1
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Spallacci C, Görlin M, Kumar A, D'Amario L, Cheah MH. Fabricating high-purity graphite disk electrodes as a cost-effective alternative in fundamental electrochemistry research. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4258. [PMID: 38383697 PMCID: PMC10881485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphite electrodes offer remarkable electrochemical properties, emerging as a viable alternative to glassy carbon (GCE) and other carbon-based electrodes for fundamental electrochemistry research. We report the fabrication and characterization of high-purity graphite disk electrodes (GDEs), made from cost-effective materials and a solvent-free methodology employing readily available laboratory equipment. Analysis of their physical properties via SEM, EDX and XPS reveals no metallic interferences and a notably high porosity, emphasizing their potential. The electrochemical performances of GDEs were found to be comparable to those of GCE. Immobilization of peptides and enzymes, both via covalent coupling and surface adsorption, was used to explore potential applications of GDEs in bioelectrochemistry. Enzyme activity could be addressed both via direct electron transfer and mediated electron transfer mechanism. These results highlight the interesting properties of our GDEs and make them a low-cost alternative to other carbon-based electrodes, with potential for future real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Spallacci
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mikaela Görlin
- Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amol Kumar
- Synthetic Molecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luca D'Amario
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mun Hon Cheah
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Meng X, O'Hare D, Ladame S. Surface immobilization strategies for the development of electrochemical nucleic acid sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115440. [PMID: 37406480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Following the recent pandemic and with the emergence of cell-free nucleic acids in liquid biopsies as promising biomarkers for a broad range of pathologies, there is an increasing demand for a new generation of nucleic acid tests, with a particular focus on cost-effective, highly sensitive and specific biosensors. Easily miniaturized electrochemical sensors show the greatest promise and most typically rely on the chemical functionalization of conductive materials or electrodes with sequence-specific hybridization probes made of standard oligonucleotides (DNA or RNA) or synthetic analogues (e.g. Peptide Nucleic Acids or PNAs). The robustness of such sensors is mostly influenced by the ability to control the density and orientation of the probe at the surface of the electrode, making the chemistry used for this immobilization a key parameter. This exhaustive review will cover the various strategies to immobilize nucleic acid probes onto different solid electrode materials. Both physical and chemical immobilization techniques will be presented. Their applicability to specific electrode materials and surfaces will also be discussed as well as strategies for passivation of the electrode surface as a way of preventing electrode fouling and reducing nonspecific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Meng
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. https://in.linkedin.com/https://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=xiaotong-meng-888IC
| | - Danny O'Hare
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Sylvain Ladame
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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3
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Single-Stranded DNA Recognition over Fluorescent Gold-Aryl Nanoparticles. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids6030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence labeling of gold-aryl nanoparticles, AuNPs-COOH, was achieved by the covalent derivatization with dansyl chloride (DNS-Cl) reagent (5-naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride) for potential ssDNA recognition. The fluorescent gold nanoparticles of AuNPs-C6H4-4-COO-dansyl (AuNPs-DNS) of spherical shape and a size of 19.3 ± 8.3 nm were synthesized in a carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH = 10.6) at 37 °C. The fluorescence emission at 475 nm was acquired using fluorescence spectroscopy and investigated using time-resolved photoluminescence. The conjugation of ssDNA to AuNPs-DNS using the freeze-thaw and salt-aging methods was confirmed by fluorescence emission quenching, gel electrophoresis separation, and lifetime decrease. Conjugated ssDNA to AuNPs-DNS using the freeze-thaw method was more efficient than the salt-aging method. The purity of ssDNA upon conjugation was measured with optical density, and the obtained A260/A280 ratio was in the range of 1.7–2.0. This research can be applied to other nucleotide recognition and theranostics.
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4
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The electro-oxidation of primary alcohols via a coral-shaped cobalt metal-organic framework modified graphite electrode in neutral media. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8560. [PMID: 35595773 PMCID: PMC9122998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12200-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The electro-oxidation of alcohols into corresponding aldehydes achieved enormous attention. However, numerous challenges remain in exploring catalytic systems with high conversion efficiency and selectivity. Considering the worldwide attention toward metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as outstanding crystalline porous materials, many chemists have been encouraged to use them in organic transformations. In this study, a novel coral-shaped cobalt organic framework was grown onto the surface of a functionalized graphite electrode (Co-MOF/C) to fabricate an efficient modified electrode in the electro-oxidation alcohols. The modified Co-MOF/C electrode showed high stability, large surface area, rich pores, and good conductivity as a desirable water-stable working electrode for selective oxidation of alcohols into aldehydes in good to excellent yields under a diffusion-controlled process.
