1
|
He T, Yang Y, Chen XB. Preparation, Stimulus-Response Mechanisms and Applications of Micro/Nanorobots. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2253. [PMID: 38138422 PMCID: PMC10745970 DOI: 10.3390/mi14122253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nanorobots are highly intelligent and efficient. They can perform various complex tasks as per the external stimuli. These robots can adapt to the required functional form, depending on the different stimuli, thus being able to meet the requirements of various application scenarios. So far, microrobots have been widely used in the fields of targeted therapy, drug delivery, tissue engineering, environmental remediation and so on. Although microbots are promising in some fields, few reviews have yet focused on them. It is therefore necessary to outline the current status of these microbots' development to provide some new insights into the further evolution of this field. This paper critically assesses the research progress of microbots with respect to their preparation methods, stimulus-response mechanisms and applications. It highlights the suitability of different preparation methods and stimulus types, while outlining the challenges experienced by microbots. Viable solutions are also proposed for the promotion of their practical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xue-Bo Chen
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China; (T.H.); (Y.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qin C, Yue Z, Wallace GG, Chen J. Bipolar Electrochemical Stimulation Using Conducting Polymers for Wireless Electroceuticals and Future Directions. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:5041-5056. [PMID: 36260917 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has become a powerful strategy to modulate cellular behavior and biological activity by manipulating electrical signals. Subsequent electrical stimulus-responsive conducting polymers (CPs) have advanced traditional wired electrochemical stimulation (ES) systems and developed wireless cell stimulation systems due to their electroconductivity, biocompatibility, stability, and flexibility. Bipolar electrochemistry (BPE), i.e., wireless electrochemistry, offers an effective pathway to modify wired ES systems into a desirable contactless mode, turning out a potential technique to offer fundamental insights into neural cell stimulation and neural network formation. This review commences with a brief discussion of the BPE technique and also the advantages of a bipolar electrochemical stimulation (BPES) system compared to traditional wired ES systems and other wireless ES systems. Then, the BPES system is elucidated through four aspects: the benefits of BPES, the key factors to establish BPES platforms for cell stimulation, the limits/barriers to overcome for current rigid materials in particular metals-based systems, and a brief overview of the concept proved by CPs-based systems. Furthermore, how to refine the existing BPES system from materials/devices modification that combine CP compositions with 3D fabrication/bioprinting technologies is elaborately discussed as well. Finally, the review ends together with future research directions, picturing the potential of BPES system in biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Qin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, North Wollongong, New South Wales2519, Australia
| | - Zhilian Yue
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, North Wollongong, New South Wales2519, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, North Wollongong, New South Wales2519, Australia
| | - Jun Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, North Wollongong, New South Wales2519, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Cao J, Liu Y. Bipolar Electrochemistry - A Powerful Tool for Micro/Nano-Electrochemistry. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200163. [PMID: 36229230 PMCID: PMC9716041 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of areas for "classical" electrochemistry (including catalysis, electrolysis and sensing) and bio-electrochemistry at the micro/nanoscale are focus on the continued performance facilitations or the exploration of new features. In the recent 20 years, a different mode for driving electrochemistry has been proposed, which is called as bipolar electrochemistry (BPE). BPE has garnered attention owing to the interesting properties: (i) its wireless nature facilitates electrochemical sensing and high throughput analysis; (ii) the gradient potential distribution on the electrodes surface is a useful tool for preparing gradient surfaces and materials. These permit BPE to be used for modification and analytical applications on a micro/nanoscale surface. This review aims to introduce the principle and classification of BPE and BPE at micro/nanoscale; sort out its applications in electrocatalysis, electrosynthesis, electrophoresis, power supply and so on; explain the confined BPE and summarize its analytical application for single entities (single cells, single particles and single molecules), and discuss finally the important direction of micro/nanoscale BPE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Ling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXinyang key laboratory of functional nanomaterials for bioanalysisXinyang Normal University464000XinyangP. R. China
| | - Jun‐Tao Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXinyang key laboratory of functional nanomaterials for bioanalysisXinyang Normal University464000XinyangP. R. China
