The redox thermodynamics and kinetics of flavonoid rutin adsorbed at glassy carbon electrodes by stripping square wave voltammetry

Modeling and Experimental Study of the Electron Transfer Kinetics for Non-ideal Electrodes Using Variable-Frequency Square Wave Voltammetry

The knowledge of nonequilibrium electron transfer rates is paramount for the design of modern hybrid electrocatalysts. Herein, we propose a general simulation-based approach to interpret variable-frequency square wave voltammetry (VF-SWV) for heterogeneous materials featuring reversible redox behavior. The resistive and capacitive corrections, inclusion of the frequency domain, and statistical treatment of the surface redox kinetics are used to account for the non-ideal nature of electrodes. This approach has been validated in our study of Co^II/Co^I redox transformation for Co tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP) immobilized on carbon cloth and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) - one of the most active heterogeneous molecular catalysts in carbon dioxide (CO₂) electroreduction. It is demonstrated that the modeling of experimental data furnishes the capacitance of the surface double layer C, uncompensated resistance R_u, symmetry coefficients α, kinetic constants k₀, and equilibrium redox potentials E⁰ in one experiment. Moreover, the proposed method yields a stochastic map of the redox kinetics rather than a single value, thus exposing the inhomogeneous nature of the electrochemically active layer. The computed parameters are in excellent agreement with the results of the classic methods such as cyclic voltammetry and fall in line with the reported CoTPP catalytic activity. Thus, VF-SWV is suitable for the study of high-level composites such as covalent organic frameworks and organometallic-CNT mixtures. The resulting insights into the electron transfer mechanisms are especially useful for the rational development of the catalyst-support interfaces and immobilization methods.

Electrochemical sensor for rutin detection based on N-doped mesoporous carbon nanospheres and graphene

A new electrochemical sensor shows great sensing performance to rutin and high selectivity towards even 13 interfering species and realizes detection of rutin in real samples such as human serum.

Voltammetric behavior and quantitative determination of ambazone concentrations in urine and in a pharmaceutical formulation

The use of square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV) in conjunction with a cyclic renewable silver amalgam film electrode (Hg(Ag)FE) for the analytical determination of ambazone in urine samples and pharmaceutical formulations is described. A single reduction peak in Britton-Robinson buffer at pH 4.0 was detected at about −1.4 V versus Ag/AgCl. Mechanistic studies have shown that the compound can act as an electrocatalyst. The method was validated. The analytical curve was linear in the concentration range from 1.0×10−9 to 1.0×10−7 mol L−1. The detection and quantification limits were found to be 3.0×10−10 mol L−1 and 1.0×10−9 mol L−1, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to ambazone determination in real samples.

New approach to electrode kinetic measurements in square-wave voltammetry: amplitude-based quasireversible maximum

The influence of the potential pulse height of square-wave voltammetry (SWV) (i.e., the SW amplitude) is studied for a variety of quasireversible electrode mechanisms, including a simple solution-phase electrode reaction at a planar or spherical electrode, a solution phase electrode reaction coupled with a reversible follow-up chemical reaction, and a diffusionless surface confined electrode reaction. The electrode kinetics of all the electrode mechanisms depends critically on the SW amplitude, and the quasireversible kinetic region is a function of both frequency-related electrode kinetic parameters and the SW amplitude. Thus, a novel methodology for electrode kinetics measurements is proposed by altering the SW amplitude only, at a fixed frequency of the SW potential modulation, that is, at a constant scan rate of the voltammetric experiment. Electrode kinetic measurements at a constant SW frequency are of exceptional importance especially when complex electrode mechanisms are studied, which depend on several frequency-related kinetic parameters. The electrode kinetic measurements are based on a novel feature termed the "amplitude-based quasireversible maximum", manifested as a parabolic dependence of the amplitude-normalized net SW peak current versus the SW amplitude. The position of the amplitude-based quasireversible maximum depends on the standard rate constant of the electrode reaction, enabling estimation of this important kinetic parameter in a simple and fast procedure. The novel quasireversible maximum is attributed to all studied electrode mechanisms, implying that it is a general feature of most electrode mechanisms under conditions of SWV.