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Delpech S, Carrière C, Chmakoff A, Martinelli L, Rodrigues D, Cannes C. Corrosion Mitigation in Molten Salt Environments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:581. [PMID: 38591421 PMCID: PMC10856529 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present methods for corrosion mitigation in molten salt environments. The corrosion of structural materials depends directly on the redox potential of the salt. When the redox potential of the salt is higher than the standard potentials of the elements constituting the structural materials, corrosion occurs. If the reverse is true, no corrosion is observed. Herein, a methodology for calculating the theoretical potential of a molten salt is provided and compared with experimental measurements. Three ways to mitigate corrosion by modifying the salt redox potential are proposed: (i) using a soluble/soluble redox system; (ii) using a potentiostatic method; and (iii) using an amphoteric compound such as UCl3, TiCl2, or TiCl3. Immersion tests were conducted under the above conditions to validate the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Delpech
- IJCLab, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (C.C.); (A.C.); (D.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Charly Carrière
- IJCLab, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (C.C.); (A.C.); (D.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Alexandre Chmakoff
- IJCLab, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (C.C.); (A.C.); (D.R.); (C.C.)
- Service de Recherche en Corrosion et Comportement des Matériaux, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Laure Martinelli
- Service de Recherche en Corrosion et Comportement des Matériaux, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Davide Rodrigues
- IJCLab, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (C.C.); (A.C.); (D.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Céline Cannes
- IJCLab, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (C.C.); (A.C.); (D.R.); (C.C.)
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Shaltry MR, Tripathy PK, Yoo TS, Fredrickson GL. Electrochemical measurement and analysis of YCl3, ScCl3, GdCl3 and MgCl2 in molten eutectic LiCl-KCl. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Wang C, Chen J, Li B, Zhao H, Jin B, Liu K, Han Q. Cathodic behavior of scandium(III) on reactive copper electrode in LiF-CaF2 eutectic molten salt∗. J RARE EARTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Electrochemical Behavior and Electrodeposition of Sn Coating from Choline Chloride–Urea Deep Eutectic Solvents. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10121154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior and electrodeposition of Sn were investigated in choline chloride (ChCl)–urea deep eutectic solvents (DESs) containing SnCl2 by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry techniques. The electrodeposition of Sn(II) was a quasi-reversible, single-step two-electron-transfer process. The average transfer coefficient and diffusion coefficient of 0.2 M Sn(II) in ChCl–urea at 323 K were 0.29 and 1.35 × 10−9 cm2∙s−1. The nucleation overpotential decreased with the increase in temperature and SnCl2 concentration. The results of the chronoamperometry indicated that the Sn deposition on tungsten electrode occurred by three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation and diffusion controlled growth using the Scharifker–Hills model. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the morphology of the deposits is uniform, as a dense and compact film prepared by potentiostatic electrolysis on Cu substrate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the deposits were pure metallic Sn.
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Chotkowski M, Połomski D, Czerwinski K. Potential Application of Ionic Liquids for Electrodeposition of the Material Targets for Production of Diagnostic Radioisotopes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5069. [PMID: 33182812 PMCID: PMC7697952 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An overview of the reported electrochemistry studies on the chemistry of the element for targets for isotope production in ionic liquids (ILs) is provided. The majority of investigations have been dedicated to two aspects of the reactive element chemistry. The first part of this review presents description of the cyclotron targets properties, especially physicochemical characterization of irradiated elements. The second part is devoted to description of the electrodeposition procedures leading to obtain elements or their alloys coatings (e.g., nickel, uranium) as the targets for cyclotron and reactor generation of the radioisotopes. This review provides an evaluation of the role ILs can have in the production of isotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Chotkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Damian Połomski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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Su X. Electrochemical interfaces for chemical and biomolecular separations. