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Ostertag BJ, Porshinsky EJ, Nawarathne CP, Ross AE. Surface-Roughened Graphene Oxide Microfibers Enhance Electrochemical Reversibility. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:12124-12136. [PMID: 38815131 PMCID: PMC11209849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Here, we provide an optimized method for fabricating surface-roughened graphene oxide disk microelectrodes (GFMEs) with enhanced defect density to generate a more suitable electrode surface for dopamine detection with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). FSCV detection, which is often influenced by adsorption-based surface interactions, is commonly impacted by the chemical and geometric structure of the electrode's surface, and graphene oxide is a tunable carbon-based nanomaterial capable of enhancing these two key characteristics. Synthesized GFMEs possess exquisite electronic and mechanical properties. We have optimized an applied inert argon (Ar) plasma treatment to increase defect density, with minimal changes in chemical functionality, for enhanced surface crevices to momentarily trap dopamine during detection. Optimal Ar plasma treatment (100 sccm, 60 s, 100 W) generates crevice depths of 33.4 ± 2.3 nm with high edge plane character enhancing dopamine interfacial interactions. Increases in GFME surface roughness improve electron transfer rates and limit diffusional rates out of the crevices to create nearly reversible dopamine electrochemical redox interactions. The utility of surface-roughened disk GFMEs provides comparable detection sensitivities to traditional cylindrical carbon fiber microelectrodes while improving temporal resolution ten-fold with amplified oxidation current due to dopamine cyclization. Overall, surface-roughened GFMEs enable improved adsorption interactions, momentary trapping, and current amplification, expanding the utility of GO microelectrodes for FSCV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise J. Ostertag
- University of Cincinnati Department of Chemistry 312 College Dr. 404 Crosley Tower Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Evan J. Porshinsky
- University of Cincinnati Department of Chemistry 312 College Dr. 404 Crosley Tower Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Chaminda P. Nawarathne
- University of Cincinnati Department of Chemistry 312 College Dr. 404 Crosley Tower Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Ashley E. Ross
- University of Cincinnati Department of Chemistry 312 College Dr. 404 Crosley Tower Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
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Colin C, Levallois P, Botsos-Margerit U, Clément F, Zigah D, Arbault S. Easy cleaning plus stable activation of glassy carbon electrode surface by oxygen plasma. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 154:108551. [PMID: 37677984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Glassy carbon (GC) electrodes are widely used in electroanalytical applications especially in bioelectrochemistry. Their use starts with an efficient surface cleaning and activation protocol, mostly based on surface polishing steps. We studied the use of an oxygen plasma exposure of GC electrodes to replace common polishing procedures. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) responses of ferrocyanide and ferrocene-dimethanol were used to compare brand new, surface-polished and plasma-treated GC electrodes. Plasma treatment induces CV responses with improved features, close to theoretical values, as compared to other methods. The plasma effects were quasi-stable over a week when electrodes were stored in water, this being explained by increased surface energy and hydrophilicity. Furthermore, when electroreduction of diazonium was performed on GC electrodes, the surface blockade could be removed by the plasma. Thus, a short oxygen plasma treatment is prone to replace polishing protocols, that display person-dependent efficiency, in most of the experiments with GC electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Colin
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Pierre Levallois
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | | | - Franck Clément
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, 64600 Anglet, France
| | - Dodzi Zigah
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France; Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Université de Poitiers, CNRS, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France.
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Sanhueza L, Garrido K, Celis F, García M, Cáceres C, Moczko E, Díaz R, J. Aguirre M, García C. Tailoring the electroactive area of carbon screen-printed electrodes by simple activation steps towards rutin determination. J Solid State Electrochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-023-05435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Cheunkar S, Oaew S, Parnsubsakul A, Asanithi P. Reactive argon-plasma activation of screen-printed carbon electrodes for highly selective dopamine determination. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4193-4201. [PMID: 36239194 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) deficiency has been linked to several psychiatric disorders. Electrochemical determination of the level of DA suffers from abundant ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) in body fluids. In this work, a facile argon (Ar) plasma treatment was utilized to enhance the electrocatalytic reactivity of screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) for selective DA detection. Surface characterization of the Ar-treated SCPEs verified that the carbon paste binders were successfully removed and single-bonded oxygenated moieties (-OH and C-O-C) were generated. Interestingly, the sharper D* and D'' Raman interbands were new key evidence of a higher exposure of carbon defect sites. Electrochemical studies further revealed that the Ar-treated SPCEs possessed faster heterogeneous electron-transfer rates, larger electroactive surface areas, and much higher conductivity when compared with untreated electrodes. As a result, the oxidation potentials of AA, DA, and UA in the mixture could be well-resolved and the current responses were significantly increased. The selective determination of DA in the presence of AA and UA by differential pulse voltammetry gave two linear responses with the limit of detection of 0.27 μM (0.15-10 μM range). Moreover, this Ar-treated SPCE had high reproducibility and good storage stability. These results suggest that Ar-plasma treatment could be a promising method to enhance the electrocatalytic properties of SPCEs for the detection of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarawut Cheunkar
