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Antony LS, Monin L, Aarts M, Alarcon-Llado E. Unveiling Nanoscale Heterogeneities at the Bias-Dependent Gold-Electrolyte Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12933-12940. [PMID: 38591960 PMCID: PMC11099963 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Electrified solid-liquid interfaces (SLIs) are extremely complex and dynamic, affecting both the dynamics and selectivity of reaction pathways at electrochemical interfaces. Enabling access to the structure and arrangement of interfacial water in situ with nanoscale resolution is essential to develop efficient electrocatalysts. Here, we probe the SLI energy of a polycrystalline Au(111) electrode in a neutral aqueous electrolyte through in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy. We acquire potential-dependent maps of the local interfacial adhesion forces, which we associate with the formation energy of the electric double layer. We observe nanoscale inhomogeneities of interfacial adhesion force across the entire map area, indicating local differences in the ordering of the solvent/ions at the interface. Anion adsorption has a clear influence on the observed interfacial adhesion forces. Strikingly, the adhesion forces exhibit potential-dependent hysteresis, which depends on the local gold grain curvature. Our findings on a model electrode extend the use of scanning probe microscopy to gain insights into the local molecular arrangement of the SLI in situ, which can be extended to other electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Aarts
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Alarcon-Llado
- AMOLF, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1090, GD, The Netherlands
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2
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Park I, Hausen F, Baltruschat H. Friction on I‐modified Au(111) in a Tetraglyme Electrolyte. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inhee Park
- University of Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry 53117 Bonn GERMANY
| | - Florian Hausen
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Institute of Physical Chemistry 52425 Jülich GERMANY
| | - Helmut Baltruschat
- University of Bonn Inst. f. Physikalische u.Theoret. Chemie R�merstra�e 164-Abteilung Elektrochemie- 53117 Bonn GERMANY
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3
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Park I, Baltruschat H. In situ friction study of Ag Underpotential deposition (UPD) on Au(111) in aqueous electrolyte. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:952-959. [PMID: 33734530 PMCID: PMC8252634 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electrodeposition of silver on Au(111) was investigated using lateral force microscopy (LFM) in Ag+ containing sulfuric acid. Friction force images show that adsorbed sulfate forms3 × 7 R 19 . 1 ∘ structure (θ s u l f a t e = 0 . 2 ) on Au(111) prior to Ag underpotential deposition (UPD) and ( 3 × 3 R 30 ∘ ) structure (θ s u l f a t e = 0 . 33 ) on a complete monolayer or bilayer of Ag. Variation of friction with normal load shows a non-monotonous dependence, which is caused by increasing penetration of the tip into the sulfate adlayer. In addition, the friction force is influenced by the varying coverage and mobility of Ag atoms on the surface. Before Ag coverage reaches the critical value, the deposited silver atoms may be mobile enough to be dragged by the movement of AFM tip. Possible penetration of the tip into the UPD layer at very high loads is discussed as a model for self-healing wear. However, when the coverage of Ag is close to 1, the deposited Ag atoms are tight enough to resist the influence of the AFM tip and the tip penetrates only into the sulfate adlayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhee Park
- Institut für physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität BonnRömerstraße 164D-53117BonnGermany
| | - H. Baltruschat
- Institut für physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität BonnRömerstraße 16453117BonnGermany
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Wang Y, Wang J. Friction Determination by Atomic Force Microscopy in Field of Biochemical Science. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E313. [PMID: 30424246 PMCID: PMC6082115 DOI: 10.3390/mi9070313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an analytical nanotechnology in friction determination between microscale and nanoscale surfaces. AFM has advantages in mechanical measurement, including high sensitivity, resolution, accuracy, and simplicity of operation. This paper will introduce the principles of mechanical measurement by using AFM and reviewing the progress of AFM methods in determining frictions in the field of biochemical science over the past decade. While three friction measurement assays-friction morphology, friction curve and friction process in experimental cases-are mainly introduced, important advances of technology, facilitating future development of AFM are also discussed. In addition to the principles and advances, the authors also give an overview of the shortcomings and restrictions of current AFM methods, and propose potential directions of AFM techniques by combining it with other well-established characterization techniques. AFM methods are expected to see an increase in development and attract wide attention in scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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Ouyang W, de Wijn AS, Urbakh M. Atomic-scale sliding friction on a contaminated surface. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:6375-6381. [PMID: 29560981 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Using non-equilibrium molecular dynamic simulations, we investigate the effect of adsorbates on nanoscopic friction. We find that the interplay between different channels of energy dissipation at the frictional interface may lead to non-monotonic dependence of the friction force on the adsorbate surface coverage and to strongly nonlinear variation of friction with normal load (non-Amontons' behavior). Our simulations suggest that the key parameter controlling the variation of friction force with the normal load, surface coverage and temperature is the time-averaged number of adsorbates confined between the tip and the substrate. Three different regimes of temperature dependence of friction in the presence of adsorbates are predicted. Our findings point on new ways to control friction on contaminated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengen Ouyang