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5
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Phal S, Shimizu K, Mwanza D, Mashazi P, Shchukarev A, Tesfalidet S. Electrografting of 4-Carboxybenzenediazonium on Glassy Carbon Electrode: The Effect of Concentration on the Formation of Mono and Multilayers. Molecules 2020; 25:E4575. [PMID: 33036378 PMCID: PMC7582525 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Grafting of electrodes with diazonium salts using cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a well-established procedure for surface modification. However, little is known about the effect of the concentration of the diazonium salt on the number of layers grafted on the electrode surface. In this work, the impact of concentration on the grafting of 4-carboxybenzenediazonium (4-CBD) onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is elucidated. The number of layers grafted on the GCE was linearly dependent on the concentration of 4-CBD and varied between 0.9 and 4.3 when the concentration was varied between 0.050 and 0.30 mmol/L at 0.10 V.s-1. Characterization of modified glassy carbon surface with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the grafting of carboxyphenyl layer on the surface. Grafting with 0.15 mmol/L 4-CBD (1 CV cycle) did not form a detectable amount of carboxyphenyl (CP) moieties at the surface, while a single scan with higher concentration (2.5 mmol/L) or multiple scans (22 cycles) gave detectable signals, indicating formation of multilayers. We also demonstrate the possibility of removing the thin layer grafted on a glassy carbon electrode by applying high oxidation potential +1.40 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sereilakhena Phal
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.P.); (K.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Kenichi Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.P.); (K.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Daniel Mwanza
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (D.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Philani Mashazi
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (D.M.); (P.M.)
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Andrey Shchukarev
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.P.); (K.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Solomon Tesfalidet
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.P.); (K.S.); (A.S.)
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6
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Hetemi D, Noël V, Pinson J. Grafting of Diazonium Salts on Surfaces: Application to Biosensors. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10010004. [PMID: 31952195 PMCID: PMC7168266 DOI: 10.3390/bios10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This review is divided into two parts; the first one summarizes the main features of surface modification by diazonium salts with a focus on most recent advances, while the second part deals with diazonium-based biosensors including small molecules of biological interest, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardan Hetemi
- Pharmacy Department, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina, “Hasan Prishtina”, Rr. “Dëshmorët e Kombit” p.n., 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo;
| | - Vincent Noël
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Jean Pinson
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France;
- Correspondence:
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7
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ReddyPrasad P, Naidoo EB, Sreedhar NY. Electrochemical preparation of a novel type of C-dots/ZrO2 nanocomposite onto glassy carbon electrode for detection of organophosphorus pesticide. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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8
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Mousavisani SZ, Raoof JB, Cheung KY, Camargo ARH, Ruzgas T, Turner AP, Mak WC. Integrating an ex-vivo skin biointerface with electrochemical DNA biosensor for direct measurement of the protective effect of UV blocking agents. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 128:159-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Study on dispersibility of thermally stable carbon black particles in ink using asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF). Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Xianyu Y, Wang Q, Chen Y. Magnetic particles-enabled biosensors for point-of-care testing. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Wang C, Amiri M, Endean RT, Martinez Perez O, Varley S, Rennie B, Rasu L, Bergens SH. Modular Construction of Photoanodes with Covalently Bonded Ru- and Ir-Polypyridyl Visible Light Chromophores. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24533-24542. [PMID: 29969554 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
1,10-phenanthroline is grafted to indium tin oxide (ITO) and titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2) semiconductors by electroreduction of 5-diazo-1,10-phenanthroline in 0.1 M H2SO4. The lower and upper potential limits (-0.20 and 0.15 VSCE, respectively) were set to avoid reduction and oxidation of the 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) covalently grafted at C5 to the semiconductor. The resulting semiconductor-phen ligand (ITO-phen or TiO2-phen) was air stable, and was bonded to Ru- or Ir- by reaction with cis-[Ru(bpy)2(CH3CN)2]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) or cis-[Ir(ppy)2(CH3CN)2]+ (ppy = ortho-Cphenyl metalated 2-phenylpyridine) in CH2Cl2 and THF solvent at 50 °C. Cyclic voltammetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, solid-state UV-vis, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry all confirmed that the chromophores SC-[(phen)Ru(bpy)2]2+ and SC-[(phen)Ir(ppy)2]+ (SC = ITO or TiO2) formed in near quantitative yields by these reactions. The resulting photoanodes were active and relatively stable to photoelectrochemical oxidation of hydroquinone and triethylamine under neutral and basic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Mona Amiri
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Riley T Endean
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Octavio Martinez Perez
