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Man Y, Jaumaux P, Xu Y, Fei Y, Mo X, Wang G, Zhou X. Research development on electrolytes for magnesium-ion batteries. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:1819-1842. [PMID: 37516661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) are considered strong candidates for next-generation energy-storage systems owing to their high theoretical capacity, divalent nature and the natural abundancy of magnesium (Mg) resources on Earth. However, the development of MIBs has been mainly limited by the incompatibility of Mg anodes with several Mg salts and conventional organic-liquid electrolytes. Therefore, one major challenge faced by MIBs technology lies on developing safe electrolytes, which demonstrate appropriate electrochemical voltage window and compatibility with Mg anode. This review discusses the development of MIBs from the point-of-view of the electrolyte syntheses. A systematic assessment of promising electrolyte design strategies is proposed including liquid and solid-state electrolytes. Liquid-based electrolytes have been largely explored and can be categorized by solvent-type: organic solvent, aqueous solvent, and ionic-liquids. Organic-liquid electrolytes usually present high electrochemical and chemical stability but are rather dangerous, while aqueous electrolytes present high ionic conductivity and eco-friendliness but narrow electrochemical stability window. Some ionic-liquid electrolytes have proved outstanding performance but are fairly expensive. As alternative to liquid electrolytes, solid-state electrolytes are increasingly attractive to increase energy density and safety. However, improving the ionic conductivity of Mg ions in these types of electrolytes is extremely challenging. We believe that this comprehensive review will enable researchers to rapidly grasp the problems faced by electrolytes for MIBs and the electrolyte design strategies proposed to this date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Man
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pauline Jaumaux
- Center for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Yifan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yating Fei
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiangyin Mo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Center for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Xiaosi Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Vaghefinazari B, Wierzbicka E, Visser P, Posner R, Arrabal R, Matykina E, Mohedano M, Blawert C, Zheludkevich M, Lamaka S. Chromate-Free Corrosion Protection Strategies for Magnesium Alloys-A Review: PART I-Pre-Treatment and Conversion Coating. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8676. [PMID: 36500170 PMCID: PMC9736347 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Corrosion protection systems based on hexavalent chromium are traditionally perceived to be a panacea for many engineering metals including magnesium alloys. However, bans and strict application regulations attributed to environmental concerns and the carcinogenic nature of hexavalent chromium have driven a considerable amount of effort into developing safer and more environmentally friendly alternative techniques that provide the desired corrosion protection performance for magnesium and its alloys. Part I of this review series considers the various pre-treatment methods as the earliest step involved in the preparation of Mg surfaces for the purpose of further anti-corrosion treatments. The decisive effect of pre-treatment on the corrosion properties of both bare and coated magnesium is discussed. The second section of this review covers the fundamentals and performance of conventional and state-of-the-art conversion coating formulations including phosphate-based, rare-earth-based, vanadate, fluoride-based, and LDH. In addition, the advantages and challenges of each conversion coating formulation are discussed to accommodate the perspectives on their application and future development. Several auspicious corrosion protection performances have been reported as the outcome of extensive ongoing research dedicated to the development of conversion coatings, which can potentially replace hazardous chromium(VI)-based technologies in industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Vaghefinazari
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ewa Wierzbicka
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Functional Materials and Hydrogen Technology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ralf Posner
- Henkel AG & Co., KGaA, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raúl Arrabal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Endzhe Matykina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Mohedano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carsten Blawert
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Mikhail Zheludkevich
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Sviatlana Lamaka
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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Gao X, Wu Y, Huang Q, Jiang Y, Ma D, Ren T. The inhibition behavior of novel ionic liquids for magnesium alloy in NaCl solution: Experimental and theoretical investigation. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Challenges and Prospect of Non-aqueous Non-alkali (NANA) Metal-Air Batteries. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:82. [PMID: 27878565 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-aqueous non-alkali (NANA) metal-air battery technologies promise to provide electrochemical energy storage with the highest specific energy density. Metal-air battery technology is particularly advantageous being implemented in long-range electric vehicles. Up to now, almost all the efforts in the field are focused on Li-air cells, but other NANA metal-air battery technologies emerge. The major concern, which the research community should be dealing with, is the limited and rather poor rechargeability of these systems. The challenges we are covering in this review are related to the initial limited discharge capacities and cell performances. By comprehensively reviewing the studies conducted so far, we show that the implementation of advanced materials is a promising approach to increase metal-air performance and, particularly, metal surface activation as a prime achievement leading to respectful discharge currents. In this review, we address the most critical areas that need careful research attention in order to achieve progress in the understanding of the physical and electrochemical processes in non-aqueous electrolytes applied in beyond lithium and zinc air generation of metal-air battery systems.