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
| | - Sukunya Oaew
- Biochemical Engineering and Systems Biology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Attasith Parnsubsakul
- Sensor Research Unit (SRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phaya Thai Road, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Piyapong Asanithi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
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Syeed AJ, Li Y, Ostertag BJ, Brown JW, Ross AE. Nanostructured carbon-fiber surfaces for improved neurochemical detection. Faraday Discuss 2022; 233:336-353. [PMID: 34935021 PMCID: PMC9125946 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental insight into the extent to which the nanostructured surface and geometry impacts neurochemical interactions at electrode surfaces could provide significant advances in our ability to design and fabricate ultrasensitive neurochemical detection probes. Here, we investigate the extent to which the nanostructure of the carbon-fiber surface impacts detection of catecholamines and purines with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). Carbon-fibers were treated with argon (Ar) plasma to induce variations in the nano- and micro-structure without changing the functionalization of the surface. We tested variations in topology by measuring the extent to which the flow rate, RF power, and treatment time affect the surface roughness. Flow rates from 50-100 sccm, plasma power from 20-100 W, and treatment times from 30 s to 5 min were compared. Two Ar-treatments were chosen from the optimization studies for comparison, and the surface roughness was evaluated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). To ensure no changes in chemical composition, fibers were analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). On average, at the optimized Ar-plasma treatment procedure, oxidative current for adenosine and ATP increased by 3.5 ± 1.4-fold and 3.2 ± 0.6-fold, and guanosine and GTP by 1.7 ± 0.3-fold and 1.8 ± 0.3-fold, respectively (n = 9). Dopamine increased by 1.7 ± 0.3-fold. The extent to which changes in the electrode structure impact adsorption, sensitivity, and electron transfer rates were measured. A COMSOL Multiphysics simulation was developed to enable the modeling of mass transport of electroactive species at varying electrode geometries. Overall, this study provides critical insight into the extent to which the nanostructure of the surface impacts the electrochemical detection of neurochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayah J Syeed
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
| | - Yuxin Li
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
| | - Blaise J Ostertag
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
| | - Jared W Brown
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
| | - Ashley E Ross
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Dr 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
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Fabrication, Characterization and Performance Evaluation of Screen-printed Carbon Electrodes: Determination of Acetaminophen in Tylenol. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(21)60116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kava AA, Henry CS. Exploring carbon particle type and plasma treatment to improve electrochemical properties of stencil-printed carbon electrodes. Talanta 2021; 221:121553. [PMID: 33076109 PMCID: PMC7575823 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stencil-printing conductive carbon inks has revolutionized the development of inexpensive, disposable and portable electrochemical sensors. However, stencil-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) typically suffer from poor electrochemical properties. While many surface pretreatments and modifications have been tested to improve the electrochemical activity of SPCEs, the bulk composition of the inks used for printing has been largely ignored. Recent studies of other carbon composite electrode materials show significant evidence that the conductive carbon particle component is strongly related to electrochemical performance. However, such a study has not been carried out with SPCEs. In this work, we perform a systematic characterization of SPCEs made with different carbon particle types including graphite particles, glassy carbon microparticles and carbon black. The relationship between carbon particle characteristics including particle size, particle purity, and particle morphology as well as particle mass loading on the fabrication and electrochemical properties of SPCEs is studied. SPCEs were plasma treated for surface activation and the electrochemical properties of both untreated and plasma treated SPCEs are also compared. SPCEs displayed distinct analytical utilities characterized through solvent window and double layer capacitance. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of several standard redox probes, FcTMA+, ferri/ferrocyanide, and pAP was used to establish the effects of carbon particle type and plasma treatment on electron transfer kinetics of SPCEs. CV of the biologically relevant molecules uric acid, NADH and dopamine was employed to further illustrate the differences in sensing and fouling characteristics of SPCEs fabricated with different carbon particle types. SEM imaging revealed significant differences in the SPCE surface microstructures. This systematic study demonstrates that the electrochemical properties of SPCEs can be tuned and significantly improved through careful selection of carbon particle type and plasma cleaning with a goal toward the development of better performing electrochemical point-of-need sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Kava
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States.
