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Zhu MY, Bao YF, Geng HF, Zhao XJ, Cao MF, Chen HX, Wang JY, Zhang W, Wang X, Ren B. Micro Reference Electrode with an Ultrathin Ionic Path. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39360511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Reference electrode (RE) plays the core role in accurate potential control in electrochemistry. However, nanoresolved electrochemical characterization techniques still suffer from unstable potential control of pseudo-REs, because the commercial RE is too large to be used in the tiny electrochemical cell, and thus only pseudo-RE can be used. Therefore, microsized RE with a stable potential is urgently required to push the nanoresolved electrochemical measurements to a new level of accuracy and precision, but it is quite challenging to reproducibly fabricate such a micro RE until now. Here, we revisited the working mechanism of the metal-junction RE and clearly revealed the role of the ionic path between the metal wire and the borosilicate glass capillary to maintain a stable potential of RE. Based on this understanding, we developed a method to fabricate micro ultrastable-RE, where a reproducible ultrathin ionic path can form by dissolving a sandwiched sacrificial layer between the Pt wire and the capillary for the ion transfer. The potential of this new micro RE was almost the same as that of the commercial Ag/AgCl electrode, while the size is much smaller. Different from commercial REs that must be stored in the inner electrolyte, the new RE could be directly stored in air for more than one year without potential drift. Eventually, we successfully applied the micro RE in the electrochemical tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-TERS) measurement to precisely control the potential of the working electrode, which makes it possible to compare the results from different laboratories and techniques to better understand the electrochemical interface at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Material of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yi-Fan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Material of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hao-Fei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Material of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiao-Jiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Material of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mao-Feng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Material of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hong-Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Material of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Material of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Material of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Material of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Material of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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2
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Robinson EEA, Troudt BK, Bühlmann P. Microporous Ag/AgCl on a Titanium Scaffold for Use in Capillary Reference Electrodes. Anal Chem 2024; 96:2236-2243. [PMID: 38277487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
AgCl-coated silver fabricated with the thermal-electrolytic method can be used to prepare more reproducible reference electrodes than Ag/AgCl prepared with alternative methods such as electrolytic and chemical AgCl deposition or thermal fabrication. However, thermal-electrolytic fabrication requires a scaffold material upon which to build the layers upon. Platinum and rhodium have been used for this purpose as they are mechanically strong and chemically inert, but their cost is prohibitive for wider application. Herein, we report the stability of Ag/AgCl reference electrodes built atop a titanium scaffold using the thermal-electrolytic method and the use of these Ti/Ag/AgCl constructs in capillary-based reference electrodes. Electrochemical characterization shows that the probable presence of small amounts of oxygen at the Ti/Ag interface does not affect the reference electrode performance; in particular, over a wide pH range, the half-cell potential is pH independent. The electrical resistance of the Ti/Ag/AgCl/KCl system is dominated by the charge transfer resistance at the interface of the AgCl to KCl solution but is kept very small by the large AgCl surface area and a high solution concentration of chloride. The resulting high exchange current minimizes the effect of system impurities on the reference half-cell potential. Capillary-based reference electrodes comprising Ti/Ag/AgCl show exceptionally low potential drifts (as low as 0.03 ± 2.01 μV/h) and standard deviations of the potential at or below ±0.5 mV over a 60 h period. These capillary-based reference electrodes are suitable for very small sample volumes while still providing a free-flowing liquid junction that prevents reference electrode contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E A Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Blair K Troudt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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3
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Wu H, Krause R, Gogoi E, Reck A, Graf A, Wislicenus M, Hild OR, Guhl C. Multielectrode Arrays at Wafer-Level for Miniaturized Sensors Applications: Electrochemical Growth of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrodes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6130. [PMID: 37447979 DOI: 10.3390/s23136130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a range of miniaturized Ag/AgCl reference electrodes with various layouts were successfully fabricated on wafer-level silicon-based substrates with metallic intermediate layers by precisely controlling the electrochemical deposition of Ag, followed by electrochemical chlorination of the deposited Ag layer. The structure, as well as the chemical composition of the electrode, were characterized with SEM & EDS. The results showed that the chlorination is very sensitive to the applied electric field and background solution. Potentiostatic chlorination, in combination with an adjusted mushroom-shaped Ag sealing deposition, enabled the formation of electrochemical usable Ag/AgCl layers. The stability of the electrodes was tested using open circuit potential (OCP) measurement. The results showed that the reference electrodes stayed stable for 300 s under 3 M KCl solution. The first stage study showed that the stability of the Ag/AgCl reference electrode in a chip highly depends on chip size design, chlorination conditions, and a further protection layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haosheng Wu
- Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Center Nanoelectronic Technologies (CNT), An der Bartlake 5, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Krause
- Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Center Nanoelectronic Technologies (CNT), An der Bartlake 5, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Eshanee Gogoi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Center Nanoelectronic Technologies (CNT), An der Bartlake 5, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - André Reck
- Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Center Nanoelectronic Technologies (CNT), An der Bartlake 5, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Maria-Reiche-Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Wislicenus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Center Nanoelectronic Technologies (CNT), An der Bartlake 5, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Olaf R Hild
- Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Maria-Reiche-Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Conrad Guhl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS), Center Nanoelectronic Technologies (CNT), An der Bartlake 5, 01109 Dresden, Germany
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4
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Cheng W, Xu Y, Yang C, Su H, Liu Q. Monitoring surface dynamics of electrodes during electrocatalysis using in situ synchrotron FTIR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:340-346. [PMID: 36891847 PMCID: PMC10000798 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the surface dynamics of catalysts under working conditions is important for a deep understanding of the underlying electrochemical mechanisms towards efficient energy conversion and storage. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with high surface sensitivity has been considered as a powerful tool for detecting surface adsorbates, but it faces a great challenge when being adopted in surface dynamics investigations during electrocatalysis due to the complication and influence of aqueous environments. This work reports a well designed FTIR cell with tunable micrometre-scale water film over the surface of working electrodes and dual electrolyte/gas channels for in situ synchrotron FTIR tests. By coupling with a facile single-reflection infrared mode, a general in situ synchrotron radiation FTIR (SR-FTIR) spectroscopic method is developed for tracking the surface dynamics of catalysts during the electrocatalytic process. As an example, in situ formed key *OOH is clearly observed on the surface of commercial benchmark IrO2 catalysts during the electrochemical oxygen evolution process based on the developed in situ SR-FTIR spectroscopic method, which demonstrates its universality and feasibility in surface dynamics studies of electrocatalysts under working conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiren Cheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yanzhi Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Su
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Zhang L, Zhang H. Silver Halide-Based Nanomaterials in Biomedical Applications and Biosensing Diagnostics. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 17:114. [PMID: 36437419 PMCID: PMC9702141 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-022-03752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, silver halide (AgX, X = Cl, Br, I)-based photocatalytic materials have received increasing research attention owing to their excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance for applications in organic pollutant degradation, HER, OER, and biomedical engineering. Ag as a noble metal has a surface plasma effect and can form Schottky junctions with AgX, which significantly promotes electron transport and increases photocatalytic efficiency. Therefore, Ag/AgX can reduce the recombination rate of electrons and holes more than pure AgX, leading to using AgX as a photocatalytic material in biomedical applications. The use of AgX-based materials in photocatalytic fields can be classified into three categories: AgX (Ag/AgX), AgX composites, and supported AgX materials. In this review, we introduce recent developments made in biomedical applications and biosensing diagnostics of AgX (Ag/AgX) photocatalytic materials. In addition, this review also discusses the photocatalytic mechanism and applications of AgX (Ag/AgX) and supported AgX materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, No. 16369, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, No. 16369, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People’s Republic of China
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6
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Clayton Da Silva A, Akbar TF, Paterson TE, Werner C, Tondera C, Minev IR. Electrically Controlled Click-Chemistry for Assembly of Bioactive Hydrogels on Diverse Micro- and Flexible Electrodes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200557. [PMID: 35882631 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The seamless integration of electronics with living matter requires advanced materials with programmable biological and engineering properties. Here we explore electrochemical methods to assemble semi-synthetic hydrogels directly on electronically conductive surfaces. We polymerize hydrogels consisting of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and heparin building blocks by spatially controlling the click reaction between their thiol and maleimide moieties. The gels are grown as conformal coatings or 2D patterns on ITO, gold, and PtIr. We demonstrate that such coatings significantly influence the electrochemical properties of the metal-electrolyte interface, likely due to space charge effects in the gels. We further highlight a promising route towards engineering and electrically addressable extracellular matrices by printing arrays of gels with binary cell adhesiveness on flexible conductive surfaces. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruã Clayton Da Silva
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Thomas E Paterson
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Tondera
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ivan R Minev
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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7
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Corrosion Diagnostics Performed on Cores Drilled from Concrete Structures, Using the Laboratory Simulation of Temperature and Relative Humidity Impact. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12147134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an improved procedure for conducting diagnostics tests on corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. This method consists in drilling cylindrical concrete cores with fragments of secondary steel reinforcement (e.g., spacer bars, stirrups, binders) from the selected areas of the structure. Then, a three-electrode system is arranged on those cylindrical cores under laboratory conditions. The fragment of steel rebar with concrete is used as the working electrode. Using the counter electrode in the form of a patented conductive coating applied on the core side wall with painting techniques and the graphite reference electrode placed in an opening made in the core near the reinforcement was the novelty of this method. Following the procedure, the occurrence of minimum and maximum corrosion rates in concrete is simulated in the climate chamber after determining, on the basis of historical weather data, extreme combinations of temperature, and relative humidity for a given structure. This method was verified in the diagnostics testing of two large reinforced concrete tanks for fresh water, and cement storage silos.
