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Wu N, Liu Y, Zhang S, Hou D, Yang R, Qi Y, Wang L. Modulation of transport at the interface in the microporous layer for high power density proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 657:428-437. [PMID: 38056047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell is a device that demonstrates a significant potential for environmental sustainability, since it efficiently converts chemical energy into electrical energy. The microporous layer (MPL) in PEM fuel cells promotes gas transport and eliminates water. Nevertheless, the power density of PEM fuel cells is restricted by ohmic losses and mass transport losses in conventional MPLs. In this study, we enhanced the power density of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells through the identification of appropriate materials and the mitigation of mass transport losses occurring at the interface between the microporous layer and the catalyst layer. The incorporation of high electron conductivity, slip behavior at the interface between graphene and water, and rapid water evaporation facilitated by nanoporous graphene effectively address transport-related challenges. We evaluated two types of graphene as potential substitutes for carbon black in the microporous layer (MPL). The enhanced power density (up to 1.1 W cm-2) under all humidity conditions and reduced mass transport resistance (a 75 % reduction compared to carbon black MPL) make them promising candidates for next-generation PEM fuel cells. Furthermore, these findings provide guidance for controlling interfacial mass transport in colloidal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningran Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, China
| | - Shengping Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, China
| | - Dandan Hou
- Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, China
| | - Ruizhi Yang
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yue Qi
- Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, China
| | - Luda Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, China.
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Liu Y, Wu N, Zeng H, Hou D, Zhang S, Qi Y, Yang R, Wang L. Slip-Enhanced Transport by Graphene in the Microporous Layer for High Power Density Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7883-7891. [PMID: 37639374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are a promising and environmentally friendly device to directly convert hydrogen energy into electric energy. However, water flooding and gas transport losses degrade its power density owing to structural issues (cracks, roughness, etc.) of the microporous layer (MPL). Here, we introduce a green material, supercritical fluid exfoliated graphene (s-Gr), to act as a network to effectively improve gas transport and water management. The assembled PEM fuel cell achieves a power density of 1.12 W cm-2. This improved performance is attributed to the reduction of cracks and the slip of water and gas on the s-Gr surface, in great contrast to the nonslip behavior on carbon black (CB). These findings open up an avenue to solve the water and gas transport problem in porous media by materials design with low friction and provide a new opportunity to boost high power density PEM fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, China
| | - Ningran Wu
- Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haiou Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dandan Hou
- Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, China
| | - Shengping Zhang
- Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Qi
- Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, China
| | - Ruizhi Yang
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Luda Wang
- Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Abstract
Fuel cells (FCs) have received huge attention for development from lab and pilot scales to full commercial scale. This is mainly due to their inherent advantage of direct conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy as a high-quality energy supply and, hence, higher conversion efficiency. Additionally, FCs have been produced at a wide range of capacities with high flexibility due to modularity characteristics. Using the right materials and efficient manufacturing processes is directly proportional to the total production cost. This work explored the different components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and their manufacturing processes. The challenges associated with these manufacturing processes were critically analyzed, and possible mitigation strategies were proposed. The PEMFC is a relatively new and developing technology so there is a need for a thorough analysis to comprehend the current state of fuel cell operational characteristics and discover new areas for development. It is hoped that the view discussed in this paper will be a means for improved fuel cell development.
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Magnéli TiO2 as a High Durability Support for the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Catalysts. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15124437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) cathode catalysts’ robustness is one of the primary factors determining its long-term performance and durability. This work presented a new class of corrosion-resistant catalyst, Magnél TiO2 supported Pt (Pt/Ti9O17) composite, synthesized. The durability of a Pt/Ti9O17 cathode under the PEMFC operating protocol was evaluated and compared with the state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst. Like Pt/C, Pt/Ti9O17 exhibited exclusively 4e− oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the acidic solution. The accelerated stress tests (AST) were performed using Pt/Ti9O17 and Pt/C catalysts in an O2-saturated 0.5 M H2SO4 solution using the potential-steps cycling experiments from 0.95 V to 0.6 V for 12,000 cycles. The results indicated that the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of the Pt/Ti9O17 is significantly more stable than that of the state-of-the-art Pt/C, and the ECSA loss after 12,000 potential cycles is only 10 ± 2% for Pt/Ti9O17 composite versus 50 ± 5% for Pt/C. Furthermore, the current density and onset potential at the ORR polarization curve at Pt/C were significantly affected by the AST test. In contrast, the same remained almost constant at the modified electrode, Pt/Ti9O17. This demonstrated the excellent stability of Pt nanoparticles supported on Ti9O17.
