1
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Huerta F, Quijada C, Montilla F, Morallón E. Revisiting the Redox Transitions of Polyaniline. Semiquantitative Interpretation of Electrochemically Induced IR Bands. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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2
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Martinez JG, Ayán-Varela M, Paredes JI, Villar-Rodil S, Aznar-Cervantes SD, Otero TF. Electrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of Flavin Mononucleotide-Exfoliated Pristine Graphene/Polypyrrole Composites. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose G. Martinez
- Group for Electrochemistry, Intelligent Materials & Devices (GEMDI); Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena; C/Carlos III, s/n 30203 Murcia Spain
| | - Miguel Ayán-Varela
- Instituto Nacional del Carbón, INCAR-CSIC; Apartado 73 33080 Oviedo Spain
| | - Juan I. Paredes
- Instituto Nacional del Carbón, INCAR-CSIC; Apartado 73 33080 Oviedo Spain
| | | | - Salvador D. Aznar-Cervantes
- Department of Biotechnology; Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA); La Alberca (Murcia) E-30150 Spain
| | - Toribio F. Otero
- Group for Electrochemistry, Intelligent Materials & Devices (GEMDI); Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena; C/Carlos III, s/n 30203 Murcia Spain
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3
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Emanuelsson R, Karlsson C, Huang H, Kosgei C, Strømme M, Sjödin M. Quinone based conducting redox polymers for electrical energy storage. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193517010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Otero TF. Reactions driving conformational movements (molecular motors) in gels: conformational and structural chemical kinetics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:1718-1730. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06735b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ea,k,αandβfrom reactions driving molecular polymeric motors constituting dense gels include quantitative conformational and structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toribio F. Otero
- Centre for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI)
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena Aulario II
- Cartagena
- Spain
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5
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Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of self-supported polypyrrole-DBS-MWCNT electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Casado N, Hernández G, Veloso A, Devaraj S, Mecerreyes D, Armand M. PEDOT Radical Polymer with Synergetic Redox and Electrical Properties. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:59-64. [PMID: 26877892 PMCID: PMC4727933 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The development of new redox polymers is being boosted by the increasing interest in the area of energy and health. The development of new polymers is needed to further advance new applications or improve the performance of actual devices such as batteries, supercapacitors, or drug delivery systems. Here we show the synthesis and characterization of a new polymer which combines the present most successful conjugated polymer backbone and the most successful redox active side group, i.e., poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and a nitroxide stable radical. First, a derivative of the 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) molecule with side nitroxide stable radical group (TEMPO) was synthesized. The electrochemical polymerization of the PEDOT-TEMPO monomer was investigated in detail using cyclic voltammetry, potential step, and constant current methods. Monomer and polymer were characterized by NMR, FTIR, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and four-point probe conductivity. The new PEDOT-TEMPO radical polymer combines the electronic conductivity of the conjugated polythiophene backbone and redox properties of the nitroxide group. As an example of application, this redox active polymer was used as a conductive binder in lithium ion batteries. Good cycling stability with high Coulombic efficiency and increased cyclability at different rates were obtained using this polymer as a replacement of two ingredients: conductive carbon additive and polymeric binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Casado
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Centre, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Guiomar Hernández
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Centre, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Antonio Veloso
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Centre, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Shanmukaraj Devaraj
- CIC
EnergiGUNE, Alava Technology Park, C/Albert Einste in 48, 01510 Miñano, Alava, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Centre, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Michel Armand
- CIC
EnergiGUNE, Alava Technology Park, C/Albert Einste in 48, 01510 Miñano, Alava, Spain
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7
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Li Y, Ni X. One-step preparation of graphene oxide–poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene) composite films for nonvolatile rewritable memory devices. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25517a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A nonvolatile rewritable memory composite film consisting of PEDOT and GO has been prepared by using GO-initiated photopolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- The People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyuan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- The People's Republic of China
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8