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Silva RR, Raymundo-Pereira PA, Campos AM, Wilson D, Otoni CG, Barud HS, Costa CA, Domeneguetti RR, Balogh DT, Ribeiro SJ, Oliveira Jr. ON. Microbial nanocellulose adherent to human skin used in electrochemical sensors to detect metal ions and biomarkers in sweat. Talanta 2020; 218:121153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Natural Melanin Nanoparticle‐decorated Screen‐printed Carbon Electrode: Performance Test for Amperometric Determination of Hexavalent Chromium as Model Trace. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Martín-Yerga D, Costa-García A, Unwin PR. Correlative Voltammetric Microscopy: Structure-Activity Relationships in the Microscopic Electrochemical Behavior of Screen Printed Carbon Electrodes. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2173-2180. [PMID: 31353890 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) are widely used for electrochemical sensors. However, little is known about their electrochemical behavior at the microscopic level. In this work, we use voltammetric scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), with dual-channel probes, to determine the microscopic factors governing the electrochemical response of SPCEs. SECCM cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements are performed directly in hundreds of different locations of SPCEs, with high spatial resolution, using a submicrometer sized probe. Further, the localized electrode activity is spatially correlated to colocated surface structure information from scanning electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. This approach is applied to two model electrochemical processes: hexaammineruthenium(III/II) ([Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+), a well-known outer-sphere redox couple, and dopamine (DA), which undergoes a more complex electron-proton coupled electro-oxidation, with complications from adsorption of both DA and side-products. The electrochemical reduction of [Ru(NH3)6]3+ proceeds fairly uniformly across the surface of SPCEs on the submicrometer scale. In contrast, DA electro-oxidation shows a strong dependence on the microstructure of the SPCE. By studying this process at different concentrations of DA, the relative contributions of (i) intrinsic electrode kinetics and (ii) adsorption of DA are elucidated in detail, as a function of local electrode character and surface structure. These studies provide major new insights on the electrochemical activity of SPCEs and further position voltammetric SECCM as a powerful technique for the electrochemical imaging of complex, heterogeneous, and topographically rough electrode surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martín-Yerga
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Agustín Costa-García
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Screen-Printed Graphite Electrodes as Low-Cost Devices for Oxygen Gas Detection in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17122734. [PMID: 29186869 PMCID: PMC5751384 DOI: 10.3390/s17122734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Screen-printed graphite electrodes (SPGEs) have been used for the first time as platforms to detect oxygen gas in room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). Up until now, carbon-based SPEs have shown inferior behaviour compared to platinum and gold SPEs for gas sensing with RTIL solvents. The electrochemical reduction of oxygen (O₂) in a range of RTILs has therefore been explored on home-made SPGEs, and is compared to the behaviour on commercially-available carbon SPEs (C-SPEs). Six common RTILs are initially employed for O₂ detection using cyclic voltammetry (CV), and two RTILs ([C₂mim][NTf₂] and [C₄mim][PF₆]) chosen for further detailed analytical studies. Long-term chronoamperometry (LTCA) was also performed to test the ability of the sensor surface for real-time gas monitoring. Both CV and LTCA gave linear calibration graphs-for CV in the 10-100% vol. range, and for LTCA in the 0.1-20% vol. range-on the SPGE. The responses on the SPGE were far superior to the commercial C-SPEs; more instability in the electrochemical responses were observed on the C-SPEs, together with some breaking-up or dissolution of the electrode surface materials. This study highlights that not all screen-printed ink formulations are compatible with RTIL solvents for longer-term electrochemical experiments, and that the choice of RTIL is also important. Overall, the low-cost SPGEs appear to be promising platforms for the detection of O₂, particularly in [C₄mim][PF₆].
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12
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Carbon Surface Modifications by Plasma for Catalyst Support and Electrode Materials Applications. Top Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-017-0747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Correlations between the grafting conditions and the copper detection by diazonium functionalized carbon screen-printed electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Recent developments and applications of screen-printed electrodes in environmental assays—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 734:31-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chang YH, Hsu CL, Yuan CJ, Tang SF, Chiang HJ, Jang HD, Chang KS. Improvement of the inter-electrode reproducibility of screen-printed carbon electrodes by oxygen plasma etching and an image color level method for quality control. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Electrochemical analysis of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase serum level: Exploiting protein binding to a functionalized nanostructured surface. Talanta 2011; 85:770-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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El Mel AA, Gautron E, Choi CH, Angleraud B, Granier A, Tessier PY. Titanium carbide/carbon composite nanofibers prepared by a plasma process. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:435603. [PMID: 20890019 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/43/435603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of metal or metal carbide nanoparticles into carbon nanofibers modifies their properties and enlarges their field of application. The purpose of this work is to report a new non-catalytic and easy method to prepare organized metal carbide-carbon composite nanofibers on nanopatterned silicon substrates prepared by laser interference lithography coupled with deep reactive ion etching. Titanium carbide-carbon composite nanofibers were grown on the top of the silicon lines parallel to the substrate by a hybrid plasma process combining physical vapor deposition and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The prepared nanofibers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. We demonstrate that the shape, microstructure and the chemical composition of the as-grown nanofibers can be tuned by changing the plasma conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A El Mel
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, UMR 6502, Nantes, France
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Yuan CJ, Wang YC, Reiko O. Improving the detection of hydrogen peroxide of screen-printed carbon paste electrodes by modifying with nonionic surfactants. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 653:71-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Enhancement of electrochemical properties of screen-printed carbon electrodes by oxygen plasma treatment. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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