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Fischer P, Mazúr P, Krakowiak J. Family Tree for Aqueous Organic Redox Couples for Redox Flow Battery Electrolytes: A Conceptual Review. Molecules 2022; 27:560. [PMID: 35056875 PMCID: PMC8778144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are an increasingly attractive option for renewable energy storage, thus providing flexibility for the supply of electrical energy. In recent years, research in this type of battery storage has been shifted from metal-ion based electrolytes to soluble organic redox-active compounds. Aqueous-based organic electrolytes are considered as more promising electrolytes to achieve "green", safe, and low-cost energy storage. Many organic compounds and their derivatives have recently been intensively examined for application to redox flow batteries. This work presents an up-to-date overview of the redox organic compound groups tested for application in aqueous RFB. In the initial part, the most relevant requirements for technical electrolytes are described and discussed. The importance of supporting electrolytes selection, the limits for the aqueous system, and potential synthetic strategies for redox molecules are highlighted. The different organic redox couples described in the literature are grouped in a "family tree" for organic redox couples. This article is designed to be an introduction to the field of organic redox flow batteries and aims to provide an overview of current achievements as well as helping synthetic chemists to understand the basic concepts of the technical requirements for next-generation energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Pfinztal, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Str. 7, 76327 Pfinztal, Germany
| | - Petr Mazúr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Praha 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Joanna Krakowiak
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Clifford ER, Bradley RW, Wey LT, Lawrence JM, Chen X, Howe CJ, Zhang JZ. Phenazines as model low-midpoint potential electron shuttles for photosynthetic bioelectrochemical systems. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3328-3338. [PMID: 34164103 PMCID: PMC8179378 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05655c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioelectrochemical approaches for energy conversion rely on efficient wiring of natural electron transport chains to electrodes. However, state-of-the-art exogenous electron mediators give rise to significant energy losses and, in the case of living systems, long-term cytotoxicity. Here, we explored new selection criteria for exogenous electron mediation by examining phenazines as novel low-midpoint potential molecules for wiring the photosynthetic electron transport chain of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to electrodes. We identified pyocyanin (PYO) as an effective cell-permeable phenazine that can harvest electrons from highly reducing points of photosynthesis. PYO-mediated photocurrents were observed to be 4-fold higher than mediator-free systems with an energetic gain of 200 mV compared to the common high-midpoint potential mediator 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ). The low-midpoint potential of PYO led to O2 reduction side-reactions, which competed significantly against photocurrent generation; the tuning of mediator concentration was important for outcompeting the side-reactions whilst avoiding acute cytotoxicity. DCBQ-mediated photocurrents were generally much higher but also decayed rapidly and were non-recoverable with fresh mediator addition. This suggests that the cells can acquire DCBQ-resistance over time. In contrast, PYO gave rise to steadier current enhancement despite the co-generation of undesirable reactive oxygen species, and PYO-exposed cells did not develop acquired resistance. Moreover, we demonstrated that the cyanobacteria can be genetically engineered to produce PYO endogenously to improve long-term prospects. Overall, this study established that energetic gains can be achieved via the use of low-potential phenazines in photosynthetic bioelectrochemical systems, and quantifies the factors and trade-offs that determine efficacious mediation in living bioelectrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor R Clifford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Robert W Bradley
- Department of Life Sciences Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Laura T Wey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1QW UK
| | - Joshua M Lawrence
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1QW UK
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Christopher J Howe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1QW UK