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Dutta C, Bishop LDC, Zepeda O J, Chatterjee S, Flatebo C, Landes CF. Imaging Switchable Protein Interactions with an Active Porous Polymer Support. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:4412-4420. [PMID: 32441098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic details about how local physicochemistry of porous interfaces drives protein transport mechanisms are necessary to optimize biomaterial applications. Cross-linked hydrogels made of stimuli-responsive polymers have potential for active protein capture and release through tunable steric and chemical transformations. Simultaneous monitoring of dynamic changes in both protein transport and interfacial polymer structure is an experimental challenge. We use single-particle tracking (SPT) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Super-resolution Optical Fluctuation Imaging (fcsSOFI) to relate the switchable changes in size and structure of a pH-responsive hydrogel to the interfacial transport properties of a model protein, lysozyme. SPT analysis reveals the reversible switching of protein transport dynamics in and at the hydrogel polymer in response to pH changes. fcsSOFI allows us to relate tunable heterogeneity of the hydrogels and pores to reversible changes in the distribution of confined diffusion and adsorption/desorption. We find that physicochemical heterogeneity of the hydrogels dictates protein confinement and desorption dynamics, particularly at pH conditions in which the hydrogels are swollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayan Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Logan D. C. Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jorge Zepeda O
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sudeshna Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Charlotte Flatebo
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Christy F. Landes
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, HoustonTexas 77005, United States
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Zhan R, Payne T, Leftwich T, Perrine K, Pan L. De-agglomeration of cathode composites for direct recycling of Li-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 105:39-48. [PMID: 32018141 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Direct recycling of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) reclaims electrode materials using physical separation followed by materials' rejuvenation processes. The cathode composites in LIBs contain both carbon black and PVDF binders in its chemistry. For the rejuvenation process to work, an ability to remove these impurities is desirable. In the present work, de-agglomeration of individual components from the cathode composites has been carried out using a mechanical process that is developed for preserving functional integrity of the cathode active materials. It has been shown that the size of the cathode composites is effectively reduced upon a de-agglomeration process due to a liberation of PVDF binders from the cathode composites. The de-agglomeration performance has been evaluated by separating mixed materials by the degree in surface hydrophobicity using the froth flotation method. The performance improves with end-of-life (EOL) LIBs compared to new LIBs, benefiting from a degradation of PVDF binders after charging-discharging cycles. X-ray photoelectron spectra suggests that the de-agglomeration is done by breaking intermolecular bond between PVDF and cathode active materials as well as covalent bond within PVDF binders. The present work demonstrates a non-chemical method for liberating individual components from cathode composites for the direct recycling of LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Zhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, USA
| | - Trevyn Payne
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, USA
| | - Timothy Leftwich
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, USA
| | - Kathryn Perrine
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, USA
| | - Lei Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, USA.
