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Wachta I, Balasubramanian K. Electroanalytical Strategies for Local pH Sensing at Solid-Liquid Interfaces and Biointerfaces. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 39231377 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Obtaining analytical information about chemical species at interfaces is fundamentally important to improving our understanding of chemical reactions and biological processes. pH at solid-liquid interfaces is found to deviate from the bulk solution value, for example, in electrocatalytic reactions at surfaces or during the corrosion of metals. Also, in the vicinity of living cells, metabolic reactions or cellular responses cause changes in pH at the extracellular interface. In this review, we collect recent progress in the development of sensors with the capability to detect pH at or close to solid-liquid and bio interfaces, with spatial and time resolution. After the two main principles of pH detection are presented, the different classes of molecules and materials that are used as active components in these sensors are described. The review then focuses on the reported electroanalytical techniques for local pH sensing. As application examples, we discuss model studies that exploit local pH sensing in the area of electrocatalysis, corrosion, and cellular interfaces. We conclude with a discussion of key challenges for wider use of this analytical approach, which shows promise to improve the mechanistic understanding of reactions and processes at realistic interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Wachta
- Department of Chemistry and School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kannan Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry and School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Zhang H, Yuan HR, Zhu ZJ, Zhang QH, Bai YH, Wang JY, Cao FH. A highly sensitive, long-time stable Ag/AgCl ultra-micro sensor for in situ monitoring chloride ions inside the crevice using SECM. Talanta 2024; 274:126026. [PMID: 38604039 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Tracking the variation of Cl- timely within the crevice is of great significance for comprehending the dynamic mechanism of crevice corrosion. The reported chloride ion selective electrodes are difficult to realize the long-time Cl- detection inside the confined crevice, due to their millimeter size or a relative limited lifespan. For this purpose, an Ag/AgCl ultra-micro sensor (UMS) with a radius of 12.5 μm was fabricated and optimized using laser drawing and electrodeposition techniques. Results show the AgCl film's structure is significantly impacted by the deposited current density, and further affects the linear response, life span and stability of Ag/AgCl UMS. The UMS prepared at current density of 0.1 mA/cm2 for 2 h shows a rapid response (several seconds), excellent stability and reproducibility, strong acid/alkali tolerance, sufficient linearity (R2 > 0.99), and long lifespan (86 days). Moreover, combined with the potentiometric mode of scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM), the Ag/AgCl UMS was successfully applied to monitor the in-situ radial Cl- concentration in micro-regions inside a 100 μm gap of stainless steel. The findings demonstrated that there was obvious radial difference in Cl- concentration inside the crevice, where the fastest rise in Cl- concentration was at the opening. The proposed method which combines the UMS with SECM has attractive practical applications for microzone Cl- monitoring in real time inside crevice. It may further promote the study of other localized corrosion mechanism and the development of microzone ions detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Hao-Ran Yuan
- School of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Ze-Jie Zhu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China.
| | - Qin-Hao Zhang
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Yi-Han Bai
- School of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Jiang-Ying Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Fa-He Cao
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, PR China.
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3
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Zhang M, Hua H, Dai P, He Z, Han L, Tang P, Yang J, Lin P, Zhang Y, Zhan D, Chen J, Qiao Y, Li CC, Zhao J, Yang Y. Dynamically Interfacial pH-Buffering Effect Enabled by N-Methylimidazole Molecules as Spontaneous Proton Pumps toward Highly Reversible Zinc-Metal Anodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208630. [PMID: 36739482 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc-metal batteries have attracted extensive attention due to their outstanding merits of high safety and low cost. However, the intrinsic thermodynamic instability of zinc in aqueous electrolyte inevitably results in hydrogen evolution, and the consequent generation of OH- at the interface will dramatically exacerbate the formation of dead zinc and dendrites. Herein, a dynamically interfacial pH-buffering strategy implemented by N-methylimidazole (NMI) additive is proposed to remove the detrimental OH- at zinc/electrolyte interface in real-time, thus eliminating the accumulation of by-products fundamentally. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and molecular dynamics simulation results reveal the existence of an interfacial absorption layer assembled by NMI and protonated NMI (NMIH+ ), which acts as an ion pump for replenishing the interface with protons constantly. Moreover, an in situ interfacial pH detection method with micro-sized spatial resolution based on the ultra-microelectrode technology is developed to probe the pH evolution in diffusion layer, confirming the stabilized interfacial chemical environment in NMI-containing electrolyte. Accordingly, with the existence of NMI, an excellent cumulative plating capacity of 4.2 Ah cm-2 and ultrahigh Coulombic efficiency of 99.74% are realized for zinc electrodes. Meanwhile, the NMI/NMIH+ buffer additive can accelerate the dissolution/deposition process of MnO2 /Mn2+ on the cathode, leading to enhanced cycling capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Zhang
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Hua
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Pengpeng Dai
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zheng He
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lianhuan Han
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Peiwen Tang
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jin Yang
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Pengxiang Lin
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dongping Zhan
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jianken Chen
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yu Qiao
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jinbao Zhao
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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4
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SECM investigation on pH changes in cellular environment induced by caffeine. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Al-Jeda M, Mena-Morcillo E, Chen A. Micro-Sized pH Sensors Based on Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2143. [PMID: 36557442 PMCID: PMC9785626 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring pH changes at the micro/nano scale is essential to gain a fundamental understanding of surface processes. Detection of local pH changes at the electrode/electrolyte interface can be achieved through the use of micro-/nano-sized pH sensors. When combined with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), these sensors can provide measurements with high spatial resolution. This article reviews the state-of-the-art design and fabrication of micro-/nano-sized pH sensors, as well as their applications based on SECM. Considerations for selecting sensing probes for use in biological studies, corrosion science, in energy applications, and for environmental research are examined. Different types of pH sensitive probes are summarized and compared. Finally, future trends and emerging applications of micro-/nano-sized pH sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aicheng Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 54764)