| | - Jenny Z Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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Kuznetsov AN, Ayupov AB, Yeletsky PM, Lebedeva MV. Influence of monomer content on course of aniline polymerization in presence of high surface area carbon. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Legoupy S, Lebègue E, Cougnon C. Preparation of a tetrahydroxyphenazine-modified carbon as cathode material for supercapacitor in aqueous acid electrolyte. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Bogdanović U, Pašti I, Ćirić-Marjanović G, Mitrić M, Ahrenkiel SP, Vodnik V. Interfacial Synthesis of Gold-Polyaniline Nanocomposite and Its Electrocatalytic Application. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:28393-28403. [PMID: 26652303 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gold-polyaniline (Au-PANI) nanocomposite was prepared using a simple interfacial polymerization method, performed in an immiscible water/toluene biphasic system using tetrachloroaurate, AuCl4(-) as an oxidant. The formation of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) or Au-PANI nanocomposite can be controlled to a certain degree by varying the ratio of initial Au(+) and aniline concentrations. Under optimal condition (HAuCl4/aniline ratio is 1:2), green dispersion of Au-PANI nanocomposite is produced in aqueous phase, whose morphology, structure and physicochemical properties are investigated in details. The nanocomposite shows granular morphology with mostly rodlike AuNPs embedded in polymer. It was found that polyaniline in the composite is in the conducting emeraldine salt form, containing high amount of Au (28.85 wt %). Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite was found to be four-fold higher than that of the polymer itself. In addition, the nanocomposite powder, isolated from the as-prepared aqueous dispersion, can later be easily redispersed in water and further used for various applications. Moreover, the obtained Au-PANI nanocomposite showed excellent electrocatalytic performance toward the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), with high ORR onset potential and good selectivity. This makes it a promising candidate for a new class of Pt-free ORR catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Bogdanović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade , P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Pašti
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Ćirić-Marjanović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Mitrić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade , P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Scott P Ahrenkiel
- South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Vesna Vodnik
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade , P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
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Sapurina I, Tenkovtsev AV, Stejskal J. Conjugated polyaniline as a result of the benzidine rearrangement. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sapurina
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St Petersburg 199004 Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V Tenkovtsev
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St Petersburg 199004 Russian Federation
- Chemical Faculty; St. Petersburg State University; St Petersburg 198504 Russian Federation
| | - Jaroslav Stejskal
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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Shishov MA, Moshnikov VA, Sapurina IY. Deposition of polyaniline layers with controlled thickness and morphology by in situ polymerization. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427213010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Huang YF, Lin CW. Exploration of the morphological transition phenomenon of polyaniline from microspheres to nanotubes in acid-free aqueous 1-propanol solution in a single polymerization process. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu HX, Yang GY, Wang ZY, Wang LS. Study of stability and thermodynamic properties for polychlorinated dihydrophezines by density functional theory. CAN J CHEM ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.20187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Inzelt G, Róka A. Electrochemical Nanogravimetric Studies of Ruthenium(III) Trichloride Microcrystals. Isr J Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1560/ijc.48.3-4.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sapurina I, Stejskal J. The mechanism of the oxidative polymerization of aniline and the formation of supramolecular polyaniline structures. POLYM INT 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Studies on the Codeposition of Dextran Sodium Sulfate with the Charge-Transfer Complexes Generated During Electrooxidation of Benzidine Derivatives. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Inzelt G, Róka A. Preparation and electrochemical nanogravimetric study on the ruthenium(III) trichloride-polypyrrole nanocomposite. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cao Z, Jiang X, Meng W, Xie Q, Yang Q, Ma M, Yao S. An EQCM study on the interaction of heparin with the charge-transfer complex generated during o-tolidine electrooxidation: A biosensing mode with a dynamically renewed surface. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 23:348-54. [PMID: 17548190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The electrooxidation of o-tolidine (oTD) was investigated via the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) technique. The formation and breakage of the poorly soluble charge-transfer complex (CTC) occurred during the redox switching of oTD, and the CTC precipitation on and its removal from the electrode surface led to a V-shaped frequency response to the cyclic voltammetric switching of oTD. The V-shaped frequency response to the redox switching of the CTC/oTD "couple" and the electrode-collection efficiency of the CTC precipitate were notably enhanced by the introduction of sodium heparin due to the formation of the CTC-heparin adduct as reported here for the first time. FTIR and UV-Vis characterizations also supported the interaction between the CTC and heparin. The molar