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Gupta B, Kepros B, Landgraf JB, Becker MF, Li W, Purcell EK, Siegenthaler JR. All-Diamond Boron-Doped Microelectrodes for Neurochemical Sensing with Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.07.606919. [PMID: 39211237 PMCID: PMC11360963 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.07.606919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Neurochemical sensing with implantable devices has gained remarkable attention over the last few decades. A promising area of this research is the progress of novel electrodes as electrochemical tools for neurotransmitter detection in the brain. The boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode is one such candidate that previously has been reported for its excellent electrochemical properties, including a wide working potential, superior chemical inertness and mechanical stability, good biocompatibility and resistance to fouling. Meanwhile, limited research has been conducted on the BDD as a microelectrode for neurochemical detection. Our team has developed a freestanding, all diamond microelectrode consisting of a boron-doped polycrystalline diamond core, encapsulated in an insulating polycrystalline diamond shell, with a cleaved planar tip for electrochemical sensing. This all-diamond electrode is advantageous due to its - (1) batch fabrication using wafer technology that eliminates traditional hand fabrication errors and inconsistencies, (2) absence of metal-based wires, or foundations, to improve biocompatibility and flexibility, and (3) sp 3 carbon surface with resistance to biofouling, i.e. adsorption of proteins or unwanted molecules at the electrode surface in a biological environment that impedes overall electrode performance. Here, we provide findings on further in vitro testing and development of the freestanding boron-doped diamond microelectrode (BDDME) for neurotransmitter detection using fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). In this report, we elaborate on - 1) an updated fabrication scheme and work flow to generate all diamond BDDMEs, 2) slow scan cyclic voltammetry measurements of reference and target analytes to understand basic electrochemical behavior of the electrode, and 3) FSCV characterization of common neurotransmitters, and overall favorability of serotonin (5-HT) detection. The BDDME showed a 2-fold increased FSCV response for 5-HT in comparison to dopamine (DA), with a limit of detection of 0.16 µM for 5-HT and 0.26 µM for DA. These results are intended to expand on the development of the next generation BDDME and guide future in vivo experiments, adding to the growing body of literature on implantable devices for neurochemical sensing.
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Pandey PC, Shukla S, Pandey G, Narayan RJ. Nanostructured diamond for biomedical applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:132001. [PMID: 33307540 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abd2e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured forms of diamond have been recently considered for use in a variety of medical devices due to their unusual biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, hardness, wear resistance, and electrical properties. This review considers several routes for the synthesis of nanostructured diamond, including chemical vapor deposition, hot filament chemical vapor deposition, microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, radio frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, and detonation synthesis. The properties of nanostructured diamond relevant to medical applications are described, including biocompatibility, surface modification, and cell attachment properties. The use of nanostructured diamond for bone cell interactions, stem cell interactions, imaging applications, gene therapy applications, and drug delivery applications is described. The results from recent studies indicate that medical devices containing nanostructured diamond can provide improved functionality over existing materials for the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem C Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Shubhangi Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Govind Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, King George Medical University, Lucknow-226003, India
| | - Roger J Narayan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
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Brycht M, Baluchová S, Taylor A, Mortet V, Sedláková S, Klimša L, Kopeček J, Schwarzová-Pecková K. Comparison of electrochemical performance of various boron-doped diamond electrodes: Dopamine sensing in biomimicking media used for cell cultivation. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 137:107646. [PMID: 32957020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemically inert and biocompatible boron-doped diamond (BDD) has been successfully used in neuroscience for sensitive neurochemicals sensing and/or as a growth substrate for neurons. In this study, several types of BDD differing in (i) fabrication route, i.e. conventional microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (MW-PECVD) reactor vs. MW-PECVD with linear antenna delivery system, (ii) morphology, i.e. planar vs. porous BDD, and (iii) surface treatment, i.e. H-terminated (H-BDDs) vs. O-terminated (O-BDDs), were characterized from a morphological, structural, and electrochemical point of view. Further, planar and porous BDD-based electrodes were tested for sensing of dopamine in common biomimicking environments of pH 7.4, namely phosphate buffer (PB) and HEPES buffered saline (HBS). In HBS, potential windows are narrowed due to electrooxidation of its buffering component (i.e. HEPES), however, dopamine sensing in HBS is possible. H-BDDs (both planar and porous) outperformed O-BDDs as they provided clearer dopamine signals with higher peak currents. As expected, due to its enlarged surface area and increased sp2 content, the highest sensitivity and lowest detection limits of 8 × 10-8 mol L-1 and 6 × 10-8 mol L-1 in PB and HBS media, respectively, were achieved by square-wave voltammetry on porous H-BDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Brycht
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Simona Baluchová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew Taylor
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Mortet
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic; Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Sítná Sq. 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Sedláková
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Klimša
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Kopeček