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7
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Performance Evaluation and Durability Enhancement of FEP-Based Gas Diffusion Media for PEM Fuel Cells. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en10122063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Hou S, Chi B, Liu G, Ren J, Song H, Liao S. Enhanced performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell by introducing nitrogen-doped CNTs in both catalyst layer and gas diffusion layer. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Balakrishnan P, Inal IIG, Cooksey E, Banford A, Aktas Z, Holmes SM. Enhanced performance based on a hybrid cathode backing layer using a biomass derived activated carbon framework for methanol fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Baccarin M, Santos FA, Vicentini FC, Zucolotto V, Janegitz BC, Fatibello-Filho O. Electrochemical sensor based on reduced graphene oxide/carbon black/chitosan composite for the simultaneous determination of dopamine and paracetamol concentrations in urine samples. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Experimental Investigation of Electrospray Coating Technique for Electrode Fabrication in PEMFCs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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LOPEZ KAREENJ, YANG JINHYUN, SUN HOJUNG, PARK GYUNGSE, EOM SEUNGWOOK, RIM HYUNGRYUL, LEE HONGKI, SHIM JOONGPYO. Effect of Gas Diffusion Layer on La0.8Sr0.2CoO3Bifunctional Electrode for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions in an Alkaline Solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.7316/khnes.2016.27.6.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Mukawa K, Oyama N, Shinmi T, Sekine Y. Free-Surfactant Synthesis of Graphene-Layered Carbon Composite and Its Utilization for Electrocatalysis. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20160137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Kolyagin GA, Kornienko VL. The effect of carbon black mixture composition on the structural and electrochemical characteristics of gas diffusion electrodes for electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193516020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Development of a compact continuous-flow electrochemical cell for an energy efficient production of alkali. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Ahmad W, Chu L, Al-bahrani MR, Yang Z, Wang S, Li L, Gao Y. Formation of short three dimensional porous assemblies of super hydrophobic acetylene black intertwined by copper oxide nanorods for a robust counter electrode of DSSCs. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02730f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized monolithic copper-oxide nanorods (CuO-NRs) and doped into active super hydrophobic acetylene black (AB) nanocrystals via a fast solvation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmad
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization & Devices (CNCD)
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) & School of Physics
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Liang Chu
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization & Devices (CNCD)
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) & School of Physics
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Majid Raissan Al-bahrani
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization & Devices (CNCD)
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) & School of Physics
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Zhichun Yang
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization & Devices (CNCD)
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) & School of Physics
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Siliang Wang
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization & Devices (CNCD)
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) & School of Physics
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Luying Li
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization & Devices (CNCD)
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) & School of Physics
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Yihua Gao
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization & Devices (CNCD)
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) & School of Physics
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Wuhan 430074
- China
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Wang X, Richey FW, Wujcik KH, Ventura R, Mattson K, Elabd YA. Effect of Polytetrafluoroethylene on Ultra-Low Platinum Loaded Electrospun/Electrosprayed Electrodes in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Yu S, Li X, Liu S, Hao J, Shao Z, Yi B. Study on hydrophobicity loss of the gas diffusion layer in PEMFCs by electrochemical oxidation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45770b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Cho KT, Mench MM. Investigation of the role of the micro-porous layer in polymer electrolyte fuel cells with hydrogen deuterium contrast neutron radiography. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:4296-302. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Unda JEZ, Roduner E. Reversible transient hydrogen storage in a fuel cell–supercapacitor hybrid device. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:3816-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Du HY, Wang CH, Hsu HC, Chang ST, Yen SC, Chen LC, Viswanathan B, Chen KH. High performance of catalysts supported by directly grown PTFE-free micro-porous CNT layer in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03215h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Chen M, Wang S, Zou Z, Yuan T, Li Z, Akins DL, Yang H. Fluorination of Vulcan XC-72R for cathodic microporous layer of passive micro direct methanol fuel cell. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-010-0193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Effect of carbon paper substrate of the gas diffusion layer on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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26
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Chen G, Zhang H, Ma H, Zhong H. Effect of fabrication methods of bifunctional catalyst layers on unitized regenerative fuel cell performance. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Kolyagin GA, Vasil’eva IS, Kornienko VL. Effect of the composition of gas-diffusion carbon black electrodes on electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide from atmospheric oxygen. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427208060116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Lobato J, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA, Ruiz-López C, Linares JJ. Influence of the Teflon loading in the gas diffusion layer of PBI-based PEM fuel cells. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-008-9512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Kannan A, Cindrella L, Munukutla L. Functionally graded nano-porous gas diffusion layer for proton exchange membrane fuel cells under low relative humidity conditions. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Selvarani G, Sahu AK, Sridhar P, Pitchumani S, Shukla AK. Effect of diffusion-layer porosity on the performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-007-9448-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Hu J, Zhang H, Zhai Y, Liu G, Hu J, Yi B. Performance degradation studies on PBI/H3PO4 high temperature PEMFC and one-dimensional numerical analysis. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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