| | - Yan‐Ming Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXinyang key laboratory of functional nanomaterials for bioanalysisXinyang Normal University464000XinyangP. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salinas G, Dauphin AL, Voci S, Bouffier L, Sojic N, Kuhn A. Asymmetry controlled dynamic behavior of autonomous chemiluminescent Janus microswimmers. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7438-7443. [PMID: 34123025 PMCID: PMC8159428 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02431g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetrically modified Janus microparticles are presented as autonomous light emitting swimmers. The localized dissolution of hybrid magnesium/polymer objects allows combining chemiluminescence with the spontaneous production of H2 bubbles, and thus generating directed motion. These light-emitting microswimmers are synthesized by using a straightforward methodology based on bipolar electromilling, followed by indirect bipolar electrodeposition of an electrophoretic paint. An optimization of the experimental parameters enables in the first step the formation of well-defined isotropic or anisotropic Mg microparticles. Subsequently, they are asymmetrically modified by wireless deposition of an anodic paint. The degree of asymmetry of the resulting Janus particles can be fine-tuned, leading to a controlled directional motion due to anisotropic gas formation. This autonomous motion is coupled with the emission of bright orange light when Ru(bpy)32+ and S2O82− are present in the solution as chemiluminescent reagents. The light emission is based on an original process of interfacial redox-induced chemiluminescence, thus allowing an easy visualization of the swimmer trajectories. Asymmetrically modified Janus microparticles are presented as autonomous light emitting swimmers with shape-controlled trajectories.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Alice L Dauphin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Silvia Voci
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, Site ENSCBP 33607 Pessac France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sopha H, Hromadko L, Motola M, Macak JM. Fabrication of TiO2 nanotubes on Ti spheres using bipolar electrochemistry. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
6
|
Coupling between electrokinetics and electrode kinetics by bipolar faradaic depolarisation processes in microfluidic channels. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 275:102074. [PMID: 31761269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article is concerned with the nature and impact of bipolar faradaic electron transfer processes in the context of measuring electrokinetic parameters at the interface between an electronically conductive substrate such as a solid metal layer, and a liquid medium. More specifically, it analyses the steady state electric current through the electrodic substrate layer in terms of its short-circuiting effect on the system's electrokinetic quantities, such as the streaming potential. Ample attention is paid to the electrodic behaviour of the chosen metal and its electron transfer characteristics with respect to redox functions in the medium. The electrochemical reversibility of redox couple species is expressed in terms of their oxidation and reduction rate constants as compared to their diffusive transport rates under lateral flow conditions. High values for rate constants lead to high reversibilities and large bipolar leaking currents through the metal substrate. In turn, high electron transfer rate constants generate large reductions in measured values for electrokinetic quantities such as streaming potentials that further become a non-linear function of the pressure gradient applied through the fluidic chamber. The present article presents an overview of theoretical and experimental approaches of this intricate coupling between bipolar electrode kinetics and electrokinetics and the impact from Hans Lyklema's contributions. It highlights not only the implications of bipolar faradaic depolarisation processes in electrokinetics but also the importance of bipolar electrochemistry principles in various electroanalytical applications reported for e.g. the control of microfluidic flows, for surfaces functionalisation, particles manipulation or for the wireless detection of electroactive analytes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Balayeva NO, Zheng N, Dillert R, Bahnemann DW. Visible-Light-Mediated Photocatalytic Aerobic Dehydrogenation of N-heterocycles by Surface-Grafted TiO2 and 4-amino-TEMPO. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narmina O. Balayeva
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Ralf Dillert
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlef W. Bahnemann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Laboratory “Photoactive Nanocomposite Materials”, Saint-Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya str. 1, Peterhof, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Local electrochemistry of nickel (oxy)hydroxide material gradients prepared using bipolar electrodeposition. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.06.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
9
|
Ye Y, Luan J, Wang M, Chen Y, Wilson DA, Peng F, Tu Y. Fabrication of Self‐Propelled Micro‐ and Nanomotors Based on Janus Structures. Chemistry 2019; 25:8663-8680. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug, Screening Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 P.R. China
| | - Jiabin Luan
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug, Screening Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 P.R. China
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University of Nijmegen Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Ming Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug, Screening Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 P.R. China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P.R. China
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University of Nijmegen Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P.R. China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug, Screening Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yoshizumi Y, Suzuki H. Self-Propelled Metal-Polymer Hybrid Micromachines with Bending and Rotational Motions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:21355-21361. [PMID: 28581704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two self-propelled micromachines were fabricated with gold/platinum micromotors that exhibit simple translational motion in a fuel solution. In each one, two micromotors were connected with a joint of polymer tube formed by stacking cationic poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and anionic poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) using a layer-by-layer technique. A bent structure was created by making one longitudinal side of the joint more swellable with alkaline treatment. The joint containing fewer PAA/PAH bilayers was flexible and allowed a larger range of Brownian angular fluctuation. In the fuel solution, bending and stable rotation were observed for the micromotors tethered with soft and rigid angled joints, respectively. The radius and angular velocity of the rotation depended on the angle of the joint. Such tethered micromotors can be used to realize sophisticated micro/nanomachines for microscale surgery and drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Yoshizumi