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Jiménez AE, Rossi A, Fantauzzi M, Espinosa T, Arias-Pardilla J, Martínez-Nicolás G, Bermúdez MD. Surface coating from phosphonate ionic liquid electrolyte for the enhancement of the tribological performance of magnesium alloy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:10337-10347. [PMID: 25905426 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A chronoamperometric method has been applied for the growth of a surface coating on AZ31B magnesium alloy, using the imidazolium alkylphosphonate room-temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylphosphonate ([EMIM][EtPO3H]) as electrolyte. A surface coating layer is obtained after 4 h under a constant voltage bias of -0.8 V with respect to the standard electrode. The coating nucleation and growth process correlates well with a 3D progressive mechanism. X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) analysis of [EMIM][EtPO3H] shows new P 2p and O 1s peaks after its use as electrolyte, as a consequence of reaction between the phosphonate anion and the magnesium substrate. Angle-resolved XPS (ARXPS) analysis of [EMIM][EtPO3H] did not show any change in the composition of the surface before and after chronoamperometry, since the sampling depth (1.5 nm at the highest emission angle) is larger than the cation and anion sizes (ca. 7 and 5 Å, respectively). Characterization of the coating was made by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), focussed ion beam SEM, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, XPS, and ARXPS. FIB-SEM shows that the coating presents a mean thickness of 374 (±36) nm and contains magnesium and aluminum phosphates. Linear reciprocating tribological tests under variable load show that the presence of the coating can reduce friction coefficients of the coated AZ31B against steel up to 32% and wear rates up to 90%, with respect to the uncoated alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Eva Jiménez
- †Departamento de Ingeniería de Materiales y Fabricación, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Antonella Rossi
- ‡Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Switzerland, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- §Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, I-09100 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marzia Fantauzzi
- §Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, I-09100 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tulia Espinosa
- †Departamento de Ingeniería de Materiales y Fabricación, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Joaquin Arias-Pardilla
- †Departamento de Ingeniería de Materiales y Fabricación, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Ginés Martínez-Nicolás
- †Departamento de Ingeniería de Materiales y Fabricación, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Bermúdez
- †Departamento de Ingeniería de Materiales y Fabricación, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
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Halogen-Free Phosphonate Ionic Liquids as Precursors of Abrasion Resistant Surface Layers on AZ31B Magnesium Alloy. COATINGS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings5010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Borisenko N, Atkin R, Lahiri A, El Abedin SZ, Endres F. Effect of dissolved LiCl on the ionic liquid-Au(111) interface: an in situ STM study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:284111. [PMID: 24919647 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/28/284111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the electrolyte/electrode interface plays a significant role in electrochemical processes. To date, most studies are focusing on understanding the interfacial structure in pure ionic liquids. In this paper in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) has been employed to elucidate the structure of the charged Au(111)-ionic liquid (1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, [Py1,4]FAP) interface in the presence of 0.1 M LiCl. The addition of the Li salt to the ionic liquid has a strong influence on the interfacial structure. In the first STM scan in situ measurements reveal that Au(111) undergoes the (22 x √3) 'herringbone' reconstruction in a certain potential regime, and there is strong evidence that the gold surface dissolves at negative electrode potentials in [Py1,4]FAP containing LiCl. Bulk deposition of Li is obtained at -2.9 V in the second STM scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Borisenko
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Elsentriecy HH, Luo H, Meyer HM, Grado LL, Qu J. Effects of pretreatment and process temperature of a conversion coating produced by an aprotic ammonium-phosphate ionic liquid on magnesium corrosion protection. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.12.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Molchan IS, Thompson GE, Lindsay R, Skeldon P, Likodimos V, Romanos GE, Falaras P, Adamova G, Iliev B, Schubert TJS. Corrosion behaviour of mild steel in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide ionic liquids for CO2 capture applications. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45872e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kar M, Simons TJ, Forsyth M, MacFarlane DR. Ionic liquid electrolytes as a platform for rechargeable metal–air batteries: a perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:18658-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02533d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This perspective reports on the emerging field of room temperature ionic liquid electrolytes, applicable to rechargeable metal–air batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mega Kar
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong, Australia
