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Priya S, Berchmans S. Ferrocene probe-assisted fluorescence quenching of PEI-carbon dots for NO detection and the logic gates based sensing of NO enabled by trimodal detection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10402. [PMID: 38710731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Our research demonstrates the effectiveness of fluorescence quenching between polyethyleneimine functionalised carbon dots (PEI-CDs) and cyclodextrin encapsulated ferrocene for fluorogenic detection of nitric oxide (NO). We confirmed that ferrocene can be used as a NO probe by observing its ability to quench the fluorescence emitted from PEI-CDs, with NO concentrations ranging from 1 × 10-6 M to 5 × 10-4 M. The photoluminescence intensity (PL) of PEI-CDs decreased linearly, with a detection limit of 500 nM. Previous studies have shown that ferrocene is a selective probe for NO detection in biological systems by electrochemical and colorimetric methods. The addition of fluorogenic NO detection using ferrocene as a probe enables the development of a three-way sensor probe for NO. Furthermore, the triple mode NO detection (electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorogenic) with ferrocene aids in processing sensing data in a controlled manner similar to Boolean logic operations. This work presents key findings on the mechanism of fluorescence quenching between ferrocene hyponitrite intermediate and PEI-CDs, the potential of using ferrocene for triple channel NO detection as a single molecular entity, and the application of logic gates for NO sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Priya
- NSS College, Nemmara, Palakkad, India.
| | - Sheela Berchmans
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, 630006, India
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Xu Y, Stanko AM, Cerione CS, Lohrey TD, McLeod E, Stoltz BM, Su J. Low Part-Per-Trillion, Humidity Resistant Detection of Nitric Oxide Using Microtoroid Optical Resonators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5120-5128. [PMID: 38240231 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The nitric oxide radical plays pivotal roles in physiological as well as atmospheric contexts. Although the detection of dissolved nitric oxide in vivo has been widely explored, highly sensitive (i.e., low part-per-trillion level), selective, and humidity-resistant detection of gaseous nitric oxide in air remains challenging. In the field, humidity can have dramatic effects on the accuracy and selectivity of gas sensors, confounding data, and leading to overestimation of gas concentration. Highly selective and humidity-resistant gaseous NO sensors based on laser-induced graphene were recently reported, displaying a limit of detection (LOD) of 8.3 ppb. Although highly sensitive (LOD = 590 ppq) single-wall carbon nanotube NO sensors have been reported, these sensors lack selectivity and humidity resistance. In this report, we disclose a highly sensitive (LOD = 2.34 ppt), selective, and humidity-resistant nitric oxide sensor based on a whispering-gallery mode microtoroid optical resonator. Excellent analyte selectivity was enabled via novel ferrocene-containing polymeric coatings synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization. Utilizing a frequency locked optical whispering evanescent resonator system, the microtoroid's real-time resonance frequency shift response to nitric oxide was tracked with subfemtometer resolution. The lowest concentration experimentally detected was 6.4 ppt, which is the lowest reported to date. Additionally, the performance of the sensor remained consistent across different humidity environments. Lastly, the impact of the chemical composition and molecular weight of the novel ferrocene-containing polymeric coatings on sensing performance was evaluated. We anticipate that our results will have impact on a wide variety of fields where NO sensing is important such as medical diagnostics through exhaled breath, determination of planetary habitability, climate change, air quality monitoring, and treating cardiovascular and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchao Xu
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Allison M Stanko
- The Warren and Catherine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chloe S Cerione
- The Warren and Catherine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Trevor D Lohrey
- The Warren and Catherine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Euan McLeod
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- The Warren and Catherine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Judith Su
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Zhang H, Shen J, Liu Z, Hao A, Bai Y, An W. Multi-responsive cyclodextrin vesicles assembled by ‘supramolecular bola-amphiphiles’. Supramol Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270903469765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huacheng Zhang
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry , Ministry of Education, Shandong University , Jinan, 250100, P.R. China
| | - Jian Shen
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry , Ministry of Education, Shandong University , Jinan, 250100, P.R. China
| | - Zhaona Liu
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry , Ministry of Education, Shandong University , Jinan, 250100, P.R. China
| | - Aiyou Hao
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry , Ministry of Education, Shandong University , Jinan, 250100, P.R. China
| | - Yan Bai
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry , Ministry of Education, Shandong University , Jinan, 250100, P.R. China
| | - Wei An
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry , Ministry of Education, Shandong University , Jinan, 250100, P.R. China
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Varatharajan S, Sathish Kumar K, Berchmans S, Amutha R, Kiruthiga PV, Devi KP. Synergistic effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin encapsulated soluble ferrocene and the gold nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode for the estimation of NO in biological systems. Analyst 2010; 135:2348-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00091d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang H, Shen J, Liu Z, Bai Y, An W, Hao A. Controllable vesicles based on unconventional cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:2028-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Salome JP, Amutha R, Jagannathan P, Josiah J, Berchmans S, Yegnaraman V. Electrochemical assay of the nitrate and nitrite reductase activities of Rhizobium japonicum. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:3487-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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