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Braasch-Turi MM, Koehn JT, Crans DC. Chemistry of Lipoquinones: Properties, Synthesis, and Membrane Location of Ubiquinones, Plastoquinones, and Menaquinones. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12856. [PMID: 36361645 PMCID: PMC9656164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoquinones are the topic of this review and are a class of hydrophobic lipid molecules with key biological functions that are linked to their structure, properties, and location within a biological membrane. Ubiquinones, plastoquinones, and menaquinones vary regarding their quinone headgroup, isoprenoid sidechain, properties, and biological functions, including the shuttling of electrons between membrane-bound protein complexes within the electron transport chain. Lipoquinones are highly hydrophobic molecules that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in aqueous solution, causing obstacles in water-based assays that measure their chemical properties, enzyme activities and effects on cell growth. Little is known about the location and ultimately movement of lipoquinones in the membrane, and these properties are topics described in this review. Computational studies are particularly abundant in the recent years in this area, and there is far less experimental evidence to verify the often conflicting interpretations and conclusions that result from computational studies of very different membrane model systems. Some recent experimental studies have described using truncated lipoquinone derivatives, such as ubiquinone-2 (UQ-2) and menaquinone-2 (MK-2), to investigate their conformation, their location in the membrane, and their biological function. Truncated lipoquinone derivatives are soluble in water-based assays, and hence can serve as excellent analogs for study even though they are more mobile in the membrane than the longer chain counterparts. In this review, we will discuss the properties, location in the membrane, and syntheses of three main classes of lipoquinones including truncated derivatives. Our goal is to highlight the importance of bridging the gap between experimental and computational methods and to incorporate properties-focused considerations when proposing future studies relating to the function of lipoquinones in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan T. Koehn
- Chemistry Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Chemistry Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Cell & Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Regioselective synthesis of novel 5-nitro-naphthoquinone derivatives: Electrochemistry and in-situ spectroelectrochemistry properties. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Controllable cross-coupling of thiophenols with dichloromethane mediated by consecutively paired electrolysis. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Kasagani VP, Kurma SH, Bhimapaka CR. A facile construction of oxygen heterocycles by the reaction of benzoxepine-4-carboxylates with dihaloalkanes and activated alkynes. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6645-6653. [PMID: 31237599 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00769e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the preparation of heterocyclic compounds such as naphtho[1,3]-dioxoles (3a-h), [1,4]-dioxines (4a-h), [1,4]-dioxepines (5a-c), [1,4]-dioxocines (6a-c) and diethyl 2-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)naphtho[1,3]dioxoles (8a-f). These heterocyclic compounds have been achieved by the reaction of benzoxepine-4-carboxylates (1a-h) with dihaloalkanes (2a-e) and activated alkyne (7a) for the first time. This work represents the first example for the construction of utile oxygen heterocycles by the formation of C-C and C-O bonds in a one step process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Prasad Kasagani
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
| | - Siva Hariprasad Kurma
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
| | - China Raju Bhimapaka
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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Barba F, Quirós I, Salgado A, Batanero B. Electrosynthesis of Oxazol‐2(3
H
)‐Ones and Diaroylhydrazines from 1,2‐Dicarbonyl Compounds and Arenediazonium Salts. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fructuoso Barba
- Department of Organic and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Alcala Campus, km 33,6 A2 28805 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid Spain
| | - Irene Quirós
- Department of Organic and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Alcala Campus, km 33,6 A2 28805 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid Spain
| | - Antonio Salgado
- Centro de Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear (CERMN) CAI QuímicasUniversity of Alcala 28805 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Belen Batanero
- Department of Organic and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Alcala Campus, km 33,6 A2 28805 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Química “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR)University of Alcala 28805 Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
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Kim S, Matsubara R, Hayashi M. Activated Carbon-Promoted Dehydrogenation of Hydroquinones to Benzoquinones, Naphthoquinones, and Anthraquinones under Molecular Oxygen Atmosphere. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2997-3003. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsubara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1924] [Impact Index Per Article: 274.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Zinin AI, Stepanova EV, Jost U, Kondakov NN, Shpirt AM, Chizhov AO, Torgov VI, Kononov LO. An efficient multigram-scale synthesis of 4-(ω-chloroalkoxy)phenols. Russ Chem Bull 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-017-1732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Baranov DS, Gatilov YV. Cyclization of 2-(3-R-prop-2-ynyloxy)-4-phenyliminonaphthalen- 1(4H)-ones into 2-R-methylidene-6-phenylamino-2,3-dihydronaphtho[2,1-b]-1,4-dioxines. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Huang X, Cao X. Preparation of ursodeoxycholic acid from 7-ketone lithocholic acid by stereoselective electroreduction. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-015-0058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Guo H, Zhang D, Zhu C, Li J, Xu G, Sun J. When aryldiazonium salts meet vinyl diazoacetates: a cobalt-catalyzed regiospecific synthesis of N-arylpyrazoles. Org Lett 2014; 16:3110-3. [PMID: 24870247 DOI: 10.1021/ol5012339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A cobalt-catalyzed C-N bond formation between aryl diazonium salts and vinyl diazoacetates has been developed under relatively mild conditions. The N-arylpyrazoles have been prepared in moderate to high yields in a regiospecific way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiheng Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science, Changzhou University , Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
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Batanero B, Barba F, Barba I, Elinson MN. Reductive electrochemical formation of 6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one and 2-benzopyran-1(1H)-one. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.10.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Batanero B, Barba F, Martin A. One-Pot Formation of 1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2(3H)-ones and Dibenzo[c,e]azepines by Concomitant Cathodic Reduction of Diazonium Salts and Phenanthrenequinones. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9477-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401264w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belen Batanero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Alcalá , 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Mo F, Dong G, Zhang Y, Wang J. Recent applications of arene diazonium salts in organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:1582-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27366k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kibena E, Mäeorg U, Matisen L, Sulamägi P, Tammeveski K. A study of glassy carbon electrodes modified with azobenzene derivatives. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Synthesis of new derivatives of a representative o-quinone scaffold by reduction at the electrode. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kullapere M, Mirkhalaf F, Tammeveski K. Electrochemical behaviour of glassy carbon electrodes modified with aryl groups. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Barba F, Batanero B, Tissaoui K, Raouafi N, Boujlel K. Cathodic reduction of diazonium salts in aprotic medium. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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