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van Gaalen K, Quinn C, Weiler M, Gremse F, Benn F, McHugh PE, Vaughan TJ, Kopp A. Predicting localised corrosion and mechanical performance of a PEO surface modified rare earth magnesium alloy for implant use through in-silico modelling. Bioact Mater 2023; 26:437-451. [PMID: 36993789 PMCID: PMC10040519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the influence of a plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) surface treatment on a medical-grade WE43-based magnesium alloy is examined through an experimental and computational framework that considers the effects of localised corrosion features and mechanical properties throughout the corrosion process. First, a comprehensive in-vitro immersion study was performed on WE43-based tensile specimens with and without PEO surface modification, which included fully automated spatial reconstruction of the phenomenological features of corrosion through micro-CT scanning, followed by uniaxial tensile testing. Then the experimental data of both unmodified and PEO-modified groups were used to calibrate parameters of a finite element-based surface corrosion model. In-vitro, it was found that the WE43-PEO modified group had a significantly lower corrosion rate and maintained significantly higher mechanical properties than the unmodified. While corrosion rates were ∼50% lower in the WE43-PEO modified specimens, the local geometric features of corroding surfaces remained similar to the unmodified WE43 group, however evolving after almost the double amount of time. We were also able to quantitatively demonstrate that the PEO surface treatment on magnesium continued to protect samples from corrosion throughout the entire period tested, and not just in the early stages of corrosion. Using the results from the testing framework, the model parameters of the surface-based corrosion model were identified for both groups. This enabled, for the first time, in-silico prediction of the physical features of corrosion and the mechanical performance of both unmodified and PEO modified magnesium specimens. This simulation framework can enable future in-silico design and optimisation of bioabsorbable magnesium devices for load-bearing medical applications. Examination of corrosion morphology and mechanics of PEO modified WE43. Automated phenomenological tracking of corrosion features by PitScan. Corrosion model of unmodified WE43 and WE43 PEO modified. Calibration through geometrical features and mechanical parameters followed. PEO treatment does not influence the severity of localised corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin van Gaalen
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Meotec GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Conall Quinn
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marek Weiler
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Gremse
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Gremse-IT GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Benn
- Meotec GmbH, Aachen, Germany
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E. McHugh
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ted J. Vaughan
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Corresponding author. Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), Biomedical Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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van Gaalen K, Quinn C, Benn F, McHugh PE, Kopp A, Vaughan TJ. Linking the effect of localised pitting corrosion with mechanical integrity of a rare earth magnesium alloy for implant use. Bioact Mater 2023; 21:32-43. [PMID: 36017069 PMCID: PMC9396051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents a computational framework that investigates the effect of localised surface-based corrosion on the mechanical performance of a magnesium-based alloy. A finite element-based phenomenological corrosion model was used to generate a wide range of corrosion profiles, with subsequent uniaxial tensile test simulations to predict the mechanical response to failure. The python-based detection framework PitScan provides detailed quantification of the spatial phenomenological features of corrosion, including a full geometric tracking of corroding surface. Through this approach, this study is the first to quantitatively demonstrate that a surface-based non-uniform corrosion model can capture both the geometrical and mechanical features of a magnesium alloy undergoing corrosion by comparing to experimental data. Using this verified corrosion modelling approach, a wide range of corrosion scenarios was evaluated and enabled quantitative relationships to be established between the mechanical integrity and key phenomenological corrosion features. In particular, we demonstrated that the minimal cross-sectional area parameter was the strongest predictor of the remaining mechanical strength (R2 = 0.98), with this relationship being independent of the severity or spatial features of localised surface corrosion. Interestingly, our analysis demonstrated that parameters described in ASTM G46-94 showed weaker correlations to the mechanical integrity of corroding specimens, compared to parameters determined by Pitscan. This study establishes new mechanistic insight into the performance of the magnesium-based materials undergoing corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin van Gaalen
