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Wang H, Jusys Z, Behm RJ, Abruña HD. A channel flow cell with double disk electrodes for oxygen electroreduction study at elevated temperatures and pressures: Theory. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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2
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Jusys Z, Behm RJ. The Effect of Anions and pH on the Activity and Selectivity of an Annealed Polycrystalline Au Film Electrode in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction-Revisited. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:3276-3288. [PMID: 31705610 PMCID: PMC6973112 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at a better understanding of correlations between the activity and selectivity of Au electrodes in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) under controlled transport conditions, we have investigated this reaction by combined electrochemical and in situ FTIR measurements, performed in a flow cell set‐up in an attenuated total reflection (ATR) configuration in acid and alkaline electrolytes. The formation of incomplete reduction products (hydrogen peroxyde/peroxyls) was detected by a collector electrode, the onset of OHad formation was probed by bulk CO oxidation. Using an electroless‐deposited, annealed Au film on a Si prism as working electrode and three different electrolytes for comparison (sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, sodium hydroxide solution), we could derive detailed information on the anion adsorption behavior, and could correlate this with the ORR characteristics. The data reveal pronounced effects of the anions and the pH on the ORR characteristics, indicated e. g., by a grossly different activity and selectivity for the 4‐electron pathway to water/hydroxyls, with the onset ranging from ca. 1.0 V in alkaline electrolyte to 0.6 V in sulfuric acid electrolyte, and the selectivity for the 4‐electron pathway ranging from 100 % (alkaline electrolyte, low overpotentials) to 40 % (acidic electrolytes, alkaline electrolyte at high overpotentials). In contrast, the effect of the ORR on the anion adsorption characteristics is small. Anion effects as well as correlations between anion adsorption and ORR are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenonas Jusys
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - R Jürgen Behm
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Zhang Q, Sayadi A, Pickup PG. Separation of kinetic and mass transport effects in the electrolysis of formic acid in a flow-through cell. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Görlin M, Ferreira de Araújo J, Schmies H, Bernsmeier D, Dresp S, Gliech M, Jusys Z, Chernev P, Kraehnert R, Dau H, Strasser P. Tracking Catalyst Redox States and Reaction Dynamics in Ni-Fe Oxyhydroxide Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts: The Role of Catalyst Support and Electrolyte pH. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2070-2082. [PMID: 28080038 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ni-Fe oxyhydroxides are the most active known electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolytes and are therefore of great scientific and technological importance in the context of electrochemical energy conversion. Here we uncover, investigate, and discuss previously unaddressed effects of conductive supports and the electrolyte pH on the Ni-Fe(OOH) catalyst redox behavior and catalytic OER activity, combining in situ UV-vis spectro-electrochemistry, operando electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), and in situ cryo X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Supports and pH > 13 strongly enhanced the precatalytic voltammetric charge of the Ni-Fe oxyhydroxide redox peak couple, shifted them more cathodically, and caused a 2-3-fold increase in the catalytic OER activity. Analysis of DEMS-based faradaic oxygen efficiency and electrochemical UV-vis traces consistently confirmed our voltammetric observations, evidencing both a more cathodic O2 release and a more cathodic onset of Ni oxidation at higher pH. Using UV-vis, which can monitor the amount of oxidized Ni+3/+4 in situ, confirmed an earlier onset of the redox process at high electrolyte pH and further provided evidence of a smaller fraction of Ni+3/+4 in mixed Ni-Fe centers, confirming the unresolved paradox of a reduced metal redox activity with increasing Fe content. A nonmonotonic super-Nernstian pH dependence of the redox peaks with increasing Fe content-displaying Pourbaix slopes as steep as -120 mV/pH-suggested a two proton-one electron transfer. We explain and discuss the experimental pH effects using refined coupled (PCET) and decoupled proton transfer-electron transfer (PT/ET) schemes involving negatively charged oxygenate ligands generated at Fe centers. Together, we offer new insight into the catalytic reaction dynamics and associated catalyst redox chemistry of the most important class of alkaline OER catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Görlin
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University of Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Free University of Berlin , Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Ferreira de Araújo
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University of Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrike Schmies
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University of Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Bernsmeier
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University of Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sören Dresp
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University of Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Gliech