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Astrid S de Wijn
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Urbakh
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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de Wijn AS, Fasolino A, Filippov AE, Urbakh M. Effects of molecule anchoring and dispersion on nanoscopic friction under electrochemical control. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:105001. [PMID: 26871411 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/10/105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The application of electric fields is a promising strategy for in situ control of friction. While there have recently been many experimental studies on friction under the influence of electric fields, theoretical understanding is very limited. Recently, we introduced a simple theoretical model for friction under electrochemical conditions that focused on the interaction of a force microscope tip with adsorbed molecules whose orientation was dependent on the applied electric field. Here we focus on the effects of anchoring of the molecules on friction. We show that anchoring affects the intensity and width of the peak in the friction that occurs near a reorientation transition of adsorbed molecules, and explain this by comparing the strength of molecule-molecule and molecule-tip interactions. We derive a dispersion relation for phonons in the layer of adsorbed molecules and demonstrate that it can be used to understand important features of the frictional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S de Wijn
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Iqbal S, Wezisla S, Podgaynyy N, Baltruschat H. Pyridine on Au(111): A frictional transition controlled by electrochemical potential. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hayes
- Discipline
of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Gregory G. Warr
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- Discipline
of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Callaghan, Australia
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Podgaynyy N, Wezisla S, Molls C, Iqbal S, Baltruschat H. Stick-slip behaviour on Au(111) with adsorption of copper and sulfate. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:820-830. [PMID: 25977853 PMCID: PMC4419595 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Several transitions in the friction coefficient with increasing load are found on Au(111) in sulfuric acid electrolyte containing Cu ions when a monolayer (or submonolayer) of Cu is adsorbed. At the corresponding normal loads, a transition to double or multiple slips in stick-slip friction is observed. The stick length in this case corresponds to multiples of the lattice distance of the adsorbed sulfate, which is adsorbed in a √3 × √7 superstructure on the copper monolayer. Stick-slip behaviour for the copper monolayer as well as for 2/3 coverage can be observed at F N ≥ 15 nN. At this normal load, a change from a small to a large friction coefficient occurs. This leads to the interpretation that the tip penetrates the electrochemical double layer at this point. At the potential (or point) of zero charge (pzc), stick-slip resolution persists at all normal forces investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Podgaynyy
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Roemerstrasse 164, D-53117 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Wezisla
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Roemerstrasse 164, D-53117 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Molls
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Roemerstrasse 164, D-53117 Bonn, Germany
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Roemerstrasse 164, D-53117 Bonn, Germany
| | - Helmut Baltruschat
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Roemerstrasse 164, D-53117 Bonn, Germany
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Nanoscale lubrication of ionic surfaces controlled via a strong electric field. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8049. [PMID: 25623295 PMCID: PMC4306914 DOI: 10.1038/srep08049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Frictional forces arise whenever objects around us are set in motion. Controlling them in a rational manner means gaining leverage over mechanical energy losses and wear. This paper presents a way of manipulating nanoscale friction by means of in situ lubrication and interfacial electrochemistry. Water lubricant is directionally condensed from the vapor phase at a moving metal-ionic crystal interface by a strong confined electric field, thereby allowing friction to be tuned up or down via an applied bias. The electric potential polarity and ionic solid solubility are shown to strongly influence friction between the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and salt surface. An increase in friction is associated with the AFM tip digging into the surface, whereas reducing friction does not influence its topography. No current flows during friction variation, which excludes Joule heating and associated electrical energy losses. The demonstrated novel effect can be of significant technological importance for controlling friction in nano- and micro-electromechanical systems.