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Meotec GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Conall Quinn
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Felix Benn
- Meotec GmbH, Aachen, Germany
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E. McHugh
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Ted J. Vaughan
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Electrochemical noise analysis to evaluate the localized anti-corrosion properties of PP/graphene oxide nanocomposite coatings. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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van Gaalen K, Gremse F, Benn F, McHugh PE, Kopp A, Vaughan TJ. Automated ex-situ detection of pitting corrosion and its effect on the mechanical integrity of rare earth magnesium alloy - WE43. Bioact Mater 2021; 8:545-558. [PMID: 34541419 PMCID: PMC8435990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study develops a three-dimensional automated detection framework (PitScan) that systematically evaluates the severity and phenomenology of pitting corrosion. This framework uses a python-based algorithm to analyse microcomputer-tomography scans (μCT) of cylindrical specimens undergoing corrosion. The approach systematically identifies several surface-based corrosion features, enabling full spatial characterisation of pitting parameters, including pit density, pit size, pit depth as well as pitting factor according to ASTM G46-94. Furthermore, it is used to evaluate pitting formation in tensile specimens of a Rare Earth Magnesium alloy undergoing corrosion, and relationships between key pitting parameters and mechanical performance are established. Results demonstrated that several of the parameters described in ASTM G46-94, including pit number, pit density and pitting factor, showed little correlation to mechanical performance. However, this study did identify that other parameters showed strong correlations with the ultimate tensile strength and these tended to be directly linked to the reduction of the cross-sectional area of the specimen. Specifically, our results indicate, that parameters directly linked to the loss of the cross-sectional area (e.g. minimum material width), are parameters that are most suited to provide an indication of a specimen's mechanical performance. The automated detection framework developed in this study has the potential to provide a basis to standardise measurements of pitting corrosion across a range of metals and future prediction of mechanical strength over degradation time. In-vitro immersion study of dog bones manufactured from a WE43 Magnesium alloy. Novel approach characterizing spatial pit formation using micro-CT scans. Comparison of mass loss by hydrogen gas measurement and volume loss by μCT scans. Correlation between mechanical strength and geometrical pit formation features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin van Gaalen
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Meotec GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Gremse
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Benn
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Meotec GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter E McHugh
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Ted J Vaughan
- Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Microstructure and Corrosion of Cast Magnesium Alloy ZK60 in NaCl Solution. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13173833. [PMID: 32872652 PMCID: PMC7504006 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effects of the microstructure and phase constitution of cast magnesium alloy ZK60 (Mg-5.8Zn-0.57Zr, element concentration in wt.%) on the corrosion behavior in aqueous NaCl (0.1 mol dm−3) were investigated by weight-loss measurements, hydrogen evolution tests, and electrochemical techniques. The alloy was found to be composed of α-Mg matrix, with large second-phase particles of MgZn2 deposited along grain boundaries and a Zr-rich region in the central area of the grains. The large second-phase particles and the Zr-rich regions were more stable than the Mg matrix, resulting in a strong micro-galvanic effect. A filiform corrosion was found. It originated from the second-phase particles in the grain boundary regions in the early corrosion period. The filaments gradually occupied most areas of the alloy surface, and the general corrosion rate decreased significantly. Corrosion pits were developed under filaments. The pit growth rate decreased over time; however, it was about eight times larger than the general corrosion rate. A schematic model is presented to illustrate the corrosion mechanism.