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University of Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zenonas Jusys
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Petko Chernev
- Department of Physics, Free University of Berlin , Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Kraehnert
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University of Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Dau
- Department of Physics, Free University of Berlin , Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Strasser
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University of Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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Schnaidt J, Beckord S, Engstfeld AK, Klein J, Brimaud S, Behm RJ. A combined UHV-STM-flow cell set-up for electrochemical/electrocatalytic studies of structurally well-defined UHV prepared model electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:4166-4178. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Atomic scale structural characterization and electrochemical measurements under controlled electrolyte transport conditions are the basis for structure–activity relationships in nanostructured electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Schnaidt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- D-89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - S. Beckord
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- D-89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - A. K. Engstfeld
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- D-89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - J. Klein
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- D-89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - S. Brimaud
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- D-89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - R. J. Behm
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- D-89081 Ulm
- Germany
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Bondue C, Königshoven P, Baltruschat H. A New 2-Compartment Flow Through Cell for the Simultaneous Detection of Electrochemical Reaction Products by a Detection Electrode and Mass Spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gebauer C, Hoffmann D, Jusys Z, Behm RJ. Novel, Highly Conductive Pt/TiO2Thin-Film Model Catalyst Electrodes: The Role of Metal-Support Interactions. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gebauer
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Doris Hoffmann
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Zenonas Jusys
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - R. Jürgen Behm
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
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Temmel SE, Tschupp SA, Schmidt TJ. A highly flexible electrochemical flow cell designed for the use of model electrode materials on non-conventional substrates. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:045115. [PMID: 27131715 DOI: 10.1063/1.4947459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel electrochemical flow cell based on a wall-jet configuration to carry out electrochemical investigations under controlled mass transport conditions. The described setup can be applied for investigations similar to those performed with a common rotating disc electrode setup but allows the use of non-conductive and square substrates. This setup thus opens the possibility for the characterization of a new range of materials on a broad range of substrates. Cyclic voltammograms were recorded to assess the cleanliness and good saturation of the cell with inert gas. The performance of the flow cell regarding hydrodynamic experiments was evaluated by probing the oxygen reduction reaction on differently prepared platinum catalysts, including Pt on non-conductive substrates. The high reproducibility of the limiting currents for these samples demonstrates the good functionality, adaptability, and flexibility of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Temmel
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - S A Tschupp
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - T J Schmidt
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI 5232, Switzerland
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Reversible amorphization and the catalytically active state of crystalline Co3O4 during oxygen evolution. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8625. [PMID: 26456525 PMCID: PMC4633955 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Water splitting catalysed by earth-abundant materials is pivotal for global-scale production of non-fossil fuels, yet our understanding of the active catalyst structure and reactivity is still insufficient. Here we report on the structurally reversible evolution of crystalline Co3O4 electrocatalysts during oxygen evolution reaction identified using advanced in situ X-ray techniques. At electrode potentials facilitating oxygen evolution, a sub-nanometre shell of the Co3O4 is transformed into an X-ray amorphous CoOx(OH)y which comprises di-μ-oxo-bridged Co(3+/4+) ions. Unlike irreversible amorphizations, here, the formation of the catalytically-active layer is reversed by re-crystallization upon return to non-catalytic electrode conditions. The Co3O4 material thus combines the stability advantages of a controlled, stable crystalline material with high catalytic activity, thanks to the structural flexibility of its active amorphous oxides. We propose that crystalline oxides may be tailored for generating reactive amorphous surface layers at catalytic potentials, just to return to their stable crystalline state under rest conditions.
