1
|
Zeng H, Li C, Dan Y, Lu Y, Sun W, Zhang S, Song Y. A comparative study of two-step anodization with one-step anodization at constant voltage. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 34:065603. [PMID: 34749349 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac3788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-step anodization has been widely used because it can produce highly self-organized anodic TiO2nanotubes, but the differences in morphology and current-time curve of one-step anodization and two-step anodization are rarely reported. Here, one-step anodization and two-step anodization were conducted at different voltages. By comparing the FESEM image of anodic TiO2nanotubes fabricated by one-step anodization and two-step anodization, it was found that the variation of morphology characteristics is same with voltage. The distinction of morphology and current-time curve between one-step anodization and two-step anodization at the same voltage were analyzed: the nanotube average growth rate and porosity of two-step anodization are greater than that of one-step anodization. In the current-time curve, the duration of stage I and stage II in two-step anodization are significantly shorter than one-step anodization. The traditional field-assisted dissolution theory cannot explain the three stages of the current-time curves and their physics meaning under different voltages in the same fluoride electrolyte. Here, the distinction between one-step anodization and two-step anodization was clarified successfully by the theories of ionic current and electronic current and oxygen bubble mould.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huipeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, NanJing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, NanJing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Dan
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, NanJing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Yishan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, NanJing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Sun
- Jiangsu Urban and Rural Construction College, Changzhou 213147, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Urban and Rural Construction College, Changzhou 213147, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Song
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, NanJing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nirmal KA, Nhivekar GS, Khot AC, Dongale TD, Kim TG. Unraveling the Effect of the Water Content in the Electrolyte on the Resistive Switching Properties of Self-Assembled One-Dimensional Anodized TiO 2 Nanotubes. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7870-7880. [PMID: 35979996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The applied potential, time, and water content are crucial factors in the electrochemical anodization process because the growth of one-dimensional nanotubes can be accelerated by enhancing the corrosive effect. We investigated the effect of the water content on the resistive switching (RS) properties of Ti foils by anodizing the foils and varying the water content in an electrolyte (1-10 vol %). By increasing the water content, we facilitated a slow transition from nanopores to nanotubes and realized an increase in the tube wall diameter and tube length. All of the fabricated memristive devices exhibited a reliable and reproducible bipolar resistive switching effect. The optimized device exhibited bipolar RS properties with good dc endurance (104 cycles) and data retention capability (105 s). Our results suggest that as the water content increases to 5 vol %, the RS process improves; further increases in the water content impair the RS process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran A Nirmal
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh S Nhivekar
- Department of Electronics, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara 415 001, India
| | - Atul C Khot
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tukaram D Dongale
- Computational Electronics and Nanoscience Research Laboratory, School of Nanoscience and Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416 004, India
| | - Tae Geun Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kouao DS, Grochowska K, Siuzdak K. The Anodization of Thin Titania Layers as a Facile Process towards Semitransparent and Ordered Electrode Material. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1131. [PMID: 35407248 PMCID: PMC9000737 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoanodes consisting of titania nanotubes (TNTs) grown on transparent conductive oxides (TCO) by anodic oxidation are being widely investigated as a low-cost alternative to silicon-based materials, e.g., in solar light-harvesting applications. Intending to enhance the optical properties of those photoanodes, the modification of the surface chemistry or control of the geometrical characteristics of developed TNTs has been explored. In this review, the recent advancement in light-harvesting properties of transparent anodic TNTs formed onto TCO is summarized. The physical deposition methods such as magnetron sputtering, pulsed laser deposition and electron beam evaporation are the most reported for the deposition of Ti film onto TCO, which are subsequently anodized. A concise description of methods utilized to improve the adhesion of the deposited film and achieve TNT layers without cracks and delamination after the anodization is outlined. Then, the different models describing the formation mechanism of anodic TNTs are discussed with particular focus on the impact of the deposited Ti film thickness on the adhesion of TNTs. Finally, the effects of the modifications of both the surface chemistry and morphological features of materials on their photocatalyst and photovoltaic performances are discussed. For each section, experimental results obtained by different research groups are evoked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dujearic-Stephane Kouao
- Centre for Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Science, Fiszera 14 St., 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.G.); (K.S.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu H, Chen J, Zhang S, Yu Y, Wang S, Ye M. Effects of electrolyte composition on the growth and properties of titanium oxide nanotubes. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
5
|
Li C, Ni Y, Gong J, Song Y, Gong T, Zhu X. A review: research progress on the formation mechanism of porous anodic oxides. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:322-333. [PMID: 36132683 PMCID: PMC9417932 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00624j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the great development potential of porous anodic oxides (PAO) in many fields, research on their formation mechanisms, fabrication processes and applications has a history of more than ten years. Although compared with research on the fabrication processes and applications of PAO, research on their formation mechanisms started late, several mainstream theories have been formed in the academic community, including the field-assisted dissolution (FAD) theory, the field-assisted ejection (FAE) theory, the self-organization theory, the ionic and electronic current theory and the oxygen bubble mould effect. This review will focus on summarizing the core views of the mainstream mechanisms mentioned above and comparing the explanations for some of their classical experimental phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yilin Ni
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Jingjing Gong
- School of Design Art and Media, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ye Song
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Tianle Gong