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Electrochemical noise and impedance study on the corrosion of electroplated Ni-Cr coatings in HBF4 aqueous solution. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.113838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liu L, Koo Y, Collins B, Xu Z, Sankar J, Yun Y. Biodegradability and platelets adhesion assessment of magnesium-based alloys using a microfluidic system. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182914. [PMID: 28797069 PMCID: PMC5552284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg)-based stents are extensively explored to alleviate atherosclerosis due to their biodegradability and relative hemocompatibility. To ensure the quality, safety and cost-efficacy of bioresorbable scaffolds and full utilization of the material tunability afforded by alloying, it is critical to access degradability and thrombosis potential of Mg-based alloys using improved in vitro models that mimic as closely as possible the in vivo microenvironment. In this study, we investigated biodegradation and initial thrombogenic behavior of Mg-based alloys at the interface between Mg alloys' surface and simulated physiological environment using a microfluidic system. The degradation properties of Mg-based alloys WE43, AZ31, ZWEK-L, and ZWEK-C were evaluated in complete culture medium and their thrombosis potentials in platelet rich plasma, respectively. The results show that 1) physiological shear stress increased the corrosion rate and decreased platelets adhesion rate as compared to static immersion; 2) secondary phases and impurities in material composition induced galvanic corrosion, resulting in higher corrosion resistance and platelet adhesion rate; 3) Mg-based alloys with higher corrosion rate showed higher platelets adhesion rate. We conclude that a microfluidic-based in vitro system allows evaluation of biodegradation behaviors and platelets responses of Mg-based alloys under specific shear stress, and degradability is related to platelets adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumei Liu
- National Science Foundation-Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
- FIT BEST Laboratory, Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Youngmi Koo
- National Science Foundation-Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
- FIT BEST Laboratory, Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Boyce Collins
- National Science Foundation-Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zhigang Xu
- National Science Foundation-Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jagannathan Sankar
- National Science Foundation-Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yeoheung Yun
- National Science Foundation-Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
- FIT BEST Laboratory, Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
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Nakatani T, Fukumoto J, Wada A, Yamashita S. Electrochemical Polarization Characteristics of a DLC-Coated Magnesium Alloy Stent in a Saline Solution. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2017. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.30.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Junya Fukumoto
- Research Institute of Technology, Okayama University of Science
| | - Akira Wada
- Japan Medical Device Technology Co., Ltd
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Izquierdo J, Fernández-Pérez BM, Filotás D, Őri Z, Kiss A, Martín-Gómez RT, Nagy L, Nagy G, Souto RM. Imaging of Concentration Distributions and Hydrogen Evolution on Corroding Magnesium Exposed to Aqueous Environments Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Izquierdo
- Department of Chemistry; Universidad de La Laguna; P.O. Box 456 E-38200 La Laguna Tenerife, Canary Islands Spain
- Institute of Material Science and Nanotechnology; Universidad de La Laguna; E-38200 La Laguna (Tenerife Spain
| | - Bibiana M. Fernández-Pérez
- Department of Chemistry; Universidad de La Laguna; P.O. Box 456 E-38200 La Laguna Tenerife, Canary Islands Spain
| | - Dániel Filotás
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Pécs; Ifjúság útja 6 7624 Pécs Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Őri
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Pécs; Ifjúság útja 6 7624 Pécs Hungary
| | - András Kiss
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Pécs; Ifjúság útja 6 7624 Pécs Hungary
| | - Romen T. Martín-Gómez
- Department of Chemistry; Universidad de La Laguna; P.O. Box 456 E-38200 La Laguna Tenerife, Canary Islands Spain
| | - Lívia Nagy
- János Szentágothai Research Center; University of Pécs; Ifjúság u.20. Pécs 7624 Hungary
| | - Géza Nagy
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Pécs; Ifjúság útja 6 7624 Pécs Hungary
| | - Ricardo M. Souto
- Department of Chemistry; Universidad de La Laguna; P.O. Box 456 E-38200 La Laguna Tenerife, Canary Islands Spain
- Institute of Material Science and Nanotechnology; Universidad de La Laguna; E-38200 La Laguna (Tenerife Spain
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Wang J, Smith CE, Sankar J, Yun Y, Huang N. Absorbable magnesium-based stent: physiological factors to consider for in vitro degradation assessments. Regen Biomater 2015; 2:59-69. [PMID: 26816631 PMCID: PMC4669031 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbu015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Absorbable metals have been widely tested in various in vitro settings using cells to evaluate their possible suitability as an implant material. However, there exists a gap between in vivo and in vitro test results for absorbable materials. A lot of traditional in vitro assessments for permanent materials are no longer applicable to absorbable metallic implants. A key step is to identify and test the relevant microenvironment and parameters in test systems, which should be adapted according to the specific application. New test methods are necessary to reduce the difference between in vivo and in vitro test results and provide more accurate information to better understand absorbable metallic implants. In this investigative review, we strive to summarize the latest test methods for characterizing absorbable magnesium-based stent for bioabsorption/biodegradation behavior in the mimicking vascular environments. Also, this article comprehensively discusses the direction of test standardization for absorbable stents to paint a more accurate picture of the in vivo condition around implants to determine the most important parameters and their dynamic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China and National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Christopher E Smith