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Samuel Varley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Ben Rennie
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Loorthuraja Rasu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Steven H Bergens
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
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12
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Hosu O, Tertiș M, Melinte G, Feier B, Săndulescu R, Cristea C. Mucin 4 detection with a label-free electrochemical immunosensor. Electrochem commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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13
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Guselnikova O, Postnikov P, Elashnikov R, Trusova M, Kalachyova Y, Libansky M, Barek J, Kolska Z, Švorčík V, Lyutakov O. Surface modification of Au and Ag plasmonic thin films via diazonium chemistry: Evaluation of structure and properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Cao C, Zhang Y, Jiang C, Qi M, Liu G. Advances on Aryldiazonium Salt Chemistry Based Interfacial Fabrication for Sensing Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5031-5049. [PMID: 28124552 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aryldiazonium salts as coupling agents for surface chemistry have evidenced their wide applications for the development of sensors. Combined with advances in nanomaterials, current trends in sensor science and a variety of particular advantages of aryldiazonium salt chemistry in sensing have driven the aryldiazonium salt-based sensing strategies to grow at an astonishing pace. This review focuses on the advances in the use of aryldiazonium salts for modifying interfaces in sensors and biosensors during the past decade. It will first summarize the current methods for modification of interfaces with aryldiazonium salts, and then discuss the sensing applications of aryldiazonium salts modified on different transducers (bulky solid electrodes, nanomaterials modified bulky solid electrodes, and nanoparticles). Finally, the challenges and perspectives that aryldiazonium salt chemistry is facing in sensing applications are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaomin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Meng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University , North Ryde 2109, Australia
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15
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Lee S, Eum CH, Kim WJ. Surface Modification of Carbon Black Using Polymer Resin Synthesized by a Phenyl Radical Reaction. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2016. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2016.60.4.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Mekki A, Ait-Touchente Z, Samanta S, Singh A, Mahmoud R, Chehimi MM, Aswal DK. Polyaniline-Wrapped ZnO Nanorod Composite Films on Diazonium-Modified Flexible Plastic Substrates. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mekki
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique; BP 17, Bordj El Bahri 16111 Algiers Algeria
| | - Zouhair Ait-Touchente
- Univ Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086; 15 rue J-A de Baïf 75013 Paris France
| | - Soumen Samanta
- Univ Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086; 15 rue J-A de Baïf 75013 Paris France
- Technical Physics Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC); Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Ajay Singh
- Univ Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086; 15 rue J-A de Baïf 75013 Paris France
- Technical Physics Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC); Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Rachid Mahmoud
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique; BP 17, Bordj El Bahri 16111 Algiers Algeria
| | - Mohamed M. Chehimi
- Univ Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086; 15 rue J-A de Baïf 75013 Paris France
- Université Paris Est; ICMPE; UPEC; 2-8 rue Henri Dunant 94320 Thiais France
| | - Dinesh K. Aswal
- Technical Physics Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC); Mumbai 400085 India
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17
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Berisha A, Chehimi M, Pinson J, Podvorica F. Electrode Surface Modification Using Diazonium Salts. ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: A SERIES OF ADVANCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b19196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Esteves-Villanueva JO, Trzeciakiewicz H, Martic S. A protein-based electrochemical biosensor for detection of tau protein, a neurodegenerative disease biomarker. Analyst 2015; 139:2823-31. [PMID: 24740472 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00204k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A protein-based electrochemical biosensor was developed for detection of tau protein aimed towards electrochemically sensing misfolding proteins. The electrochemical assay monitors tau-tau binding and misfolding during the early stage of tau oligomerization. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to detect the binding event between solution tau protein and immobilized tau protein (tau-Au), acting as a recognition element. The charge transfer resistance (Rct) of tau-Au was 2.9 ± 0.6 kΩ. Subsequent tau binding to tau-Au decreased the Rct to 0.3 ± 0.1 kΩ (90 ± 3% decrease) upon formation of a tau-tau-Au interface. A linear relationship between the Rct and the solution tau concentration was observed from 0.2 to 1.0 μM. The Rct decrease was attributed to an enhanced charge permeability of the tau-tau-Au surface to a redox probe [Fe(CN)6](3-/4-). The electrochemical and surface characterization data suggested conformational and electrostatic changes induced by tau-tau binding. The protein-based electrochemical platform was highly selective for tau protein over bovine serum albumin and allowed for a rapid sample analysis. The protein-based interface was selective for a non-phosphorylated tau441 isoform over the paired-helical filaments of tau, which were composed of phosphorylated and truncated tau isoforms. The electrochemical approach may find application in screening of the early onset of neurodegeneration and aggregation inhibitors.