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11
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Iqbal S, Podgaynyy N, Ahmed M, Attard G, Baltruschat H. Surface morphological studies of Nafion®/Pt(100) interface. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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de Wijn AS, Fasolino A, Filippov AE, Urbakh M. Nanoscopic friction under electrochemical control. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:055502. [PMID: 24580609 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.055502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose a theoretical model of friction under electrochemical conditions focusing on the interaction of a force microscope tip with adsorbed polar molecules whose orientation depends on the applied electric field. We demonstrate that the dependence of friction force on the electric field is determined by the interplay of two channels of energy dissipation: (i) the rotation of dipoles and (ii) slips of the tip over potential barriers. We suggest a promising strategy to achieve a strong dependence of nanoscopic friction on the external field based on the competition between long-range electrostatic interactions and short-range chemical interactions between tip and adsorbed polar molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S de Wijn
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Fasolino
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A E Filippov
- Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering of NASU, 83144 Donetsk, Ukraine
| | - M Urbakh
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
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Dong Y, Wu X, Martini A. Atomic roughness enhanced friction on hydrogenated graphene. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:375701. [PMID: 23965631 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/37/375701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Atomic friction on hydrogenated graphene is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Hydrogenation is found to increase friction significantly, and the atomic-level information provided by the simulations reveals that atomic roughness induced by hydrogenation is the primary cause of the friction enhancement. Other proposed mechanisms, specifically adhesion and rigidity, are excluded based on the simulation results and analyses performed using the Prandtl-Tomlinson model. In addition, it is found that friction does not monotonically increase with hydrogen coverage on the graphene surface; instead, a maximum friction is observed at a hydrogen coverage between 5 and 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Dong
- The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA.
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15
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Labuda A, Hausen F, Gosvami NN, Grütter PH, Lennox RB, Bennewitz R. Switching atomic friction by electrochemical oxidation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:2561-2566. [PMID: 21314153 DOI: 10.1021/la104497t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Friction between the sliding tip of an atomic force microscope and a gold surface changes dramatically upon electrochemical oxidation of the gold surface. Atomic-scale variations of the lateral force reveal details of the friction mechanisms. Stick-slip motion with atomic periodicity on perfect Au(111) terraces exhibits extremely low friction and almost no dependence on load. Significant friction is observed only above a load threshold at which wear of the surface is initiated. In contrast, irregular stick-slip motion and a linear increase of friction with load are observed on electrochemically oxidized surfaces. The observations are discussed with reference to the amorphous structure of the oxo-hydroxide surface and atomic place exchange mechanisms upon oxidation. Reversible, fast switching between the two states of friction has been achieved in both perchloric and sulfuric acid solutions.
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Labuda A, Paul W, Pietrobon B, Lennox RB, Grütter PH, Bennewitz R. High-resolution friction force microscopy under electrochemical control. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:083701. [PMID: 20815607 DOI: 10.1063/1.3470107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the design and development of a friction force microscope for high-resolution studies in electrochemical environments. The design choices are motivated by the experimental requirements of atomic-scale friction measurements in liquids. The noise of the system is analyzed based on a methodology for the quantification of all the noise sources. The quantitative contribution of each noise source is analyzed in a series of lateral force measurements. Normal force detection is demonstrated in a study of the solvation potential in a confined liquid, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane. The limitations of the timing resolution of the instrument are discussed in the context of an atomic stick-slip measurement. The instrument is capable of studying the atomic friction contrast between a bare Au(111) surface and a copper monolayer deposited at underpotential conditions in perchloric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Labuda
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
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Domke KF, Xiao XY, Baltruschat H. The formation of two Ag UPD layers on stepped Pt single crystal electrodes and their restructuring by co-adsorption of CO. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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