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Mizuguchi H, Shibuya K, Fuse A, Hamada T, Iiyama M, Tachibana K, Nishina T, Shida J. A dual-electrode flow sensor fabricated using track-etched microporous membranes. Talanta 2012; 96:168-73. [PMID: 22817945 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new dual-electrode flow sensor has been fabricated by piling the microporous membrane electrodes which have 7-10μm thickness. The electrode was prepared by sputtering of platinum onto both sides of the membrane filter which contain a smooth flat surface as well as cylindrical pores with uniform diameters. The electrolysis is performed when the sample solution flows through the membrane electrode, and a generated analyte on the first working electrode is instantaneously transported to the surface of second working electrode which is located at the downstream of the first one. In this case, the sample solution surely flows through the pores of the membrane filters. As the result, highly efficient electrolysis was achieved at each electrode, and the collection efficiency values as high as 100% were obtained in the wide range of flow rate. Good responses to the injections of sample solutions were also confirmed in the FIA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Mizuguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan.
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Wickman B, Seidel YE, Jusys Z, Kasemo B, Behm RJ. Fabrication of Pt/Ru nanoparticle pair arrays with controlled separation and their electrocatalytic properties. ACS NANO 2011; 5:2547-2558. [PMID: 21443165 DOI: 10.1021/nn1021692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at the investigation of spillover and transport effects in electrocatalytic reactions on bimetallic catalyst electrodes, we have prepared novel, nanostructured electrodes consisting of arrays of homogeneously distributed pairs of Pt and Ru nanodisks of uniform size and with controlled separation on planar glassy carbon substrates. The nanodisk arrays (disk diameter ≈ 60 nm) were fabricated by hole-mask colloidal lithography; the separation between pairs of Pt and Ru disks was varied from -25 nm (overlapping) via +25 nm to +50 nm. Morphology and (surface) composition of the Pt/Ru nanodisk arrays were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the electrochemical/electrocatalytic properties were explored by cyclic voltammetry, CO(ad) monolayer oxidation ("CO(ad) stripping"), and potentiodynamic hydrogen oxidation. Detailed analysis of the CO(ad) oxidation peaks revealed that on all bimetallic pairs these cannot be reproduced by superposition of the peaks obtained on electrodes with Pt/Pt or Ru/Ru pairs, pointing to effective Pt-Ru interactions even between rather distant pairs (50 nm). Possible reasons for this observation and its relevance for the understanding of previous reports of highly active catalysts with separate Pt and Ru nanoparticles are discussed. The results clearly demonstrate that this preparation method is perfectly suited for fabrication of planar model electrodes with well-defined arrays of bimetallic nanodisk pairs, which opens up new possibilities for model studies of electrochemical/electrocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Wickman
- Department of Applied Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Yang TH, Liao CY, Chang JL, Lien CH, Zen JM. A Simple Electrochemical Approach Based on Inexpensive Wall-Jet Screen-Printed Ring Disk Electrode to Evaluate Oxygen Reduction Catalysts. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200904696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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A thermostatic cell with gas diffusion electrode for oxygen reduction reaction under fuel cell relevant conditions. Electrochem commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Seidel YE, Schneider A, Jusys Z, Wickman B, Kasemo B, Behm RJ. Mesoscopic mass transport effects in electrocatalytic processes. Faraday Discuss 2009; 140:167-84; discussion 185-207. [DOI: 10.1039/b806437g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bonakdarpour A, Delacote C, Yang R, Wieckowski A, Dahn J. Loading of Se/Ru/C electrocatalyst on a rotating ring-disk electrode and the loading impact on a H2O2 release during oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Schneider A, Colmenares L, Seidel YE, Jusys Z, Wickman B, Kasemo B, Behm RJ. Transport effects in the oxygen reduction reaction on nanostructured, planar glassy carbon supported Pt/GC model electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:1931-43. [PMID: 18368186 DOI: 10.1039/b719775f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of transport and re-adsorption processes on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and in particular on its selectivity was studied using nanostructured model electrodes consisting of arrays of Pt nanostructures of well-defined size and separation on a planar glassy carbon (GC) substrate. The electrochemical measurements were performed under controlled transport conditions in a double-disk electrode thin-layer flow-cell configuration; the model electrodes were fabricated by colloidal lithography techniques, yielding Pt nanostructures of well defined and controlled size and density (diameter: 140 or 85 nm, height: 20 or 10 nm, separation: from 1-2 to more than 10 diameters). The nanostructured model electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical probing of the active surface area (via the hydrogen adsorption charge). The electrocatalytic measurements revealed a pronounced variation of the hydrogen peroxide yield, which increases by up to two orders of magnitude with increasing separation and decreasing size of the Pt nanostructures. Similar, though less pronounced effects were observed upon varying the electrolyte flow and thus the mass transport characteristics. These effects are discussed in a reaction model which includes (i) direct reduction to H(2)O on the Pt surface and (ii) additional H(2)O(2) formation and desorption on both Pt and carbon surfaces and subsequent partial re-adsorption and further reduction of the H(2)O(2) molecules on the Pt surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schneider
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, D-89069, Ulm, Germany
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Fuhrmann J, Zhao H, Holzbecher E, Langmach H, Chojak M, Halseid R, Jusys Z, Behm J. Experimental and numerical model study of the limiting current in a channel flow cell with a circular electrode. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:3784-95. [DOI: 10.1039/b802812p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Activity, selectivity, and methanol tolerance of novel carbon-supported Pt and Pt3Me (Me = Ni, Co) cathode catalysts. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-007-9353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Heinen M, Chen Y, Jusys Z, Behm R. In situ ATR-FTIRS coupled with on-line DEMS under controlled mass transport conditions—A novel tool for electrocatalytic reaction studies. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Colmenares L, Jusys Z, Behm RJ. Electrochemical surface characterization and O2 reduction kinetics of Se surface-modified ru nanoparticle-based RuSe(y)/C catalysts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:10437-45. [PMID: 17129013 DOI: 10.1021/la061245d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical properties of Se surface-modified Ru/C catalysts (RuSey/C with y = 0 to 1) and their O2 reduction characteristics were determined in model studies under well-defined mass transport conditions, combining quantitative differential electrochemical mass spectrometry and double-disk electrode thin-layer flow-cell measurements. Surface characterization of the catalysts including the quantitative evaluation of the active surface area was performed by electrochemical/mass spectrometric (combined H-upd adsorption, preadsorbed CO monolayer oxidation, Cu-upd adsorption/stripping, and RuOx formation) methods. The suitability of these methods for the determination of the active surface area in the high and low Se coverage regime are discussed, and COad stripping is found to be the most relevant method for the present catalysts. The kinetic parameters for the ORR (activity and selectivity) under quasi-steady-state conditions and their variation with Se modification were evaluated in potentiostatic flow-cell measurements. Modification of Ru/C catalyst by Se improves the O2 reduction activity and reduces the tendency for H2O2 formation in the technically relevant potential region of 0.6-0.8 VRHE, but even for the best catalyst compositions a significant ( approximately 0.2 VRHE) overpotential for O2 reduction on the RuSey/C catalysts remains compared to that for the Pt/C catalyst, and we find H2O2 yields of at least 1% at typical cathode operation potentials. Consequences of the relatively high H2O2 yields for membrane/electrode stability in practical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Colmenares
- Department of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
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Amatore C, Belotti M, Chen Y, Roy E, Sella C, Thouin L. Using electrochemical coupling between parallel microbands for in situ monitoring of flow rates in microfluidic channels. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Jusys Z, Behm RJ. Simulated “Air Bleed” Oxidation of Adsorbed CO on Carbon Supported Pt. Part 2. Electrochemical Measurements of Hydrogen Peroxide Formation during O2 Reduction in a Double-Disk Electrode Dual Thin-Layer Flow Cell. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0499171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Jusys
- Department of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - R. J. Behm
- Department of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
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