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Beverina L, Pagani GA, Sassi M. Multichromophoric electrochromic polymers: colour tuning of conjugated polymers through the side chain functionalization approach. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:5413-30. [PMID: 24647618 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00163j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochromic materials have gained constantly increasing interest over the years with respect to their inorganic counterpart due to essentially two distinctive characteristics: their processability through solution based low cost processes and their wide colour palette. Such characteristic features enabled their application in displays, smart windows, electronic paper and ophthalmic lenses. Alongside the established concept of donor-acceptor polymers, side chain functionalized multichromophoric polymers are gaining attention as a highly performing and synthetically feasible alternative, particularly relevant to applications requiring a complete colourlessness in one of the accessible redox states of the material. The primary aim of the present article is to review all the results involving the tuning of the native electrochromic properties of simple conjugated polymers through the introduction of a discrete electrochromic molecule as a side chain substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Beverina
- University of Milano-Bicocca
- Department of Material Science
- Milano, Italy I-20125
| | - G. A. Pagani
- University of Milano-Bicocca
- Department of Material Science
- Milano, Italy I-20125
| | - M. Sassi
- University of Milano-Bicocca
- Department of Material Science
- Milano, Italy I-20125
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9
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Vreeland RF, Atcherley CW, Russell WS, Xie JY, Lu D, Laude ND, Porreca F, Heien ML. Biocompatible PEDOT:Nafion composite electrode coatings for selective detection of neurotransmitters in vivo. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2600-7. [PMID: 25692657 DOI: 10.1021/ac502165f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A Nafion and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) containing composite polymer has been electropolymerized on carbon-fiber microelectrodes with the goal of creating a mechanically stable, robust, and controllable electrode coating that increases the selectivity and sensitivity of in vivo electrochemical measurements. The coating is deposited on carbon-fiber microelectrodes by applying a triangle waveform from +1.5 V to -0.8 V and back in a dilute solution of ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and Nafion in acetonitrile. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the coating is uniform and ∼100 nm thick. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrated that both sulfur and fluorine are present in the coating, indicating the incorporation of PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Nafion. Two types of PEDOT:Nafion coated electrodes were then analyzed electrochemically. PEDOT:Nafion-coated electrodes made using 200 μM EDOT exhibit a 10-90 response time of 0.46 ± 0.09 s versus 0.45 ± 0.11 s for an uncoated fiber in response to a 1.0 μM bolus of dopamine. The electrodes coated using a higher EDOT concentration (400 μM) are slower with a 10-90 response time of 0.84 ± 0.19 s, but display increased sensitivity to dopamine, at 46 ± 13 nA/μM, compared to 26 ± 6 nA/μM for the electrodes coated in 200 μM EDOT and 13 ± 2 nA/μM for an uncoated fiber. PEDOT:Nafion-coated electrodes were lowered into the nucleus accumbens of a rat, and both spontaneous and electrically evoked dopamine release were measured. In addition to improvements in sensitivity and selectivity, the coating dramatically reduces acute in vivo biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Vreeland
- 1306 East University Boulevard, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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10
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Otero TF. Biomimetic Conducting Polymers: Synthesis, Materials, Properties, Functions, and Devices. POLYM REV 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2013.805772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Zhang L, Wen Y, Yao Y, Duan X, Xu J, Wang X. Electrosynthesis, characterization, and application of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) derivative with a chloromethyl functionality. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang; 330013; People's Republic of China
| | - Yangping Wen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang; 330013; People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Yao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang; 330013; People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang; 330013; People's Republic of China
| | - Jingkun Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang; 330013; People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang; 330013; People's Republic of China
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12
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Luo X, Weaver CL, Tan S, Cui XT. Pure Graphene Oxide Doped Conducting Polymer Nanocomposite for Bio-interfacing. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:1340-1348. [PMID: 25984340 PMCID: PMC4433042 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb00006k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Advanced materials that are highly biocompatible and easily modifiable with biomolecules are of great importance for bio-interfacing and the development of biodevices. Here, a biocompatible conducting polymer based nanocomposite was electrochemically synthesized through the electropolymerization of poly(3, 4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) in the presence of graphene oxide (GO) as the only dopant. GO contains many negatively charged carboxyl functional groups and is highly dispersible in aqueous solutions, enabling its facile incorporation and even distribution throughout the conducting polymer. PEDOT/GO films exhibited minimal cytotoxicity after 24 h and supported neuron growth with significantly longer neurites than a control PEDOT/PSS film, indicating that the PEDOT/GO film provides a positive growth signal to developing neurons. While some of the negatively charged functional carboxyl groups of GO "dope" the PEDOT, others are exposed freely on the surface of the nanocomposite allowing easy functionalization of the PEDOT/GO composite with biomolecules. Functional laminin peptide, RNIAEIIKDI (p20), was covalently bound to the surface of the PEDOT/GO film and maintained its bioactivity, as evidenced by an increased neurite outgrowth from neurons cultured on the functionalized composite surface. The ease of biomolecule functionalization of the PEDOT/GO nanocomposite, along with its low electrochemical impedance, minimal toxicity and permissiveness to neuron growth, underlines its potential as a material for widespread biosensing, neural interfacing and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiliang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Cassandra L Weaver