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bouffier L, Sojic N, Kuhn A. Capillary-assisted bipolar electrochemistry: A focused mini review. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2687-2694. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bouffier
- University of Bordeaux; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- CNRS; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- Bordeaux INP; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- CNRS; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- Bordeaux INP; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- University of Bordeaux; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- CNRS; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- Bordeaux INP; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang JZ, Guo MH, Yao FZ, Li J, Sun JJ. Propulsion of copper microswimmers in folded fluid channels by bipolar electrochemistry. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25162e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time that conducting objects could be propelled in folded liquid filled channels by bipolar electrochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zhi Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Determination for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Mei-Hong Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Determination for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Fen-Zeng Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Determination for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Ju Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Determination for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Jian-Jun Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Determination for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
KOIZUMI Y, INAGI S. Bipolar Electropolymerization for the Synthesis of Conducting Polymer Materials. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2017. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki KOIZUMI
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Shinsuke INAGI
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sequeira CAC, Cardoso DSP, Gameiro MLF. Bipolar Electrochemistry, a Focal Point of Future Research. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2016.1147031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
15
|
Bouffier L, Ravaine V, Sojic N, Kuhn A. Electric fields for generating unconventional motion of small objects. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
16
|
Termebaf H, Shayan M, Kiani A. Two-Step Bipolar Electrochemistry: Generation of Composition Gradient and Visual Screening of Electrocatalytic Activity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:13238-13246. [PMID: 26595192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar electrochemistry (BE) is employed for both creating electrocatalysts composition gradient and visual screening of the prepared composition on a single substrate in just two experiment runs. In a series of proof-of-principle experiments, we demonstrate gradient electrodeposition of Ni-Cu using BE; then the electrocatalytic activity of the prepared composition gradient toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is visually screened in the BE system using array of BPEs. Moreover, the morphology and the chemical composition of the Ni-Cu gradient are screened along the length of the bipolar electrode (BPE). By measuring the potential gradient over the BPE, it is also demonstrated that by controlling the concentration of the metals precursor and the supporting electrolyte, the length of the bipolar electrodeposited gradient can be controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Termebaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan , Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Mohsen Shayan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan , Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Kiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan , Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
de Poulpiquet A, Diez-Buitrago B, Milutinovic M, Goudeau B, Bouffier L, Arbault S, Kuhn A, Sojic N. Dual-Color Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence from Dispersions of Conductive Microbeads Addressed by Bipolar Electrochemistry. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne de Poulpiquet
- Université Bordeaux; CNRS, ISM UMR5255; NSYSA group, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| | | | - Milena Milutinovic
- Université Bordeaux; CNRS, ISM UMR5255; NSYSA group, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- Université Bordeaux; CNRS, ISM UMR5255; NSYSA group, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Université Bordeaux; CNRS, ISM UMR5255; NSYSA group, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Université Bordeaux; CNRS, ISM UMR5255; NSYSA group, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Université Bordeaux; CNRS, ISM UMR5255; NSYSA group, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| | - Neso Sojic
- Université Bordeaux; CNRS, ISM UMR5255; NSYSA group, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fan L, Long J, Gu Q, Huang H, Lin H, Wang X. Single-site nickel-grafted anatase TiO 2 for hydrogen production: Toward understanding the nature of visible-light photocatalysis. J Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
21
|
Ongaro M, Roche J, Kuhn A, Ugo P. Asymmetric Modification of TiO2Nanofibers with Gold by Electric-Field-Assisted Photochemistry. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
22
|
|
23
|