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19
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Torbensen K, Kongsfelt M, Shimizu K, Pedersen EB, Skrydstrup T, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Patterned Carboxylation of Graphene Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4443-4452. [PMID: 25849849 DOI: 10.1021/la504500m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple, direct, and versatile scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) approach for local carboxylation of multilayered graphene on nickel is demonstrated, in which carbon dioxide serves as the carboxylation agent under reductive conditions in N,N-dimethylformamide. The use of SECM gives control over both the spatial dimensions and the degree of carboxylation. While the pattern size, in general, is governed by the dimension of the SECM tip, the degree of modification, expressed as the surface coverage of carboxylate groups introduced at the graphene substrate, is found to be controlled by the electrolysis time. This is supported by electrochemical measurements, two-dimensional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy mapping, and He ion microscopy. Surprisingly, intercalation of the supporting electrolyte in the multilayered graphene on nickel occurs to a relatively small extent when compared to corresponding results obtained in previously described carboxylations of this kind of multilayered graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Torbensen
- †Physicochimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mikkel Kongsfelt
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kyoko Shimizu
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emil B Pedersen
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen U Pedersen
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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20
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Simultaneous Electroreduction of Different Diazonium Salts for Direct Electrochemical DNA Biosensor Development. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.01.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Samanta S, Bakas I, Singh A, Aswal DK, Chehimi MM. In situ diazonium-modified flexible ITO-coated PEN substrates for the deposition of adherent silver-polypyrrole nanocomposite films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:9397-9406. [PMID: 25027950 DOI: 10.1021/la501909r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a simple and versatile process of electrografting the aryl multilayers onto indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated flexible poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) substrates using a diazonium salt (4-pyrrolylphenyldiazonium) solution, which was generated in situ from a reaction between the 4-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)aniline precursor and sodium nitrite in an acidic medium. The first aryl layer bonds with the ITO surface through In-O-C and Sn-O-C bonds which facilitate the formation of a uniform aryl multilayer that is ∼8 nm thick. The presence of the aryl multilayer has been confirmed by impedance spectroscopy as well as by electron-transfer blocking measurements. These in situ diazonium-modified ITO-coated PEN substrates may find applications in flexible organic electronics and sensor industries. Here we demonstrate the application of diazonium-modified flexible substrates for the growth of adherent silver/polpyrrole nanocomposite films using surface-confined UV photopolymerization. These nanocomposite films have platelet morphology owing to the template effect of the pyrrole-terminated aryl multilayers. In addition, the films are highly doped (32%). This work opens new areas in the design of flexible ITO-conductive polymer hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Samanta
- Technical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai 400085, India
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Diamond electrodes for trace alpha pollutant sequestration via covalent grafting of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) ligand. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee L, Ma H, Brooksby PA, Brown SA, Leroux YR, Hapiot P, Downard AJ. Covalently anchored carboxyphenyl monolayer via aryldiazonium ion grafting: a well-defined reactive tether layer for on-surface chemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:7104-7111. [PMID: 24874712 DOI: 10.1021/la5013632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrografting of aryl films to electrode surfaces from diazonium ion solutions is a widely used method for preparation of modified electrodes. In the absence of deliberate measures to limit film growth, the usual film structure is a loosely packed multilayer. For some applications, monolayer films are advantageous; our interest is in preparing well-defined monolayers of reactive tethers for further on-surface chemistry. Here, we describe the synthesis of an aryl diazonium salt with a protected carboxylic acid substituent. After electrografting to glassy carbon electrodes and subsequent deprotection, the layer is reacted with amine derivatives. Electrochemistry and atomic force microscopy are used to monitor the grafting, deprotection, and subsequent coupling steps. Attempts to follow the same procedures on gold surfaces suggest that the grafted layer is not stable in these reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lita Lee
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington , Post Office Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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Revenga-Parra M, García-Mendiola T, González-Costas J, González-Romero E, Marín AG, Pau J, Pariente F, Lorenzo E. Simple diazonium chemistry to develop specific gene sensing platforms. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 813:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Feier B, Floner D, Cristea C, Sandulescu R, Geneste F. Development of a novel flow sensor for copper trace analysis by electrochemical reduction of 4-methoxybenzene diazonium salt. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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