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Uses of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) for the Characterization with Spatial and Chemical Resolution of Thin Surface Layers and Coating Systems Applied on Metals: A Review. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12050637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) is increasingly used in the study and characterization of thin surface films as well as organic and inorganic coatings applied on metals for the collection of spatially- and chemically-resolved information on the localized reactions related to material degradation processes. The movement of a microelectrode (ME) in close proximity to the interface under study allows the application of various experimental procedures that can be classified into amperometric and potentiometric operations depending on either sensing faradaic currents or concentration distributions resulting from the corrosion process. Quantitative analysis can be performed using the ME signal, thus revealing different sample properties and/or the influence of the environment and experimental variables that can be observed on different length scales. In this way, identification of the earlier stages for localized corrosion initiation, the adsorption and formation of inhibitor layers, monitoring of water and specific ions uptake by intact polymeric coatings applied on metals for corrosion protection as well as lixiviation, and detection of coating swelling—which constitutes the earlier stages of blistering—have been successfully achieved. Unfortunately, despite these successful applications of SECM for the characterization of surface layers and coating systems applied on metallic materials, we often find in the scientific literature insufficient or even inadequate description of experimental conditions related to the reliability and reproducibility of SECM data for validation. This review focuses specifically on these features as a continuation of a previous review describing the applications of SECM in this field.
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Dasque A, Gressier M, Menu MJ, Taberna PL. Fabrication of a pH microsensor for local pH measurement during chromium electrodeposition from a trivalent chromium-based electrolyte. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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8
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Versatile, low-cost, non-toxic potentiometric pH-sensors based on niobium. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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9
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Lv J, Yue QX, Ding R, Li WH, Wang X, Gui TJ, Zhao XD. Intelligent anti-corrosion and corrosion detection coatings based on layered supramolecules intercalated by fluorescent off-on probes. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Helú MAB, Liu L. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) based 3D printing of microelectrodes and multi-electrode probes. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Cremin K, Jones BA, Teahan J, Meloni GN, Perry D, Zerfass C, Asally M, Soyer OS, Unwin PR. Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy Reveals Differences in the Ionic Environments of Gram-Positive and Negative Bacteria. Anal Chem 2020; 92:16024-16032. [PMID: 33241929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the use of scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) to locally map the ionic properties and charge environment of two live bacterial strains: the Gram-negative Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis. SICM results find heterogeneities across the bacterial surface and significant differences among the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The bioelectrical environment of the B. subtilis was found to be considerably more negatively charged compared to E. coli. SICM measurements, fitted to a simplified finite element method (FEM) model, revealed surface charge values of -80 to -140 mC m-2 for the Gram-negative E. coli. The Gram-positive B. subtilis show a much higher conductivity around the cell wall, and surface charge values between -350 and -450 mC m-2 were found using the same simplified model. SICM was also able to detect regions of high negative charge near B. subtilis, not detected in the topographical SICM response and attributed to the extracellular polymeric substance. To further explore how the B. subtilis cell wall structure can influence the SICM current response, a more comprehensive FEM model, accounting for the physical properties of the Gram-positive cell wall, was developed. The new model provides a more realistic description of the cell wall and allows investigation of the relation between its key properties and SICM currents, building foundations to further investigate and improve understanding of the Gram-positive cellular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Cremin
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training (MAS CDT), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Bryn A Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - James Teahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training (MAS CDT), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Christian Zerfass
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Munehiro Asally
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Orkun S Soyer
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Bio-Electrical Engineering Innovation Hub, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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Zhu Z, Zhang Q, Liu P, Zhang J, Cao F. Quasi-simultaneous electrochemical/chemical imaging of local Fe2+ and pH distributions on 316 L stainless steel surface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zdrachek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Huang L, Li Z, Lou Y, Cao F, Zhang D, Li X. Recent Advances in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Biological Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1389. [PMID: 30096895 PMCID: PMC6119995 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a chemical microscopy technique with high spatial resolution for imaging sample topography and mapping specific chemical species in liquid environments. With the development of smaller, more sensitive ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) and more precise computer-controlled measurements, SECM has been widely used to study biological systems over the past three decades. Recent methodological breakthroughs have popularized SECM as a tool for investigating molecular-level chemical reactions. The most common applications include monitoring and analyzing the biological processes associated with enzymatic activity and DNA, and the physiological activity of living cells and other microorganisms. The present article first introduces the basic principles of SECM, followed by an updated review of the applications of SECM in biological studies on enzymes, DNA, proteins, and living cells. Particularly, the potential of SECM for investigating bacterial and biofilm activities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Huang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ziyu Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuntian Lou
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fahe Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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Quantitative analysis of the polarization behavior of iron in an aerated acidic solution using SECM. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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