Synthesis, electropolymerization and oxidation kinetics of an anthraquinone-functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

Reactions driving conformational movements (molecular motors) in gels: conformational and structural chemical kinetics

E_a,k,αandβfrom reactions driving molecular polymeric motors constituting dense gels include quantitative conformational and structural information.

PEDOT Radical Polymer with Synergetic Redox and Electrical Properties

The development of new redox polymers is being boosted by the increasing interest in the area of energy and health. The development of new polymers is needed to further advance new applications or improve the performance of actual devices such as batteries, supercapacitors, or drug delivery systems. Here we show the synthesis and characterization of a new polymer which combines the present most successful conjugated polymer backbone and the most successful redox active side group, i.e., poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and a nitroxide stable radical. First, a derivative of the 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) molecule with side nitroxide stable radical group (TEMPO) was synthesized. The electrochemical polymerization of the PEDOT-TEMPO monomer was investigated in detail using cyclic voltammetry, potential step, and constant current methods. Monomer and polymer were characterized by NMR, FTIR, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and four-point probe conductivity. The new PEDOT-TEMPO radical polymer combines the electronic conductivity of the conjugated polythiophene backbone and redox properties of the nitroxide group. As an example of application, this redox active polymer was used as a conductive binder in lithium ion batteries. Good cycling stability with high Coulombic efficiency and increased cyclability at different rates were obtained using this polymer as a replacement of two ingredients: conductive carbon additive and polymeric binders.

One-step preparation of graphene oxide–poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene) composite films for nonvolatile rewritable memory devices

A nonvolatile rewritable memory composite film consisting of PEDOT and GO has been prepared by using GO-initiated photopolymerization.

Multichromophoric electrochromic polymers: colour tuning of conjugated polymers through the side chain functionalization approach

Organic electrochromic materials have gained constantly increasing interest over the years with respect to their inorganic counterpart due to essentially two distinctive characteristics: their processability through solution based low cost processes and their wide colour palette. Such characteristic features enabled their application in displays, smart windows, electronic paper and ophthalmic lenses. Alongside the established concept of donor-acceptor polymers, side chain functionalized multichromophoric polymers are gaining attention as a highly performing and synthetically feasible alternative, particularly relevant to applications requiring a complete colourlessness in one of the accessible redox states of the material. The primary aim of the present article is to review all the results involving the tuning of the native electrochromic properties of simple conjugated polymers through the introduction of a discrete electrochromic molecule as a side chain substituent.

Biocompatible PEDOT:Nafion composite electrode coatings for selective detection of neurotransmitters in vivo

A Nafion and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) containing composite polymer has been electropolymerized on carbon-fiber microelectrodes with the goal of creating a mechanically stable, robust, and controllable electrode coating that increases the selectivity and sensitivity of in vivo electrochemical measurements. The coating is deposited on carbon-fiber microelectrodes by applying a triangle waveform from +1.5 V to -0.8 V and back in a dilute solution of ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and Nafion in acetonitrile. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the coating is uniform and ∼100 nm thick. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrated that both sulfur and fluorine are present in the coating, indicating the incorporation of PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Nafion. Two types of PEDOT:Nafion coated electrodes were then analyzed electrochemically. PEDOT:Nafion-coated electrodes made using 200 μM EDOT exhibit a 10-90 response time of 0.46 ± 0.09 s versus 0.45 ± 0.11 s for an uncoated fiber in response to a 1.0 μM bolus of dopamine. The electrodes coated using a higher EDOT concentration (400 μM) are slower with a 10-90 response time of 0.84 ± 0.19 s, but display increased sensitivity to dopamine, at 46 ± 13 nA/μM, compared to 26 ± 6 nA/μM for the electrodes coated in 200 μM EDOT and 13 ± 2 nA/μM for an uncoated fiber. PEDOT:Nafion-coated electrodes were lowered into the nucleus accumbens of a rat, and both spontaneous and electrically evoked dopamine release were measured. In addition to improvements in sensitivity and selectivity, the coating dramatically reduces acute in vivo biofouling.

Pure Graphene Oxide Doped Conducting Polymer Nanocomposite for Bio-interfacing

Advanced materials that are highly biocompatible and easily modifiable with biomolecules are of great importance for bio-interfacing and the development of biodevices. Here, a biocompatible conducting polymer based nanocomposite was electrochemically synthesized through the electropolymerization of poly(3, 4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) in the presence of graphene oxide (GO) as the only dopant. GO contains many negatively charged carboxyl functional groups and is highly dispersible in aqueous solutions, enabling its facile incorporation and even distribution throughout the conducting polymer. PEDOT/GO films exhibited minimal cytotoxicity after 24 h and supported neuron growth with significantly longer neurites than a control PEDOT/PSS film, indicating that the PEDOT/GO film provides a positive growth signal to developing neurons. While some of the negatively charged functional carboxyl groups of GO "dope" the PEDOT, others are exposed freely on the surface of the nanocomposite allowing easy functionalization of the PEDOT/GO composite with biomolecules. Functional laminin peptide, RNIAEIIKDI (p20), was covalently bound to the surface of the PEDOT/GO film and maintained its bioactivity, as evidenced by an increased neurite outgrowth from neurons cultured on the functionalized composite surface. The ease of biomolecule functionalization of the PEDOT/GO nanocomposite, along with its low electrochemical impedance, minimal toxicity and permissiveness to neuron growth, underlines its potential as a material for widespread biosensing, neural interfacing and tissue engineering applications.

Gray to colorless switching, crosslinked electrochromic polymers with outstanding stability and transmissivity from naphthalenediimmide-functionalized EDOT

The design, synthesis, polymerization and full electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical characterization of a new naphtalendiimide-functionalized PEDOT cross-linked electrochromic material is reported. The polymer shows exceptionally high redox reversibility, almost complete colorlessness in the bleached state and a gray color in the reduced state.