Loget G, Zigah D, Bouffier L, Sojic N, Kuhn A. Bipolar electrochemistry: from materials science to motion and beyond. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:2513-23. [PMID: 23719628 DOI: 10.1021/ar400039k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar electrochemistry, a phenomenon which generates an asymmetric reactivity on the surface of conductive objects in a wireless manner, is an important concept for many purposes, from analysis to materials science as well as for the generation of motion. Chemists have known the basic concept for a long time, but it has recently attracted additional attention, especially in the context of micro- and nanoscience. In this Account, we introduce the fundamentals of bipolar electrochemistry and illustrate its recent applications, with a particular focus on the fields of materials science and dynamic systems. Janus particles, named after the Roman god depicted with two faces, are currently in the heart of many original investigations. These objects exhibit different physicochemical properties on two opposite sides. This makes them a unique class of materials, showing interesting features. They have received increasing attention from the materials science community, since they can be used for a large variety of applications, ranging from sensing to photosplitting of water. So far the great majority of methods developed for the generation of Janus particles breaks the symmetry by using interfaces or surfaces. The consequence is often a low time-space yield, which limits their large scale production. In this context, chemists have successfully used bipolar electrodeposition to break the symmetry. This provides a single-step technique for the bulk production of Janus particles with a high control over the deposit structure and morphology, as well as a significantly improved yield. In this context, researchers have used the bipolar electrodeposition of molecular layers, metals, semiconductors, and insulators at one or both reactive poles of bipolar electrodes to generate a wide range of Janus particles with different size, composition and shape. In using bipolar electrochemistry as a driving force for generating motion, its intrinsic asymmetric reactivity is again the crucial aspect, as there is no directed motion without symmetry breaking. Controlling the motion of objects at the micro- and nanoscale is of primary importance for many potential applications, ranging from medical diagnosis to nanosurgery, and has generated huge interest in the scientific community in recent years. Several original approaches to design micro- and nanomotors have been explored, with propulsion strategies based on chemical fuelling or on external fields. The first strategy is using the asymmetric particles generated by bipolar electrodeposition and employing them directly as micromotors. We have demonstrated this by using the catalytic and magnetic properties of Janus objects. The second strategy is utilizing bipolar electrochemistry as a direct trigger of motion of isotropic particles. We developed mechanisms based on a simultaneous dissolution and deposition, or on a localized asymmetric production of bubbles. We then used these for the translation, the rotation and the levitation of conducting objects. These examples give insight into two interesting fields of applications of the concept of bipolar electrochemistry, and open perspectives for future developments in materials science and for generating motion at different scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Loget
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Dodzi Zigah
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Fosdick SE, Knust KN, Scida K, Crooks RM. Bipolar Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10438-56. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
26
|
Abstract
The control of motion of small objects is an emerging research area. Their design strongly depends on the strategy chosen to trigger the locomotion, which is typically obtained by either physical or chemical fueling. An ongoing challenge in this field is the remote control of the motion with space and time resolution. In this context, we describe in the present contribution a wireless electrochemical valve based on a chemo-mechanical feedback loop. This valve is driven by bipolar electrochemistry and works in aqueous solutions by converting reversibly an electrical input signal into periodic motion via electrogenerated hydrogen bubbles. We report the design of this very first bipolar valve, together with an analysis of the mechanism leading to the energy conversion, based on controlled production, storage and release of gas bubbles.
Collapse
|
27
|
Loget G, Roche J, Kuhn A. True bulk synthesis of janus objects by bipolar electrochemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:5111-6, 5144. [PMID: 22806760 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Loget
- ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, Université Bordeaux 1, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Loget G, Kuhn A. Bipolar electrochemistry for cargo-lifting in fluid channels. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1967-1971. [PMID: 22418898 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report for the first time the vertical propulsion of conducting beads in liquid filled capillaries by bipolar electrochemistry. The beads, when exposed to an external electric field, act as bipolar electrodes showing hydroquinone oxidation on one side and proton reduction on the other side. The related asymmetric bubble generation occurring at the bottom part of the beads drives their motion. The characteristic features of the propulsion can be tuned by changing parameters such as the applied electric field or the capillary shape. Using a conical capillary, we show that a Yo-Yo type motion can be induced. The quite versatile concept can then be used for cargo-lifting and is of potential interest for microfluidic applications in LOC devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Loget
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, ENSCBP, 33607 Pessac, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Loget G, Kuhn A. Bulk synthesis of Janus objects and asymmetric patchy particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31740k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
Loget G, Kuhn A. Electric field-induced chemical locomotion of conducting objects. Nat Commun 2011; 2:535. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
|
32
|
Loget G, Kuhn A. Shaping and exploring the micro- and nanoworld using bipolar electrochemistry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1691-704. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
33
|
Sheridan E, Knust KN, Crooks RM. Bipolar electrode depletion: membraneless filtration of charged species using an electrogenerated electric field gradient. Analyst 2011; 136:4134-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15510e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
34
|
Loget G, Kuhn A. Propulsion of Microobjects by Dynamic Bipolar Self-Regeneration. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:15918-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja107644x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Loget
- Université de Bordeaux, IPB, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Université de Bordeaux, IPB, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, 33607 Pessac, France
| |
Collapse
|