1
|
Vaghefinazari B, Wierzbicka E, Visser P, Posner R, Arrabal R, Matykina E, Mohedano M, Blawert C, Zheludkevich M, Lamaka S. Chromate-Free Corrosion Protection Strategies for Magnesium Alloys-A Review: PART I-Pre-Treatment and Conversion Coating. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8676. [PMID: 36500170 PMCID: PMC9736347 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Corrosion protection systems based on hexavalent chromium are traditionally perceived to be a panacea for many engineering metals including magnesium alloys. However, bans and strict application regulations attributed to environmental concerns and the carcinogenic nature of hexavalent chromium have driven a considerable amount of effort into developing safer and more environmentally friendly alternative techniques that provide the desired corrosion protection performance for magnesium and its alloys. Part I of this review series considers the various pre-treatment methods as the earliest step involved in the preparation of Mg surfaces for the purpose of further anti-corrosion treatments. The decisive effect of pre-treatment on the corrosion properties of both bare and coated magnesium is discussed. The second section of this review covers the fundamentals and performance of conventional and state-of-the-art conversion coating formulations including phosphate-based, rare-earth-based, vanadate, fluoride-based, and LDH. In addition, the advantages and challenges of each conversion coating formulation are discussed to accommodate the perspectives on their application and future development. Several auspicious corrosion protection performances have been reported as the outcome of extensive ongoing research dedicated to the development of conversion coatings, which can potentially replace hazardous chromium(VI)-based technologies in industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Vaghefinazari
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ewa Wierzbicka
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Functional Materials and Hydrogen Technology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ralf Posner
- Henkel AG & Co., KGaA, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raúl Arrabal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Endzhe Matykina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Mohedano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carsten Blawert
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Mikhail Zheludkevich
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Sviatlana Lamaka
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Duszczyk J, Siuzdak K, Klimczuk T, Strychalska-Nowak J, Zaleska-Medynska A. Modified Manganese Phosphate Conversion Coating on Low-Carbon Steel. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061416. [PMID: 32244999 PMCID: PMC7143222 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conversion coatings are one of the primary types of galvanic coatings used to protect steel structures against corrosion. They are created through chemical reactions between the metal surface and the environment of the phosphating. This paper investigates the impact that the addition of new metal cations to the phosphating reaction environment has on the quality of the final coating. So far, standard phosphate coatings have contained only one primary element, such as zinc in the case of zinc coatings, or two elements, such as manganese and iron in the case of manganese coatings. The structural properties have been determined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electrochemical tests. New manganese coatings were produced through a reaction between the modified phosphating bath and the metal (Ba, Zn, Cd, Mo, Cu, Ce, Sr, and Ca). This change was noticeable in the structure of the produced manganese phosphate crystallites. A destructive effect of molybdenum and chromium was demonstrated. Microscopic analysis, XRD analysis and electrochemical tests suggest that the addition of new metal cations to the phosphating bath affects the corrosion resistance of the modified coating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Duszczyk
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza str. 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (A.Z.-M.)
| | - Katarzyna Siuzdak
- The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera str. 14, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Klimczuk
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk University of Technology, str. G. Narutowicza 11-12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (T.K.); (J.S.-N.)
| | - Judyta Strychalska-Nowak
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk University of Technology, str. G. Narutowicza 11-12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (T.K.); (J.S.-N.)
| | - Adriana Zaleska-Medynska
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza str. 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (A.Z.-M.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A. A, K. R, T. S. N. SN. Cathodic electrodeposition of zinc–zinc phosphate–calcium phosphate composite coatings on pure iron for biodegradable implant applications. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00991a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Faster degradation of iron based degradable implants in physiological media, particularly during the initial stages of implantation, poses difficulties in directly using them for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adhilakshmi A.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- University of Madras, Guindy Campus
- Chennai-600025
- India
| | - Ravichandran K.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- University of Madras, Guindy Campus
- Chennai-600025
- India
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang C, Zhang X, Wang D, Zhang L, Cheng X. Phosphate conversion coatings on 35CrMnSi steels subjected to different heat treatments. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.106636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
5
|
|
6
|
Anticorrosion organic–inorganic hybrid films constructed on iron substrates using self-assembled polyacrylic acid as a functional bottom layer. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Liu D, Li Y, Zhou Y, Ding Y. The Preparation, Characterization and Formation Mechanism of a Calcium Phosphate Conversion Coating on Magnesium Alloy AZ91D. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E908. [PMID: 29843417 PMCID: PMC6025320 DOI: 10.3390/ma11060908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The poor corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys is one of the main obstacles preventing their widespread usage. Due to the advantages of lower cost and simplicity in operation, chemical conversion coating has drawn considerable attention for its improvement of the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. In this study, a calcium phosphate coating was prepared on magnesium alloy AZ91D by chemical conversion. For the calcium phosphate coating, the effect of processing parameters on the microstructure and corrosion resistance was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electrochemical methods, and the coating composition was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The calcium phosphate coating was mainly composed of CaHPO₄·2H₂O (DCPD), with fewer cracks and pores. The coating with the leaf-like microstructure provided great corrosion resistance to the AZ91D substrate, and was obtained under the following conditions: 20 min, ambient temperature, and no stirring. At the same time, the role of NH₄H₂PO₄ as the coating-forming agent and the acidifying agent in the conversion process was realized, and the formation mechanism of DCPD was discussed in detail in this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
- Key Lab for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Yanyan Li
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Yong Zhou
- Key Lab for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Yigang Ding
- Key Lab for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Electrochemically triggered nucleation and growth of zinc phosphate on aluminium-silicon-coated steel. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Zhang X, Xiao GY, Liu B, Jiang CC, Lu YP. Influence of processing time on the phase, microstructure and electrochemical properties of hopeite coating on stainless steel by chemical conversion method. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00721f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Distinct nanoscale structures of hopeite coating on stainless steel are found which may have potential significance for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Shandong University
- Ji'nan
- China
| | - Gui-yong Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Shandong University
- Ji'nan
- China
| | - Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Shandong University
- Ji'nan
- China
| | - Cong-cong Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Shandong University
- Ji'nan
- China
| | - Yu-peng Lu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Shandong University
- Ji'nan
- China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fouladi M, Amadeh A. Effect of phosphating time and temperature on microstructure and corrosion behavior of magnesium phosphate coating. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
11
|
Biomedical coatings on magnesium alloys - a review. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:2442-55. [PMID: 22510401 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 911] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively covers research carried out in the field of degradable coatings on Mg and Mg alloys for biomedical applications. Several coating methods are discussed, which can be divided, based on the specific processing techniques used, into conversion and deposition coatings. The literature review revealed that in most cases coatings increase the corrosion resistance of Mg and Mg alloys. The critical factors determining coating performance, such as corrosion rate, surface chemistry, adhesion and coating morphology, are identified and discussed. The analysis of the literature showed that many studies have focused on calcium phosphate coatings produced either using conversion or deposition methods which were developed for orthopaedic applications. However, the control of phases and the formation of cracks still appear unsatisfactory. More research and development is needed in the case of biodegradable organic based coatings to generate reproducible and relevant data. In addition to biocompatibility, the mechanical properties of the coatings are also relevant, and the development of appropriate methods to study the corrosion process in detail and in the long term remains an important area of research.
Collapse
|
12
|
Deng MJ, Lin PC, Chang JK, Chen JM, Lu KT. Electrochemistry of Zn(II)/Zn on Mg alloy from the N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide ionic liquid. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|