- School of Chemistry
| | - Tristan J. Simons
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong, Australia
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
| | - Maria Forsyth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong, Australia
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
| | - Douglas R. MacFarlane
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong, Australia
- School of Chemistry
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Huang P, Latham JA, MacFarlane DR, Howlett PC, Forsyth M. A review of ionic liquid surface film formation on Mg and its alloys for improved corrosion performance. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pozo-Gonzalo C, Kartachova O, Torriero AA, Howlett PC, Glushenkov AM, Fabijanic DM, Chen Y, Poissonnet S, Forsyth M. Nanoporous transition metal oxynitrides as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Lane GH. Electrochemical reduction mechanisms and stabilities of some cation types used in ionic liquids and other organic salts. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Carstens T, Hayes R, Abedin SZE, Corr B, Webber GB, Borisenko N, Atkin R, Endres F. In situ STM, AFM and DTS study of the interface 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate/Au(111). Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sutto TE, Duncan TT. Electrochemical and structural characterization of Mg ion intercalation into Co3O4 using ionic liquid electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Electrochemical and structural characterization of Mg ion intercalation into RuO2 using an ionic liquid electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Conversion coatings of Mg-alloy AZ91D using trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ionic liquid. Sci China Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-012-4677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Latham JA, Howlett PC, MacFarlane DR, Forsyth M. Passive film formation in dilute ionic liquid solutions on magnesium Alloy AZ31. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina L. Odinets
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia.
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Somers AE, Biddulph SM, Howlett PC, Sun J, MacFarlane DR, Forsyth M. A comparison of phosphorus and fluorine containing IL lubricants for steel on aluminium. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:8224-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40736a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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The potential for ionic liquid electrolytes to stabilise the magnesium interface for magnesium/air batteries. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Electrochemical reactivity of trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate ionic liquid on glassy carbon and AZ31 magnesium alloy. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.03.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Enhanced electrochromic performance of macroporous WO3 films formed by anodic oxidation of DC-sputtered tungsten layers. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Corrosion behaviors of materials in aluminum chloride–1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Efthimiadis J, Neil WC, Bunter A, Howlett PC, Hinton BRW, MacFarlane DR, Forsyth M. Potentiostatic control of ionic liquid surface film formation on ZE41 magnesium alloy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:1317-1323. [PMID: 20433137 DOI: 10.1021/am900889n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The generation of potentially corrosion-resistant films on light metal alloys of magnesium have been investigated. Magnesium alloy, ZE41 [Mg-Zn-Rare Earth (RE)-Zr, nominal composition approximately 4 wt % Zn, approximately 1.7 wt % RE (Ce), approximately 0.6 wt % Zr, remaining balance, Mg], was exposed under potentiostatic control to the ionic liquid trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium diphenylphosphate, denoted [P(6,6,6,14)][DPP]. During exposure to this IL, a bias potential, shifted from open circuit, was applied to the ZE41 surface. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA) were used to monitor the evolution of film formation on the metal surface during exposure. The EIS data indicate that, of the four bias potentials examined, applying a potential of -200 mV versus OCP during the exposure period resulted in surface films of greatest resistance. Both EIS measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging indicate that these surfaces are substantially different to those formed without potential bias. Time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) elemental mapping of the films was utilized to ascertain the distribution of the ionic liquid cationic and anionic species relative to the microstructural surface features of ZE41 and indicated a more uniform distribution compared with the surface following exposure in the absence of a bias potential. Immersion of the treated ZE41 specimens in a chloride contaminated salt solution clearly indicated that the ionic liquid generated surface films offered significant protection against pitting corrosion, although the intermetallics were still insufficiently protected by the IL and hence favored intergranular corrosion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Efthimiadis
- Department of Materials Engineering and School of Chemistry, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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MacFarlane DR, Pringle JM, Howlett PC, Forsyth M. Ionic liquids and reactions at the electrochemical interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:1659-69. [DOI: 10.1039/b923053j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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