1
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Inoue H, Zhou H, Ando H, Nakagawa S, Yamada T. Exploring the local solvation structure of redox molecules in a mixed solvent for increasing the Seebeck coefficient of thermocells. Chem Sci 2023; 15:146-153. [PMID: 38131095 PMCID: PMC10732003 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04955h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A thermocell is an emerging alternative to thermoelectric devices and exhibits a high Seebeck coefficient (Se) due to the large change of solvation entropy associated with redox reactions. Here, the Se of p-chloranil radicals/dianions (CA˙-/2-) in acetonitrile was drastically increased from -1.3 to -2.6 mV K-1 by the addition of ethanol, and the increment surpassed the estimation of the classical Born model with continuum solvent media. UV-vis spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements at various mixing ratios of acetonitrile to ethanol revealed that the strong hydrogen bonding between ethanol and oxygen atoms of CA2- forms a 4 : 1 solvent-ion pair, while the ethanol molecules binding to CA2- dissociate upon its oxidation to CA˙-. The local solvation structures of CA2- are in good agreement with density functional theory. This order-disorder transition of the local solvation structure around the CA˙-/2- ions produces a large entropy change and results in a large Se value. The tailored solvation structure of redox ions by hydrogen bonding is a versatile method applicable to a variety of redox pairs and solvents, contributing to the development of electrolyte engineering for thermocells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hongyao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hideo Ando
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi Yamagata 990-8560 Japan
| | - Sakuya Nakagawa
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi Yamagata 990-8560 Japan
| | - Teppei Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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2
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Steen JS, de Vries F, Hjelm J, Otten E. Bipolar Verdazyl Radicals for Symmetrical Batteries: Properties and Stability in All States of Charge. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200779. [PMID: 36317641 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries based on organic electrolytes are promising energy storage devices, but stable long-term cycling is often difficult to achieve. Bipolar organic charge-storage materials allow the construction of symmetrical flow batteries (i. e., with identical electrolyte composition on both sides), which is a strategy to mitigate crossover-induced degradation. One such class of bipolar compounds are verdazyl radicals, but little is known on their stability/reactivity either as the neutral radical, or in the charged states. Here, we study the chemical properties of a Kuhn-type verdazyl radical (1) and the oxidized/reduced form (1+/- ). Chemical synthesis of the three redox-states provides spectroscopic characterization data, which are used as reference for evaluating the composition of the electrolyte solutions of an H-cell battery during/after cycling. Our data suggest that, rather than the charged states, the decomposition of the parent verdazyl radical is responsible for capacity fade. Kinetic experiments and DFT calculations provide insight in the decomposition mechanism, which is shown to occur by bimolecular disproportionation to form two closed-shell products (leuco-verdazyl 1H and triazole derivative 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelte S Steen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert de Vries
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Hjelm
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage (DTU Energy), Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Building 310, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Edwin Otten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Tariq M, Jan S, Sarfaraz S, Muhammad S, Ayub K. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding of alcohols with dinitrobenzene radical anion and dianion: A combined electrochemical and DFT study. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 118:108358. [PMID: 36327685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding is one of the most important inter-molecular interactions in the field of biochemistry and medicinal chemistry. Such non-covalent interactions play a vital role in self-assembly phenomena, chemical structures, material properties and enzymatic catalysis. Herein, we present hydrogen bonding phenomenon in alcohols-dinitrobenzene (DNB) radical anion/dianion systems using electrochemical and computational approaches. First, 1,3-DNB radical anion and dianion were generated through electrochemical method and then hydrogen bonding interactions with aliphatic alcohols in DMSO are studied through cyclic voltammetry (CV). CV results show that the cathodic peak potential of 1,3-Dinitrobenzene in Dimethyl sulfoxide is shifted catholically upon addition of alcohols which represent hydrogen bonding phenomenon. Theoretical investigations are performed to gain deep insight on hydrogen bonding interaction strength in DNB-alcohol systems. H-bonding interaction of all isomers of DNB (1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-), its corresponding radical anion, and dianion with aliphatic alcohols is studied using density functional calculations. The strength of H-bonding is evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively using interaction energies, vibrational and electronic spectroscopic analysis. Understanding of these interactions will be helpful in gaining insight into biological systems where these interactions play significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariq
- National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Safeer Jan
- National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Sarfaraz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan.
