1
|
Ritter-type amination of C(sp 3)-H bonds enabled by electrochemistry with SO 42. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4138. [PMID: 35842447 PMCID: PMC9288499 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31813-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
By merging electricity with sulfate, the Ritter-type amination of C(sp3)-H bonds is developed in an undivided cell under room temperature. This method features broad substrate generality (71 examples, up to 93% yields), high functional-group compatibility, facile scalability, excellent site-selectivity and mild conditions. Common alkanes and electron-deficient alkylbenzenes are viable substrates. It also provides a straightforward protocol for incorporating C-deuterated acetylamino group into C(sp3)-H sites. Application in the synthesis or modification of pharmaceuticals or their derivatives and gram-scale synthesis demonstrate the practicability of this method. Mechanistic experiments show that sulfate radical anion, formed by electrolysis of sulfate, served as hydrogen atom transfer agent to provide alkyl radical intermediate. This method paves a convenient and flexible pathway for realizing various synthetically useful transformations of C(sp3)-H bonds mediated by sulfate radical anion generated via electrochemistry. The amination of C(sp3)–H bonds is an appealing and challenging task in organic synthesis. Here, by using an electrogenerated sulfate radical an HAT agent, the authors report a practical Ritter-type amination of C(sp3)–H bonds.
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang H, Steiniger KA, Lambert TH. Electrophotocatalysis: Combining Light and Electricity to Catalyze Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12567-12583. [PMID: 35816101 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light photocatalysis and electrocatalysis are two powerful strategies for the promotion of chemical reactions that have received tremendous attention in recent years. In contrast, processes that combine these two modalities, an area termed electrophotocatalysis, have until recently remained quite rare. However, over the past several years a number of reports in this area have shown the potential of combining the power of light and electrical energy to realize new catalytic transformations. Electrophotocatalysis offers the ability to perform photoredox reactions without the need for large quantities of stoichiometric or superstoichiometric chemical oxidants or reductants by making use of an electrochemical potential as the electron source or sink. In addition, electrophotocatalysis is readily amenable to the generation of open-shell photocatalysts, which tend to have exceptionally strong redox potentials. In this way, potent yet selective redox reactions have been realized under relatively mild conditions. This Perspective highlights recent advances in the area of electrophotocatalysis and provides some possible avenues for future work in this growing area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Keri A Steiniger
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kooli A, Wesenberg L, Beslać M, Krech A, Lopp M, Noёl T, Ošeka M. Electrochemical Hydroxylation of Electron‐Rich Arenes in Continuous‐Flow. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anni Kooli
- Tallinn University of Technology: Tallinna Tehnikaulikool Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology ESTONIA
| | - Lars Wesenberg
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS) NETHERLANDS
| | - Marko Beslać
- TU/e: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Anastasiya Krech
- Tallinn University of Technology: Tallinna Tehnikaulikool Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology ESTONIA
| | - Margus Lopp
- Tallinn University of Technology: Tallinna Tehnikaulikool Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology ESTONIA
| | - Timothy Noёl
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS) NETHERLANDS
| | - Maksim Ošeka
- Tallinn University of Technology Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Akadeemia tee 15 12618 Tallinn ESTONIA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang H, Lambert TH. Electrophotocatalytic C-H Heterofunctionalization of Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11163-11167. [PMID: 33661562 PMCID: PMC8099024 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The electrophotocatalytic heterofunctionalization of arenes is described. Using 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanoquinone (DDQ) under a mild electrochemical potential with visible-light irradiation, arenes undergo oxidant-free hydroxylation, alkoxylation, and amination with high chemoselectivity. In addition to batch reactions, an electrophotocatalytic recirculating flow process is demonstrated, enabling the conversion of benzene to phenol on a gram scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 122 Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 122 Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang H, Lambert TH. Electrophotocatalytic C−H Heterofunctionalization of Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University 122 Baker Laboratory Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Tristan H. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University 122 Baker Laboratory Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li M, Hong J, Xiao W, Yang Y, Qiu D, Mo F. Electrocatalytic Oxidative Transformation of Organic Acids for Carbon-Heteroatom and Sulfur-Heteroatom Bond Formation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:1661-1687. [PMID: 31804002 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The electrolysis of organic acids has garnered increasing attention in recent years. In addition to the famous electrochemical decarboxylation known as Kolbe electrolysis, a number of other electrochemical processes have been recently established that allow for the construction of carbon-heteroatom and sulfur-heteroatom bonds from organic acids. Herein, recent advances in electrochemical C-X and S-X (X=N, O, S, Se) bond-forming reactions from five classes of organic acids and their conjugate bases, namely, carboxylic, thiocarboxylic, phosphonic, sulfinic, and sulfonic acids, are surveyed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Junting Hong
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Di Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance, for Functional Molecules, MOE Key Laboratory of, Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, P.R. China