ratio of the positively charged CTC to negatively charged heparin of the adduct was estimated here to be between 31.5 and 36.5, being close to the anticipated value, 37.5, for the full electrical neutralization in the adduct. An EQCM-based biosensor featured by a dynamically renewed surface of the detection electrode was proposed for heparin assay, with a limit of detection of 18.5 nM (S/N=3) in pH 6.0 Britton-Robinson buffer solution containing a 10-fold diluted blood serum. This method is convenient in operation and highly free from the interference from coexisting substances including proteins. The new and intriguing biosensing concept based on the labile CTC-"target" adduct is featured by a dynamically renewable and regenerable surface of the detection electrode, and it is highly recommended for wide biosensing and electroanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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Inzelt G, Németh K, Róka A. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study of redox transformations of TCNQ microcrystals in concentrated LiCl solutions. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li M, Deng C, Tu X, Cao Z, Xie Q, Fang Z, Ma M, Zhu M, Zhang Y, Yao S. EQCM study of influences of heparin and tannic acid on the precipitation of phenazinehydrine charge-transfer complex during redox switching of o-phenylenediamine in aqueous H2SO4. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Menezes HA, Maia G. Films formed by the electrooxidation of p-aminophenol (p-APh) in aqueous medium: What do they look like? J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Electrochemical nanogravimetric study on the ruthenium(III) trichloride–polyaniline nanocomposite. J Solid State Electrochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-005-0054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Electrochemically induced transformations of ruthenium(III) trichloride microcrystals in salt solutions. J Solid State Electrochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-005-0019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tu X, Xie Q, Xiang C, Zhang Y, Yao S. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy in Combination with Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Impedance Analysis for Studying the Growth and Electrochemistry as Well as Microetching of Poly(o-phenylenediamine) Thin Films. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:4053-63. [PMID: 16851463 DOI: 10.1021/jp044731n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The combination of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) with piezoelectric quartz crystal impedance (PQCI) analysis was proposed as a novel multiparameter method for investigating the cyclic voltammetric growth of poly(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) thin films at Au electrodes in aqueous solutions of various pH values and the potentiostatic microetching (localized degradation) of these films in 0.10 mol/L aqueous H2SO4 for comparative examinations on polymer porosity and stability. Two potential-sweep ranges, -0.4 to 0.9 (I) and 0 to 0.9 (II) V versus SCE, and four solutions, acidic (A, 0.20 mol/L H2SO4 + 0.10 mol/L Na2SO4; B, 0.10 mol/L H2SO4 + 0.20 mol/L Na2SO4), neutral (C, 0.10 mol/L PBS + 0.20 mol/L Na2SO4, pH 7.2), and alkaline (D, 0.20 mol/L NaOH + 0.20 mol/L Na2SO4) aqueous solutions, were selected for PoPD growth. The pH increase for the polymerization solution increased the molar percentage of polyaniline-like chains in PoPD, as quantified from the current peaks at approximately 0.6 V versus a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) for the oxidation of -NH2 groups in as-prepared PoPD (grown from solutions C and D) during their redox switching in 0.10 mol/L aqueous H2SO4 for the first time. The unusual PQCI responses observed at negative potentials (potential range I) in the first several potential cycles during the cyclic voltammetric growth of PoPD in acidic and neutral solutions have been reasonably explained as being due to the precipitation/dissolution of the poorly soluble phenazinehydrine charge-transfer complexes developed during redox switching of oligomers for the first time, which brought about much less compact PoPD films and their higher degradability than those grown in the same solution but over potential range II. SECM, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC) frequency were used to estimate the sizes of etched microscale spots. In addition, the x-, y-, or z-axis movement of a Pt microelectrode of 25-mum diameter near the PQC electrode was found to influence negligibly the PQCI responses in 1.0 mol/L aqueous Na2SO4 containing K4Fe(CN)6 up to 0.10 mol/L, and a new protocol of dynamically electrodepositing silver microwires via the chemical-lens method was proposed for examining the local mass-sensitivity distribution on the PQC surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinman Tu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Hunan Normal University), Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, People's Republic of China
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Inzelt G, Puskás Z. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study on the redox transformations of ruthenium(III) trichloride microcrystals attached to a gold electrode. Electrochem commun 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2004.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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