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China and National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Jagannathan Sankar
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China and National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Yeoheung Yun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China and National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Nan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China and National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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The Pitting Susceptibility Investigation of Passive Films Formed on X70, X80, and X100 Pipeline Steels by Electrochemical Noise and Mott-Schottky Measurements. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CORROSION 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/298584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pitting susceptibility of passive films formed on X70, X80, and X100 pipeline steels was investigated by means of electrochemical noise (EN) and Mott-Schottky measurements. The EN results were analyzed according to the shot-noise theory and stochastic theory. Pit initiation process was analyzed quantitatively using the Weibull distribution function. Pit growth process was simulated by Gumbel distribution function. The experimental results of Mott-Schottky plots showed that the passive films formed on the three pipeline steels displayed an n-type semiconductor character, and the passive film for X100 pipeline steel has the lowest donor density (ND) among the three passive films. The EN results demonstrated that X100 pipeline steel had the lowest pit initiation rate and pit growth probability, which implied that the X100 pipeline steel had the lowest pitting susceptibility.
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Peng Q, Fu H, Pang J, Zhang J, Xiao W. Preparation, mechanical and degradation properties of Mg–Y-based microwire. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 29:375-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Souto RM, Kiss A, Izquierdo J, Nagy L, Bitter I, Nagy G. Spatially-resolved imaging of concentration distributions on corroding magnesium-based materials exposed to aqueous environments by SECM. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Izquierdo J, Nagy L, Bitter I, Souto RM, Nagy G. Potentiometric scanning electrochemical microscopy for the local characterization of the electrochemical behaviour of magnesium-based materials. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Eaves D, Williams G, McMurray H. Inhibition of self-corrosion in magnesium by poisoning hydrogen recombination on iron impurities. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fujita R, Sakairi M, Kikuchi T, Nagata S. Corrosion resistant TiO2 film formed on magnesium by liquid phase deposition treatment. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.03.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Electrochemical noise studies of the corrosion behaviour of lead anodes during zinc electrowinning maintenance. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Passive behavior of magnesium alloys (Mg–Zr) containing rare-earth elements in alkaline media. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Li Y, Hu R, Wang J, Huang Y, Lin CJ. Corrosion initiation of stainless steel in HCl solution studied using electrochemical noise and in-situ atomic force microscope. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Xu H, Liu Y, Chen W, Du RG, Lin CJ. Corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel in simulated concrete pore solutions: A scanning micro-reference electrode study. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Influence of halides on the dissolution and passivation behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy in aqueous solutions. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wang L, Shinohara T, Zhang BP. Corrosion Behavior of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy in Dilute Sodium Chloride Solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3323/jcorr.58.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Liu L, Li Y, Wang F. Pitting mechanism on an austenite stainless steel nanocrystalline coating investigated by electrochemical noise and in-situ AFM analysis. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang T, Shao Y, Meng G, Wang F. Electrochemical noise analysis of the corrosion of AZ91D magnesium alloy in alkaline chloride solution. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Comparison of the corrosion behaviour in 5% NaCl solution of Mg alloys NZ30K and AZ91D. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-007-9426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lafront AM, Ghali E, Morales A. Corrosion behavior of two bipolar plate materials in simulated PEMFC environment by electrochemical noise technique. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Zhao B, Li JH, Hu RG, Du RG, Lin CJ. Study on the corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel in cement mortar by electrochemical noise measurements. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Effect of heat treatment on corrosion and electrochemical behaviour of Mg–3Nd–0.2Zn–0.4Zr (wt.%) alloy. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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