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8
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Electro-assisted printing of soft hydrogels via controlled electrochemical reactions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1353. [PMID: 35293384 PMCID: PMC8924165 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels underpin many applications in tissue engineering, cell encapsulation, drug delivery and bioelectronics. Methods improving control over gelation mechanisms and patterning are still needed. Here we explore a less-known gelation approach relying on sequential electrochemical-chemical-chemical (ECC) reactions. An ionic species and/or molecule in solution is oxidised over a conductive surface at a specific electric potential. The oxidation generates an intermediate species that reacts with a macromolecule, forming a hydrogel at the electrode-electrolyte interface. We introduce potentiostatic control over this process, allowing the selection of gelation reactions and control of hydrogel growth rate. In chitosan and alginate systems, we demonstrate precipitation, covalent and ionic gelation mechanisms. The method can be applied in the polymerisation of hybrid systems consisting of more than one polymer. We demonstrate concomitant deposition of the conductive polymer Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and alginate. Deposition of the hydrogels occurs in small droplets held between a conductive plate (working electrode, WE), a printing nozzle (counter electrode, CE) and a pseudoreference electrode (reference electrode, RE). We install this setup on a commercial 3D printer to demonstrate patterning of adherent hydrogels on gold and flexible ITO foils. Electro-assisted printing may contribute to the integration of well-defined hydrogels on hybrid electronic-hydrogel devices for bioelectronics applications.
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9
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Kakiuchi T, Kawamoto T, Yamazaki T, Yamamoto M. Potentiometric properties of the electrochemical cells equipped with ionic liquid salt bridge and its application to determine the solubility of the ionic liquid and the mean activity coefficients of the chloride salt of the ionic liquid-constituent cation in water. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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The use of the reference electrode equipped with an ionic liquid salt bridge in electrochemistry of ionic liquids: A convenient way to align the formal potentials of redox reactions in ionic liquids based on the standard hydrogen electrode scale. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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11
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Single ion activity coefficients of chloride ions in aqueous sodium chloride and magnesium chloride estimated potentiometrically based on ionic liquid salt bridge at 298 K. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.106953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Pardellas LDS, Cunha KDC, Gonzaga FB. Stability studies of pH reference materials under repeated use conditions by the primary measurement method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5307-5314. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Application of Ag/AgCl Sensor for Chloride Monitoring of Mortar under Dry-Wet Cycles. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20051394. [PMID: 32143333 PMCID: PMC7085615 DOI: 10.3390/s20051394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An Ag/AgCl electrode used as a corrosion sensor in a reinforced concrete structure is considered as having good application prospect. However, its performance under complex conditions, such as dry-wet cycle condition, is not affirmed. In the current study, the performance of Ag/AgCl as chloride selective electrode in mortar exposed to dry-wet cycle condition was investigated. A simple Ag/AgCl electrode was prepared and fabricated by electrochemical anodization. These Ag/AgCl electrodes were embedded into a mortar specimen with temperature sensors, humidity sensors and anode ladder monitoring system (ALS). After 28 d curing time, the upper surface of mortar specimen was wetted (with 5% NaCl solution) and dried regularly. The obtained results indicate that Ag/AgCl electrode responds to the ingress of chloride ion, sensitively. The chloride ion concentration variation can be reflected by the potential trend. Furthermore, the balance potential of Ag/AgCl electrodes is influenced by dry-wet cycles. Compared with ALS, it demonstrates that Ag/AgCl electrodes are more sensitive to chloride. The research provides the key element for the specific application of Ag/AgCl electrode for corrosion monitoring in the future.