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Han W, Li W, Chen J, Li M, Li Z, Dong Y, Zhang M. Electrochemical properties of yttrium on W and Pb electrodes in LiCl-KCl eutectic melts. RSC Adv 2019; 9:26718-26728. [PMID: 35528593 PMCID: PMC9070486 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05496k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, linear polarization, chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry were performed to investigate the electrochemical properties of Y(iii) on W and Pb electrodes in LiCl–KCl eutectic melts. The diffusion coefficient of Y(iii) measured by various techniques was in the order of 10−5. The nucleation of Y on W electrode was found to comply with the instantaneous nucleation mechanism. With increasing temperature, the exchange current densities increased and the charge-transfer resistances decreased, and exchange current densities are distinctly larger on liquid Pb electrode compared with W electrode. In addition, the co-deposition mechanism of Y(iii) and Pb(ii) on W electrode was also studied and four Pb–Y intermetallics could be detected. The feasibility of extraction metallic Y from the melts was explored by co-deposition on W electrode and under-potential deposition on liquid Pb electrode and the extracted products consisted of Pb3Y and Pb phases. Cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, linear polarization, chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry were performed to investigate the electrochemical properties of Y(iii) on W and Pb electrodes in LiCl–KCl eutectic melts.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 China +86 451 8253 3026 +86 451 8256 9890
| | - Wenlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 China +86 451 8253 3026 +86 451 8256 9890
| | - Jiazhuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 China +86 451 8253 3026 +86 451 8256 9890
| | - Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 China +86 451 8253 3026 +86 451 8256 9890
| | - Zhuyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 China +86 451 8253 3026 +86 451 8256 9890
| | - Yongchang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 China +86 451 8253 3026 +86 451 8256 9890
| | - Milin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 China +86 451 8253 3026 +86 451 8256 9890
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Corrigan DK, Elliott JP, Blair EO, Reeves SJ, Schmüser I, Walton AJ, Mount AR. Advances in electroanalysis, sensing and monitoring in molten salts. Faraday Discuss 2018; 190:351-66. [PMID: 27252128 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microelectrodes have a number of advantages over macroelectrodes for quantitative electroanalysis and monitoring, including reduced iR drop, a high signal-to-noise ratio and reduced sensitivity to convection. Their use in molten salts has been generally precluded by the combined materials challenges of stresses associated with thermal cycling and physical and corrosive chemical degradation at the relatively high temperatures involved. We have shown that microfabrication, employing high precision photolithographic patterning in combination with the controlled deposition of materials, can be used to successfully address these challenges. The resulting molten salt compatible microelectrodes (MSMs) enable prolonged quantitative microelectrode measurements in molten salts (MSs). This paper reports the fabrication of novel MSM disc electrodes, chosen because they have an established ambient analytical response. It includes a detailed set of electrochemical characterisation studies which demonstrate both their enhanced capability over macroelectrodes and over commercial glass pulled microelectrodes, and their ability to extract quantitative electroanalytical information from MS systems. MSM measurements are then used to demonstrate their potential for shedding new light on the fundamental properties of, and processes in, MSs, such as mass transport, charge transfer reaction rates and the selective plating/stripping and alloying reactions of liquid Bi and other metals; this will underpin the development of enhanced MS industrial processes, including pyrochemical spent nuclear fuel reprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damion K Corrigan
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Justin P Elliott
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Ewen O Blair
- SMC, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Simon J Reeves
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Ilka Schmüser
- SMC, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Anthony J Walton
- SMC, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Andrew R Mount
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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Corrigan DK, Blair EO, Terry JG, Walton AJ, Mount AR. Enhanced Electroanalysis in Lithium Potassium Eutectic (LKE) Using Microfabricated Square Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11342-8. [PMID: 25284431 DOI: 10.1021/ac5030842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damion K. Corrigan
- School
of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black
Building, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, Scotland (U.K.)
| | - Ewen O. Blair
- Institute
for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, SMC, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, Scotland (U.K.)
| | - Jonathan G. Terry
- Institute
for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, SMC, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, Scotland (U.K.)
| | - Anthony J. Walton
- Institute
for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, SMC, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, Scotland (U.K.)
| | - Andrew R. Mount
- School
of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black
Building, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, Scotland (U.K.)
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Castrillejo Y, Vega A, Vega M, Hernández P, Rodriguez J, Barrado E. Electrochemical formation of Sc-Al intermetallic compounds in the eutectic LiCl-KCl. Determination of thermodynamic properties. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.11.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Castrillejo Y, de la Fuente C, Vega M, de la Rosa F, Pardo R, Barrado E. Cathodic behaviour and oxoacidity reactions of samarium (III) in two molten chlorides with different acidity properties: The eutectic LiCl–KCl and the equimolar CaCl2–NaCl melt. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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