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Schwarzová-Pecková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Lin MH, Mehraeen S, Cheng G, Rusinek C, Chaplin BP. Role of Near-Electrode Solution Chemistry on Bacteria Attachment and Poration at Low Applied Potentials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:446-455. [PMID: 31793293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This research investigated mechanisms for biofouling control at boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode surfaces polarized at low applied potentials (e.g., -0.2 to 1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl), using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model organism. Results indicated that electrostatic interactions between bacteria and ionic electrode functional groups facilitated bacteria attachment at the open-circuit potential (OCP). However, under polarization, the applied potential governed these electrostatic interactions and electrochemical reactions resulted in surface bubble formation and near-surface pH modulation that decreased surface attachment under anodic conditions. The poration of the attached bacteria occurred at OCP conditions and increased with the applied potential. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) provided near-surface pH and oxidant formation measurements under anodic and cathodic polarizations. The near-surface pH was 3.1 at 1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl and 8.0 at -0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl and was possibly a contributor to bacteria poration. Interpretation of SECM data using a reactive transport model allowed for a better understanding of the near-electrode chemistry. Under cathodic conditions, the primary oxidant formed was H2O2, and under anodic conditions, a combination of H2O2, Cl•, HO2•, Cl2•-, and Cl2 formations likely contributed to bacteria poration at potentials as low as 0.5 V vs Ag/AgCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 945 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Shafigh Mehraeen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 945 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 945 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Cory Rusinek
- MSU-Fraunhofer Center for Coatings and Diamond Technologies, 1449 Engineering Research Court, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Brian P Chaplin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 945 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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Application of unmodified boron-doped diamond electrode for determination of dopamine and paracetamol. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Yang N, Yu S, Macpherson JV, Einaga Y, Zhao H, Zhao G, Swain GM, Jiang X. Conductive diamond: synthesis, properties, and electrochemical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:157-204. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00757d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes systematically the growth, properties, and electrochemical applications of conductive diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianjun Yang
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
| | - Siyu Yu
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
| | | | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Hongying Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | | | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
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Cobb SJ, Ayres ZJ, Macpherson JV. Boron Doped Diamond: A Designer Electrode Material for the Twenty-First Century. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:463-484. [PMID: 29579405 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron doped diamond (BDD) is continuing to find numerous electrochemical applications across a diverse range of fields due to its unique properties, such as having a wide solvent window, low capacitance, and reduced resistance to fouling and mechanical robustness. In this review, we showcase the latest developments in the BDD electrochemical field. These are driven by a greater understanding of the relationship between material (surface) properties, required electrochemical performance, and improvements in synthetic growth/fabrication procedures, including material postprocessing. This has resulted in the production of BDD structures with the required function and geometry for the application of interest, making BDD a truly designer material. Current research areas range from in vivo bioelectrochemistry and neuronal/retinal stimulation to improved electroanalysis, advanced oxidation processes, supercapacitors, and the development of hybrid electrochemical-spectroscopic- and temperature-based technology aimed at enhancing electrochemical performance and understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Cobb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; ,
- Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
| | - Zoe J Ayres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Julie V Macpherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; ,
- Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
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Ensch M, Maldonado VY, Swain GM, Rechenberg R, Becker MF, Schuelke T, Rusinek CA. Isatin Detection Using a Boron-Doped Diamond 3-in-1 Sensing Platform. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1951-1958. [PMID: 29298039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is a promising electrochemical tool that exhibits excellent chemical sensitivity and stability. These intrinsic advantages coupled with the material's vast microfabrication flexibility make BDD an attractive sensing device. In this study, two different 3-in-1 BDD electrode sensors were fabricated, characterized, and investigated for their capability to detect isatin, an anxiogenic indole that possesses anticonvulsant activity. Each device was comprised of a working, reference, and auxiliary electrode, all made of BDD. Two different working electrode geometries were studied, a 2 mm diameter macroelectrode (MAC) and a microelectrode array (MEA). The BDD quasi-reference electrode was studied by measuring its potential against a traditional Ag/AgCl reference electrode. While the potential shifted as a function of solution pH, a miniscule potential drift was observed when holding the solution pH constant. Specifically, the BDD quasi-reference electrode had a potential of -0.2 V (vs Ag/AgCl) in a pH 7 solution, and this remained stable for a 30-h time period. For the detection of isatin, solutions were analyzed using both sensors in pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Using the MEA sensor, the limit of detection (LOD, (3σ)/m) for isatin was found to be 0.04 μM; an increase to 0.22 μM was observed with the MAC sensor. These results were compared to those obtained from UV-vis spectrophotometry, where a 0.57 μM LOD was observed. The feasibility for use in a complex sample matrix was also examined by completing measurements in urine simulant. The results presented herein indicate that both 3-in-1 BDD sensors are applicable at low limits of detection with potential application as an electrochemical detector for chromatographic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ensch
- Fraunhofer USA, Inc. Center for Coatings and Diamond Technologies, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States.,Michigan State University , Department of Chemical Engineering, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
| | - Vanessa Y Maldonado
- Escuela Politecnica Nacional (EPN) , Department of Chemical Engineering, Quito, 170517, Ecuador.,Michigan State University , Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
| | - Greg M Swain
- Michigan State University , Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
| | - Robert Rechenberg
- Fraunhofer USA, Inc. Center for Coatings and Diamond Technologies, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
| | - Michael F Becker
- Fraunhofer USA, Inc. Center for Coatings and Diamond Technologies, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
| | - Thomas Schuelke
- Fraunhofer USA, Inc. Center for Coatings and Diamond Technologies, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States.,Michigan State University , Department of Chemical Engineering, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States.,Michigan State University , Department Electrical and Computer Engineering, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
| | - Cory A Rusinek
- Fraunhofer USA, Inc. Center for Coatings and Diamond Technologies, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
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