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14
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Higuchi S, Okada H, Takamatsu S, Itoh T. Valve-Actuator-Integrated Reference Electrode for an Ultra-Long-Life Rumen pH Sensor. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20051249. [PMID: 32106461 PMCID: PMC7085735 DOI: 10.3390/s20051249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated a newly developed Ag/AgCl reference electrode- with a valve-actuator for two years or longer rumen pH monitoring. Previous studies on pH sensors reported that the short lifetime of Ag/AgCl reference electrodes is caused by an outflow of internal electrolyte. We introduced a valve-actuator into a liquid junction to reduce the outflow by intermittent measurement. The results indicated that the potential change when switching the liquid junction was less than 0.5 mV and its response time was less than 0.083 s. In the 24-h potential measurement with the valve-actuator-integrated reference electrode (VAIRE), the valve was actuated once every hour, and the standard deviation of the potential was 0.29 mV. The lifetime of the VAIRE was estimated at 2.0 years calculating from an electrolyte outflow, which is significantly longer than that of conventional reference electrodes. A pH sensor using the VAIRE was estimated to operate for 2.0 years with the pH error ≤0.1, which meets the requirement of cows' rumen pH monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Higuchi
- Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan; (S.H.); (S.T.)
| | - Hironao Okada
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8564, Japan;
| | - Seiichi Takamatsu
- Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan; (S.H.); (S.T.)
| | - Toshihiro Itoh
- Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan; (S.H.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Silver Chloride/Ferricyanide-Based Quasi-Reference Electrode for Potentiometric Sensing Applications. CHEMOSENSORS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Processes’ occurring at the Ag/AgCl/Cl–, ([Fe(CN)6]3–/4–) ions interface study results are presented. Conditions are selected for the mixed salts’ precipitate formation on the silver surface. It has been shown that the potential of a silver screen-printed electrode (AgSPE) coated with a mixed precipitate containing silver chloride/ferricyanide is stable in the presence of [Fe(CN)6]3–/4–. The electrode can serve as a quasi-reference electrode (QRE) in electrochemical measurements in media containing ions [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−. The electrode is formed during polarization of AgSPE (0.325 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl, 3.5 M) in a solution containing chloride- and ferri/ferrocyanides ions. The results of the obtained QRE study by potentiometry, scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry are presented. The proposed QRE was used in a sensor system to evaluate the antioxidant activity (AOA) of solutions by hybrid potentiometric method (HPM). The results of AOA assessment of fruit juices and biofluids obtained using new QRE and commercial Ag/AgCl RE with separated spaces do not differ.
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16
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Tjon KCE, Yuan J. Impedance characterization of silver/silver chloride micro-electrodes for bio-sensing applications. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Nemes CT, Swierk JR, Schmuttenmaer CA. A Terahertz-Transparent Electrochemical Cell for In Situ Terahertz Spectroelectrochemistry. Anal Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Coleen T. Nemes
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - John R. Swierk
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Charles A. Schmuttenmaer
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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18
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Daoudi J, Betelu S, Tzedakis T, Bertrand J, Ignatiadis I. A Multi-Parametric Device with Innovative Solid Electrodes for Long-Term Monitoring of pH, Redox-Potential and Conductivity in a Nuclear Waste Repository. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E1372. [PMID: 28608820 PMCID: PMC5492355 DOI: 10.3390/s17061372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present an innovative electrochemical probe for the monitoring of pH, redox potential and conductivity in near-field rocks of deep geological radioactive waste repositories. The probe is composed of a monocrystalline antimony electrode for pH sensing, four AgCl/Ag-based reference or Cl- selective electrodes, one Ag₂S/Ag-based reference or S2- selective electrode, as well as four platinum electrodes, a gold electrode and a glassy-carbon electrode for redox potential measurements. Galvanostatic electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy using AgCl/Ag-based and platinum electrodes measure conductivity. The use of such a multi-parameter probe provides redundant information, based as it is on the simultaneous behaviour under identical conditions of different electrodes of the same material, as well as on that of electrodes made of different materials. This identifies the changes in physical and chemical parameters in a solution, as well as the redox reactions controlling the measured potential, both in the solution and/or at the electrode/solution interface. Understanding the electrochemical behaviour of selected materials thus is a key point of our research, as provides the basis for constructing the abacuses needed for developing robust and reliable field sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Daoudi
- Water, Environment and Eco-technologies, BRGM French Geological Survey, 45060 Orléans, France.
| | - Stephanie Betelu
- Water, Environment and Eco-technologies, BRGM French Geological Survey, 45060 Orléans, France.
| | - Theodore Tzedakis
- Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Johan Bertrand
- Monitoring and Data Processing Department (DRD/MTD), ANDRA French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency, 92290 Châtenay Malabry, France.
| | - Ioannis Ignatiadis
- Water, Environment and Eco-technologies, BRGM French Geological Survey, 45060 Orléans, France.
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Brewer PJ, Leach AS, Brown RJC. The Role of the Electrolyte in the Fabrication of Ag|AgCl Reference Electrodes for pH Measurement. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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