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xufei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li P, Wang H, Ni Y, Song Y, Sun M, Gong T, Li C, Zhu X. Unraveling the six stages of the current-time curve and the bilayer nanotubes obtained by one-step anodization of Zr. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:582-589. [PMID: 36132686 PMCID: PMC9419485 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00692d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The application and growth mechanism of anodic TiO2 nanotubes have been a hot topic in the last ten years, but the formation mechanism of anodic ZrO2 nanotubes has rarely been studied. In one-step constant voltage anodization of Al and Ti, the typical current-time curve has three stages. Moreover, the current-time curves of the three stages can last for 10 min or even 10 hours, resulting in a single layer of nanotubes with the same diameter due to the constant voltage in one-step anodization. However, in this paper, it was found for the first time that the three stages of the current-time curve appeared twice in succession during one-step constant voltage anodization of Zr for only 900 seconds, and bilayer nanotubes with increased diameter were obtained. This six-stage current-time curve cannot be explained by classical field-assisted dissolution and field-assisted flow or stress-driven mechanisms. Here, the formation mechanism and growth kinetics of bilayer ZrO2 nanotubes have been clarified rationally by the theories of ionic current, electronic current and oxygen bubble mold. The interesting results presented in this paper are of great significance for revealing the anodizing process of various metals and the formation mechanism of porous structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengze Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yilin Ni
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ye Song
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ming Sun
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Tianle Gong
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Chengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xufei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gong T, Chen J, Fang P, Liu L, Li C, Han A, Song Y. Debunking the essential effect of temperature and voltage on the current curve and the nanotube morphology. RSC Adv 2021; 12:429-436. [PMID: 35424478 PMCID: PMC8978680 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06694c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation mechanism of anodic TiO2 nanotubes remains to be unclear till now. Many researchers study the influence of temperatures above 0 °C instead of below 0 °C. Few papers before have explained the relationship between the current-time curve and the morphology of the nanotubes. In this study, the innovative 'oxygen bubble model' and the ionic current and electronic current theories were introduced to explain the growth of nanotubes below 0 °C. The length of anodic TiO2 nanotubes at 15 °C, 0 °C, -10 °C were 1.28 μm, 0.93 μm and 0.21 μm, respectively, but the diameter of anodic TiO2 nanotubes was almost the same, at about 164 nm. When the temperature was low, the magnitude of electronic current and the ionic current was small, the mold effect was weak and nanotubes could not be formed. At the same time, this study shows that the dissolution reaction of the field-assisted solution theory has no electron gain or loss, and it has nothing to do with the current, which negates the field-assisted dissolution theory. A novel two-step anodization was used to verify the conclusion. It was found that nanotubes could be obtained when the anodizing current was decreasing or increasing. Also, ginseng-shaped nanotubes are formed at a particular voltage sequence. Based on the 'oxygen bubble model' and the ionic current and electronic current theories, the formation process of nanotubes of two-step anodization is explained clearly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Jieda Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Pengjin Fang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University Lianyungang 222005 China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University Lianyungang 222005 China
| | - Chengyuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Aijun Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ye Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Photoelectrochemical water oxidation in anodic TiO2 nanotubes array: Importance of mass transfer. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
9
|
Li P, Wang J, Liu L, Ma J, Ni Y, Wang H, Song Y. The effect of atmospheric pressure on the growth rate of TiO2 nanotubes: Evidence against the field-assisted dissolution theory. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
10
|
Gong T, Li C, Li X, Yue H, Zhu X, Zhao Z, Lv R, Zhu J. Evidence of oxygen bubbles forming nanotube embryos in porous anodic oxides. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4659-4668. [PMID: 36134301 PMCID: PMC9417053 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00389e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Anodic TiO2 nanotubes have been studied widely for two decades because of their regular tubular structures and extensive applications. However, the formation mechanism of anodic TiO2 nanotubes remains unclear, because it is difficult to find convincing evidence for popular field-assisted dissolution or field-assisted injection theories and the oxygen bubble model. Here, in a bid to find direct evidence that oxygen bubbles form nanotube embryos, a new method is applied to handle this challenge. Before nanotube formation, a dense cover layer was formed to make nanotubes grow more slowly. Many completely enclosed nanotube embryos formed by oxygen bubbles were found beneath the dense cover layer for the first time. The formation of these enclosed and hollow gourd-shaped embryos is convincing enough to prove that the nanotubes are formed by the oxygen bubble mold, similar to inflating a football, rather than by field-assisted dissolution. Based on the 'oxygen bubble model' and ionic current and electronic current theories, the formation and growth process of nanotube embryos is explained clearly for the first time. These interesting findings indicate that the 'oxygen bubble model' and ionic current and electronic current theories also apply to anodization of other metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Gong
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Chengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Hangyu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xufei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ziyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Renquan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Junwu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Debunking the formation mechanism of nanopores in four kinds of electrolytes without fluoride ion. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
12
|
|
13
|
Lu N, Zhang J, Dan Y, Sun M, Gong T, Li X, Zhu X. Growth of porous anodic TiO2 in silver nitrate solution without fluoride: Evidence against the field-assisted dissolution reactions of fluoride ions. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
14
|
Lan T, Xie X, Xu Q, Peng Q, Zhang L, Dong M. Current Regulation and Property Study of Porous Anodic Alumina Films with a Periodic Pore Structure. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:7988-7993. [PMID: 33817457 PMCID: PMC8014930 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Porous anodic alumina (PAA) films with periodically modulated pore diameters are prepared by cyclic anodization of Al in a 0.6 M H3PO4 solution at room temperature. Studies have demonstrated that the oscillating current signals have an important effect on the structures of PAA films. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the PAA film show that when the positive triangle wave current signal is applied, with the increase in the maximum current value, PAA gradually exhibits a symmetrically modulated pore diameter structure, and part of the pores generates slub-like branches. When the maximum current value is 60 mA, the effect of modulation on the pore diameter is the most obvious and the UV reflectance spectrum shows the lowest reflectivity. A sawtooth wave current signal will cause the generation of a V-shaped structure at the junction of adjacent oxide layers. This work provides important guidance for regulating the structure of PAA by changing the current signal.
Collapse
|