the concepts acidity, acid strengths, and pH value is given, including problems, proposed solutions, and the use of the pHabs /pHabsH2O scale as a unifying concept. Thereafter, some examples of the accessibility and application of unified pHabs values are given. The Review is rounded off with the analogy of acid-base chemistry to redox chemistry with the introduction of the unified redox scale peabs . The combination of pHabs and peabs values in the protoelectric potential map (PPM), as elaborated in ongoing studies on the thermochemistry of single ions, provides a means to classify and to compare all possible acid-base/redox reactions in a medium-independent and, thus, unified fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Butschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Ermantraut A, Radtke V, Gebel N, Himmel D, Koslowski T, Leito I, Krossing I. The Ideal Ionic Liquid Salt Bridge for Direct Determination of Gibbs Energies of Transfer of Single Ions, Part II: Evaluation of the Role of Ion Solvation and Ion Mobilities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2348-2352. [PMID: 29235721 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An important intermediate goal to evaluate our concept for the assumption-free determination of single-ion Gibbs transfer energies Δtr G°(i, S1 →S2 ) is presented. We executed the crucial steps a) and b) of the methodology, described in Part I of this treatise, exemplarily for Ag+ and Cl- with S1 being water and S2 being acetonitrile. The experiments showed that virtually all parts of the liquid junction potentials (LJPs) at both ends of a salt bridge cancel, if the bridge electrolyte is an "ideal" ionic liquid, that is, one with nearly identical diffusion of anion and cation. This ideality holds for [N2225 ]+ [NTf2 ]- in the pure IL, but also in water and acetonitrile solution. Electromotive force measurements of solvation cells between S1 and S2 demonstrated Nernstian behavior for Ag+ concentration cells and constant like cell potentials for solutions with five tested Ag+ counterions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ermantraut
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Gebel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Koslowski
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 23a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a Str, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Ermantraut A, Radtke V, Gebel N, Himmel D, Koslowski T, Leito I, Krossing I. The Ideal Ionic Liquid Salt Bridge for Direct Determination of Gibbs Energies of Transfer of Single Ions, Part II: Evaluation of the Role of Ion Solvation and Ion Mobilities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ermantraut
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Niklas Gebel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Thorsten Koslowski
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 23a 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu; Ravila 14a Str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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Radtke V, Ermantraut A, Himmel D, Koslowski T, Leito I, Krossing I. The Ideal Ionic Liquid Salt Bridge for the Direct Determination of Gibbs Energies of Transfer of Single Ions, Part I: The Concept. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2344-2347. [PMID: 29235713 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Described is a procedure for the thermodynamically rigorous, experimental determination of the Gibbs energy of transfer of single ions between solvents. The method is based on potential difference measurements between two electrochemical half cells with different solvents connected by an ideal ionic liquid salt bridge (ILSB). Discussed are the specific requirements for the IL with regard to the procedure, thus ensuring that the liquid junction potentials (LJP) at both ends of the ILSB are mostly canceled. The remaining parts of the LJPs can be determined by separate electromotive force measurements. No extra-thermodynamic assumptions are necessary for this procedure. The accuracy of the measurements depends, amongst others, on the ideality of the IL used, as shown in our companion paper Part II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Ermantraut
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Koslowski
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 23a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a Str, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Radtke V, Ermantraut A, Himmel D, Koslowski T, Leito I, Krossing I. The Ideal Ionic Liquid Salt Bridge for the Direct Determination of Gibbs Energies of Transfer of Single Ions, Part I: The Concept. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Andreas Ermantraut
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Thorsten Koslowski
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 23a 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu; Ravila 14a Str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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Bieg C, Fuchsberger K, Stelzle M. Introduction to polymer-based solid-contact ion-selective electrodes—basic concepts, practical considerations, and current research topics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:45-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Kaliner M, Strassner T. Tunable aryl alkyl ionic liquids with weakly coordinating bulky borate anion. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Nishi N, Uruga T, Tanida H. Potential dependent structure of an ionic liquid at ionic liquid/water interface probed by x-ray reflectivity measurements. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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