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Liu Y, Li X, Chen J, Yuan C. Micro/Nano Electrode Array Sensors: Advances in Fabrication and Emerging Applications in Bioanalysis. Front Chem 2020; 8:573865. [PMID: 33324609 PMCID: PMC7726471 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.573865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapid development of micro/nano manufacturing techniques and the greater understanding in electrochemical principles and methods, micro/nano electrode array sensing has received much attention in recent years, especially in bioanalysis. This review aims to explore recent progress in innovative techniques for the construction of micro/nano electrode array sensor and the unique applications of various types of micro/nano electrode array sensors in biochemical analysis. Moreover, the new area of smart sensing benefited from miniaturization of portable micro/nano electrode array sensors as well as wearable intelligent devices are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiuting Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chonglin Yuan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Movsesyan L, Maijenburg AW, Goethals N, Sigle W, Spende A, Yang F, Kaiser B, Jaegermann W, Park SY, Mul G, Trautmann C, Toimil-Molares ME. ZnO Nanowire Networks as Photoanode Model Systems for Photoelectrochemical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E693. [PMID: 30200568 PMCID: PMC6164027 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the fabrication of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire networks is presented. By combining ion-track technology, electrochemical deposition, and atomic layer deposition, hierarchical and self-supporting three-dimensional (3D) networks of pure ZnO- and TiO₂-coated ZnO nanowires were synthesized. Analysis by means of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed a highly crystalline structure of the electrodeposited ZnO wires and the anatase phase of the TiO₂ coating. In photoelectrochemical measurements, the ZnO and ZnO/TiO₂ nanowire networks, used as anodes, generated higher photocurrents compared to those produced by their film counterparts. The ZnO/TiO₂ nanowire network exhibited the highest photocurrents. However, the protection by the TiO₂ coatings against chemical corrosion still needs improvement. The one-dimensionality of the nanowires and the large electrolyte-accessible area make these 3D networks promising photoelectrodes, due to the improved transport properties of photogenerated charge carriers and faster redox reactions at the surface. Moreover, they can find further applications in e.g., sensing, catalytical, and piezoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Movsesyan
- Materials Research Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Material- und Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Albert Wouter Maijenburg
- Materials Research Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Noel Goethals
- Materials Research Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Wilfried Sigle
- Stuttgart Centre for Electron Microscopy, MPI for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Anne Spende
- Materials Research Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Material- und Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Florent Yang
- Material- und Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Kaiser
- Material- und Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Wolfram Jaegermann
- Material- und Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Sun-Young Park
- Photocatalytic Synthesis Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Guido Mul
- Photocatalytic Synthesis Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Christina Trautmann
- Materials Research Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Material- und Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares
- Materials Research Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Karimian N, Moretto LM, Ugo P. Nanobiosensing with Arrays and Ensembles of Nanoelectrodes. SENSORS 2016; 17:s17010065. [PMID: 28042840 PMCID: PMC5298638 DOI: 10.3390/s17010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the first reports dating back to the mid-1990s, ensembles and arrays of nanoelectrodes (NEEs and NEAs, respectively) have gained an important role as advanced electroanalytical tools thank to their unique characteristics which include, among others, dramatically improved signal/noise ratios, enhanced mass transport and suitability for extreme miniaturization. From the year 2000 onward, these properties have been exploited to develop electrochemical biosensors in which the surfaces of NEEs/NEAs have been functionalized with biorecognition layers using immobilization modes able to take the maximum advantage from the special morphology and composite nature of their surface. This paper presents an updated overview of this field. It consists of two parts. In the first, we discuss nanofabrication methods and the principles of functioning of NEEs/NEAs, focusing, in particular, on those features which are important for the development of highly sensitive and miniaturized biosensors. In the second part, we review literature references dealing the bioanalytical and biosensing applications of sensors based on biofunctionalized arrays/ensembles of nanoelectrodes, focusing our attention on the most recent advances, published in the last five years. The goal of this review is both to furnish fundamental knowledge to researchers starting their activity in this field and provide critical information on recent achievements which can stimulate new ideas for future developments to experienced scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Karimian
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155-Mestre, 30172 Venice, Italy.
| | - Ligia M Moretto
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155-Mestre, 30172 Venice, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ugo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155-Mestre, 30172 Venice, Italy.
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Ongaro M, Gambirasi A, Ugo P. Closed Bipolar Electrochemistry for the Low-Potential Asymmetrical Functionalization of Micro- and Nanowires. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ongaro
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems; University Ca' Foscari of Venice; via Torino 155 30172 Venezia Mestre Italy
| | - Arianna Gambirasi
- Istituto per l'Energetica e le Interfasi (IENI)-CNR; Corso Stati Uniti 4 35127 Padova Italy
| | - Paolo Ugo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems; University Ca' Foscari of Venice; via Torino 155 30172 Venezia Mestre Italy
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Ongaro M, Mardegan A, Stortini AM, Signoretto M, Ugo P. Arrays of templated TiO2 nanofibres as improved photoanodes for water splitting under visible light. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:165402. [PMID: 25824700 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/16/165402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of TiO2 nanofibres (NFs) were successfully prepared by template sol-gel synthesis, using track-etched polycarbonate membranes as structure directing agent. The control of the sol-gel kinetic was crucial in order to homogeneously fill the pores with a continuous framework. For this reason acetylacetone was added to the sol-gel mixture as chelating agent. The band edge positions of TiO2 NFs were determined by a Mott-Schottky plot and diffuse reflectance analysis. The results support the presence of trace dopants which can act favorably with respect to the photoelectrochemical properties. The TiO2 NFs array showed enhanced photoelectrochemical activity both under UV light and visible light when used as photoanodes for the water splitting reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ongaro
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Santa Marta 2137, I-30123 Venice, Italy
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