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4
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Zhang L, Li N, Chen Z, Li X, Fan A, Shao H. Investigating the substitution of intermolecular hydrogen bonds on the surface of self-assembled monolayer by scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Webster RD. Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Oxidized Intermediate Forms of Vitamin E. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196194. [PMID: 36234726 PMCID: PMC9571374 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E, a collection of lipophilic phenolic compounds based on chroman-6-ol, has a rich and fascinating oxidative chemistry involving a range of intermediate forms, some of which are proposed to be important in its biological functions. In this review, the available electrochemical and spectroscopic data on these oxidized intermediates are summarized, along with a discussion on how their lifetimes and chemical stability are either typical of similar phenolic and chroman-6-ol derived compounds, or atypical and unique to the specific oxidized isomeric form of vitamin E. The overall electrochemical oxidation mechanism for vitamin E can be summarized as involving the loss of two-electrons and one-proton, although the electron transfer and chemical steps can be controlled to progress along different pathways to prolong the lifetimes of discreet intermediates by modifying the experimental conditions (applied electrochemical potential, aqueous or non-aqueous solvent, and pH). Depending on the environment, the electrochemical reactions can involve single electron transfer (SET), proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), as well as homogeneous disproportionation and comproportionation steps. The intermediate species produced via chemical or electrochemical oxidation include phenolates, phenol cation radicals, phenoxyl neutral radicals, dications, diamagnetic cations (phenoxeniums) and para–quinone methides. The cation radicals of all the tocopherols are atypically long-lived compared to the cation radicals of other phenols, due to their relatively weak acidity. The diamagnetic cation derived from α–tocopherol is exceptionally long-lived compared to the diamagnetic cations from the other β–, γ– and δ–isomers of vitamin E and compared with other phenoxenium cations derived from phenolic compounds. In contrast, the lifetime of the phenoxyl radical derived from α–tocopherol, which is considered to be critical in biological reactions, is typical for what is expected for a compound with its structural features. Over longer times via hydrolysis reactions, hydroxy para–quinone hemiketals and quinones can be formed from the oxidized intermediates, which can themselves undergo reduction processes to form intermediate anion radicals and dianions. Methods for generating the oxidized intermediates by chemical, photochemical and electrochemical methods are discussed, along with a summary of how the final products vary depending on the method used for oxidation. Since the intermediates mainly only survive in solution, they are most often monitored using UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR or Raman spectroscopies, and EPR spectroscopy, with the spectroscopic techniques sometimes combined with fast photoinitiated excitation and time-resolved spectroscopy for detection of short-lived species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Webster
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore;
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Clean Tech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
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6
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Li Y, Wei Y, Zhang W. Oxidation behavior of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) and its electrocatalytic ability toward benzyl alcohol: Proton acceptor effect. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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7
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Zhang K, Kwabena AS, Wang N, Lu Y, Cao Y, Luan Y, Liu T, Peng H, Gu X, Xu W. Electrochemical assays for the detection of TBBPA in plastic products based on rGO/AgNDs nanocomposites and molecularly imprinted polymers. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Paul DK, Meng K, Omanovic D, Alvarez JC. Hydrogen Bonding and Proton Transfer in Aqueous Toluene Microdroplets Studied by Particle Collision Electrochemistry. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K. Paul
- Department of ChemistryVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA, 23284
| | - Kejie Meng
- Department of ChemistryVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA, 23284
| | - Dario Omanovic
- Department of Marine and Environmental ResearchRuder Boskovic Institute Zagreb Croatia
| | - Julio C. Alvarez
- Department of ChemistryVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA, 23284
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Zhang XP, Jiang WL, Cao SH, Sun HJ, You XQ, Cai SH, Wang JL, Zhao CS, Wang X, Chen Z, Sun SG. NMR spectroelectrochemistry in studies of hydroquinone oxidation by polyaniline thin films. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Kuzmin SM, Chulovskaya SA, Tesakova MV, Semeikin AS, Parfenyuk VI. Solvent and electrode influence on electrochemical forming of poly-Fe(III)-aminophenylporphyrin films. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424617500559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fe(III)-complexes of amino-substituted tetraphenylporphyrins obtained from solutions in organic solvents: dichloromethane, ethanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide have been electropolymerized. The solvents’ effects on deposition and surface morphology of the obtained polyporphyrin film have been determined. It is only possible to obtain a polyporphyrin film from DMSO solutions through electrochemical activation of electropolymerization by a superoxide anion radical (O[Formula: see text]. The activation effect of the dissolved oxygen becomes evident in porphyrin interaction with the superoxide anion radical (O[Formula: see text] that is synthesized in DMSO thanks to the quasi-reversible redox process. The size of particles forming the film is lowest when the film is deposited from DMSO and highest when it is deposited from dichloromethane. Therefore, the ratio of polyporphyrin phase grain growth rate to the nucleation rate has the highest value when the film is deposited from dichloromethane. Such films have the most developed surfaces, while those deposited from ethanol are the smoothest. If the film is deposited on an ITO-electrode, the particles forming the surface are a little larger than in the case of deposition on Pt, which is explained by a slower nucleation on the ITO surface. FeClT([Formula: see text]-NH2Ph)P-based films obtained from ethanol and dichloromethane have negative photo-EMF values, which indicates that the [Formula: see text]-type films have semiconductor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M. Kuzmin
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of RAS, Akademicheskaya St., 1, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia
- Ivanovo State Power Engineering University, Rabfakovskaya St., 34, Ivanovo, 153003, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Chulovskaya
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of RAS, Akademicheskaya St., 1, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia
| | - Mariya V. Tesakova
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of RAS, Akademicheskaya St., 1, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia
| | - Aleksandr S. Semeikin
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevsky Prospekt, 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
| | - Vladimir I. Parfenyuk
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of RAS, Akademicheskaya St., 1, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia
- Kostroma State University, Dzerzhinskogo St., 17, Kostroma, 156005, Russia
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11
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Martínez-Cifuentes M, Cardona W, Saitz C, Weiss-López B, Araya-Maturana R. A Study about Regioisomeric Hydroquinones with Multiple Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040593. [PMID: 28387716 PMCID: PMC6153943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A theoretical exploration about hydrogen bonding in a series of synthetic regioisomeric antitumor tricyclic hydroquinones is presented. The stabilization energy for the intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB) formation in four structurally different situations were evaluated: (a) IHB between the proton of a phenolic hydroxyl group and an ortho-carbonyl group (forming a six-membered ring); (b) between the oxygen atom of a phenolic hydroxyl group and the proton of an hydroxyalkyl group (seven membered ring); (c) between the proton of a phenolic hydroxyl group with the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl group of a hydroxyalkyl moiety (seven-membered ring); and (d) between the proton of a phenolic hydroxyl group and an oxygen atom directly bonded to the aromatic ring in ortho position (five-membered ring). A conformational analysis for the rotation around the hydroxyalkyl substituent is also performed. It is observed that there is a correspondence between the conformational energies and the IHB. The strongest intramolecular hydrogen bonds are those involving a phenolic proton and a carbonyl oxygen atom, forming a six-membered ring, and the weakest are those involving a phenolic proton with the oxygen atom of the chromenone, forming five-membered rings. Additionally, the synthesis and structural assignment of two pairs of regioisomeric hydroquinones, by 2D-NMR experiments, are reported. These results can be useful in the design of biologically-active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Martínez-Cifuentes
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, Casilla 9845, Santiago 8940577, Chile.
| | - Wilson Cardona
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano 4300866, Chile.
| | - Claudio Saitz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Casilla 233, Santiago 8380494, Chile.
| | - Boris Weiss-López
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago 7800003, Chile.
| | - Ramiro Araya-Maturana
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Av. Lircay s/n, Casilla 747, Talca 3460000, Chile.
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12
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Cao SH, Ni ZR, Huang L, Sun HJ, Tang B, Lin LJ, Huang YQ, Zhou ZY, Sun SG, Chen Z. In Situ Monitoring Potential-Dependent Electrochemical Process by Liquid NMR Spectroelectrochemical Determination: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3810-3813. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Hui Cao
- Department
of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma
and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zu-Rong Ni
- Department
of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma
and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Long Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Sun
- Department
of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma
and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Biao Tang
- Department
of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma
and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Jie Lin
- Department
of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma
and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qing Huang
- Department
of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma
and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-You Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department
of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma
and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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