| | - Fanyang Mo
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Donghai Silicon Industry S&T Innovation Center, Donghai County, Jiangsu, 222300, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dyga M, Hayrapetyan D, Rit RK, Gooßen LJ. Electrochemical
ipso
‐Thiocyanation of Arylboron Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Dyga
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150, ZEMOS 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Davit Hayrapetyan
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150, ZEMOS 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Raja K. Rit
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150, ZEMOS 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Lukas J. Gooßen
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150, ZEMOS 44801 Bochum Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Arylated products are found in various fields of chemistry and represent essential entities for many applications. Therefore, the formation of this structural feature represents a central issue of contemporary organic synthesis. By the action of electricity the necessity of leaving groups, metal catalysts, stoichiometric oxidizers, or reducing agents can be omitted in part or even completely. The replacement of conventional reagents by sustainable electricity not only will be environmentally benign but also allows significant short cuts in electrochemical synthesis. In addition, this methodology can be considered as inherently safe. The current survey is organized in cathodic and anodic conversions as well as by the number of leaving groups being involved. In some electroconversions the reagents used are regenerated at the electrode, whereas in other electrotransformations free radical sequences are exploited to afford a highly sustainable process. The electrochemical formation of the aryl-substrate bond is discussed for aromatic substrates, heterocycles, other multiple bond systems, and even at saturated carbon substrates. This survey covers most of the seminal work and the advances of the past two decades in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center with Johannes Gutenberg University , Forum universitatis 2 , 55122 Mainz , Germany
| | - Sebastian Lips
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Maximilian Selt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Barbara Riehl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Christopher J Kampf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center with Johannes Gutenberg University , Forum universitatis 2 , 55122 Mainz , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mitsudo K, Kurimoto Y, Yoshioka K, Suga S. Miniaturization and Combinatorial Approach in Organic Electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5985-5999. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuji Kurimoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshioka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1869] [Impact Index Per Article: 267.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang R, Li G, Hu Y. Simple and Excellent Selective Chemiluminescence-Based CS2 On-Line Detection System for Rapid Analysis of Sulfur-Containing Compounds in Complex Samples. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5649-55. [PMID: 25913203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To study the interesting chemical reaction phenomenon can greatly contribute to the development of an innovative analytical method. In this paper, a simple CL reaction cell was constructed to study the chemiluminescence (CL) emission from the thermal oxidation of carbon disulfide (CS2). We found that the CL detection of CS2 exhibits unique characteristics of excellent selectivity and rapid response capacity. Experimental investigations together with theoretical calculation were performed to study the mechanism behind the CL reaction. The results revealed that the main luminous intermediates generated during the thermal degradation of CS2 are SO2* and CO2*. Significantly, this CL emission phenomenon has a wide application due to many sulfur-containing compounds that can convert to CS2 under special conditions. On the basis of this scheme, a CS2-generating and detection system was developed for rapid measurement of CS2 or other compounds that can convert to CS2. The usefulness of the system was demonstrated by measuring dithiocarbamate (DTC) pesticides (selected mancozeb as a representative analyte) based on the evolution of CS2 in spiked agricultural products. Results showed that the system allows online and large volume detection of CS2 under nonequilibrium condition, which greatly reduces the analytical time. The concentrations of mancozeb in the spiked samples were well-quantified with satisfied recoveries of 76.9-97.3%. The system not only addresses the urgent need for rapid in-field screening of DTC residues in foodstuffs but also opens a new opportunity for the fast, convenient, and cost-effective detection of CS2 and some other sulfur-containing compounds in complex samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runkun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yufei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shchepochkin AV, Chupakhin ON, Charushin VN, Petrosyan VA. Direct nucleophilic functionalization of C(sp2)–H-bonds in arenes and hetarenes by electrochemical methods. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2013v082n08abeh004386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
14
|
Ashikari Y, Nokami T, Yoshida JI. Oxidative hydroxylation mediated by alkoxysulfonium ions. Org Lett 2012; 14:938-41. [PMID: 22273445 DOI: 10.1021/ol203467v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative hydroxylation of toluene derivatives via alkoxysulfonium ion intermediates was achieved by integration of anodic oxidation and hydrolysis to give benzyl alcohols which are also susceptible to oxidation. Alkenes were also oxidized to give 1,2-diols without overoxidation. The integration of electrochemical oxidative cyclization and hydrolysis was achieved using alkenes bearing a nitrogen atom in an appropriate position to give cyclic β-amino-substituted alcohols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ashikari
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pei J, Qin S, Li GY, Hu CW. Water-promoted One-step Anodic Acetoxylation of Benzene to Phenyl Acetate with High Selectivity. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/24/02/244-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|