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA ; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Susheng Tan
- Petersen Institute of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA ; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA ; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Sassi M, Salamone MM, Ruffo R, Mari CM, Pagani GA, Beverina L. Gray to colorless switching, crosslinked electrochromic polymers with outstanding stability and transmissivity from naphthalenediimmide-functionalized EDOT. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:2004-2008. [PMID: 22431449 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, polymerization and full electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical characterization of a new naphtalendiimide-functionalized PEDOT cross-linked electrochromic material is reported. The polymer shows exceptionally high redox reversibility, almost complete colorlessness in the bleached state and a gray color in the reduced state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Sassi
- University of Milano-Bicocca and INSTM, Department of Materials Science, Milano, Italy
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14
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Badawy WA, Ismail KM, Khalifa ZM, Medany SS. Poly(2-aminobiphenyl), preparation, characterization, mechanism, and kinetics of the electropolymerization process. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Arias-Pardilla J, Giménez-Gómez PA, de la Peña A, Segura JL, Otero TF. Synthesis, electropolymerization and characterization of a cross-linked PEDOT derivative. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm14909e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Sarioğlan Ş. A Comparison Study on Conductive Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Nanocomposites Synthesized with Clay Type Montmorillonite and Organophilic Montmorillonite. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2010.544378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Montilla F, Huerta F, Salinas-Torres D, Morallón E, Cebrián C, Prieto P, Díaz-Ortiz Á, de la Hoz A, Carrillo J, Romero C. Electrochemical synthesis and spectroelectrochemical characterization of triazole/thiophene conjugated polymers. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Arias-Pardilla J, Otero T, Yu HH. Electropolymerization and characterization of COOH-functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Ionic exchanges. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Bu HB, Götz G, Reinold E, Vogt A, Schmid S, Segura JL, Blanco R, Gómez R, Bäuerle P. Efficient post-polymerization functionalization of conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) via ‘click’-reaction. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Lind JU, Hansen TS, Daugaard AE, Hvilsted S, Andresen TL, Larsen NB. Solvent Composition Directing Click-Functionalization at the Surface or in the Bulk of Azide-Modified PEDOT. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102149u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan U. Lind
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Ørsteds Plads 345ø, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas S. Hansen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Ørsteds Plads 345ø, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders E. Daugaard
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 227, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Hvilsted
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 227, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Ørsteds Plads 345ø, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels B. Larsen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Ørsteds Plads 345ø, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Otero TF, Arias-Pardilla J, Herrera H, Segura JL, Seoane C. Electropolymerization of naphthaleneamidinemonoimide-modified poly(thiophene). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:16513-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21837a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Arias-Pardilla J, Walker W, Wudl F, Otero TF. Reduction and Oxidation Doping Kinetics of an Electropolymerized Donor−Acceptor Low-Bandgap Conjugated Copolymer. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:12777-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1038865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Arias-Pardilla
- Group of Electrochemistry, Intelligent Materials and Devices (GEMDI), Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, ETSII, E- 30203, Cartagena, Spain, and Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - W. Walker
- Group of Electrochemistry, Intelligent Materials and Devices (GEMDI), Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, ETSII, E- 30203, Cartagena, Spain, and Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - F. Wudl
- Group of Electrochemistry, Intelligent Materials and Devices (GEMDI), Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, ETSII, E- 30203, Cartagena, Spain, and Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - T. F. Otero
- Group of Electrochemistry, Intelligent Materials and Devices (GEMDI), Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, ETSII, E- 30203, Cartagena, Spain, and Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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23
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Otero TF, Martinez JG. Activation energy for polypyrrole oxidation: film thickness influence. J Solid State Electrochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-010-1170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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