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Kurian KJ, De Maere J, Schazmann B. Pencil and Gold Electrode Materials for the Electrochemical Study and Analysis of Dinitrotoluene. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:9375-9382. [PMID: 38434862 PMCID: PMC10905693 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The aim of our work was to investigate practical and robust methods for the electrochemical analysis of DNT. Using gold WEs, we differentiated between the nitro substituents in 2,4- and 2,6-DNT in organic electrolyte systems. Switching to an aqueous electrolyte (2 M H2SO4), a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.158 ppm (0.87 μM) and a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.48 ppm (2.64 μM) were observed for 2,4-DNT. Subsequent simplification to wooden craft pencils as WEs in aqueous 2 M H2SO4 electrolyte achieved a LOD of 4.8 ppm (26.48 μM) and a LOQ of 14.6 ppm (80.54 μM) for 2,4-DNT. Alongside this easily renewable WE choice, 2 M H2SO4 was found to improve the solubility of DNT in aqueous media and has not been previously reported as an electrolyte in DNT electroanalysis. On testing a range of pencil grades from 4H to 8B, it was found that 4B gave the best sensitivity. The work serves as a preliminary study into materials that, through their simplicity and availability, may be suitable for the development of a robust and portable instrumental method through the electrochemical work presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Kurian
- Applied
Electrochemistry Group (AEG), FOCAS Research
Institute − Technological University Dublin, Aungier Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Julie De Maere
- Odisee
University of Applied Sciences, Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders de Smetstraat 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Schazmann
- School
of Chemical and BioPharmaceutical Sciences, CQ 441, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Lower, Dublin 7, Ireland
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2
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Zheng P, Abdurahman A, Zhang Z, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Ai X, Li F, Zhang M. A simple organic multi-analyte fluorescent prober: One molecule realizes the detection to DNT, TATP and Sarin substitute gas. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124500. [PMID: 33199143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The detections of explosives and chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are always important for global security. In this study, a simple donor (D)- acceptor (A) type small organic fluorescent triazole-based molecule (T1) is reported. T1 is composed of a central 4H-1, 2, 4-triazole (TAZ) "core" and three external triphenylamine (TPA) groups. Its spin-coating films can realize the multi-analyte fluorescent prober to detect DNT (2, 4-dinitrotoluene), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, the substitute for triacetone triperoxide (TATP)) and diethylchlorophosphate (DCP, the substitute for Sarin) vapors. Additionally, the combination of the triple sensing mechanism in the different channels affords three distinct sets of output-signal responses, these three hazardous compounds could be identified rapidly with high sensitivity and selectivity: fluorescence turn-off response to DNT, fluorescence turn-on response to H2O2 and fluorometric-colorimetric dual-channel response to DCP. T1 fluorescent probe is highly advantageous for concurrently monitoring various hazardous target substances and simultaneously possessing the desirable sensitivity and selectivity, excellent reusability. Hereby, this study provides a prototype method to build novel multifunctional fluorescent probes to explosives and CWAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Alim Abdurahman
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Yuting Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Yimeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Xin Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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3
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Rahman MM, Alam MM, Asiri AM, Uddin J. 3-Methoxyphenol chemical sensor fabrication with Ag 2O/CB nanocomposites. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05982b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The proposed chemical sensor based on Ag2O/CB nanocomposites is developed by electrochemical approach for the detection of hazardous selective 3-methoxyphenol chemical sensor for the safety of the environment sector in a broad scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. Rahman
- Chemistry Department
- King Abdulaziz University
- Faculty of Science
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - M. M. Alam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Science
- Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
- Sylhet 3100
- Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department
- King Abdulaziz University
- Faculty of Science
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Uddin
- Department of Natural Sciences
- Coppin State University
- Baltimore
- USA
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4
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Chakraborty U, Bhanjana G, Adam J, Mishra YK, Kaur G, Chaudhary GR, Kaushik A. A flower-like ZnO–Ag2O nanocomposite for label and mediator free direct sensing of dinitrotoluene. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27764-27774. [PMID: 35686162 PMCID: PMC9127653 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02826f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
2,4-Dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) is a nitro aromatic compound used as a raw material for trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive synthesis along with several other industrial applications. Easy, rapid, cost-effective, and selective detection of 2,4-DNT is becoming essential due to its hepato carcinogenic nature and presence in surface as well as ground water as a contaminant. Keeping this in view, this research, for the first-time, reports the synthesis of novel ZnO–Ag2O composite nanoflowers on a gold (Au) substrate, to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for label-free, direct sensing of 2,4-DNT selectively. The proposed ZnO–Ag2O/Au sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 5 μA μM−1 cm−2 with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 13 nM, in a linear dynamic range (LDR) of 0.4 μM to 40 μM. The sensor showed reasonably high re-usability and reproducibility, with reliable results for laboratory and real-world samples. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) is a nitro aromatic compound used as a raw material for trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive synthesis along with several other industrial applications.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmila Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - Gaurav Bhanjana
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - Jost Adam
- Mads Clausen Institute
- University of Southern Denmark
- Sønderborg
- Denmark
| | | | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - Ganga Ram Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory
- Department of Natural Sciences
- Division of Science, Arts & Mathematics
- Florida Polytechnic University
- Lakeland-33805
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5
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Selvaraj V, Thomas N, Anthuvan AJ, Nagamony P, Chinnuswamy V. Amine-functionalized diatom frustules: a platform for specific and sensitive detection of nitroaromatic explosive derivative. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:20540-20549. [PMID: 29243153 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, an attempt was made to develop a proof of concept for the detection of nitroaromatic explosive derivatives through the photoluminescence (PL) quenching process using functionalized diatom frustules as a sensing platform. The diatom frustules are composed of nanostructured, highly porous biogenic silica material and emit strong, visible blue PL upon UV excitation. PL-active biosilica was isolated from the marine diatom Nitzschia sp. and was amine-functionalized to develop a sensing platform. Functionalized diatom frustules were further characterized using field emission scanning electron microscope and a series of spectroscopic methods. When nitroaromatic compounds were bound to the functionalized diatom frustules biosilica, the PL intensity from the functionalized biosilica was partially quenched due to the electrophilic nature of the nitro (-NO) groups. The quenching process confirmed the Meisenheimer complex formation and was investigated by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and time-resolved photoluminescence studies. The developed platform was further evaluated for its sensitivity and specificity, and the limit of detection (LOD) of the assay was determined as 1 μM for a series of nitroaromatic explosive compounds. In conclusion, the developed sensing platform will have great utility in the development of on-site detection platforms for sensitive detection of warfare explosive nitroaromatic compounds from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viji Selvaraj
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, 641046, India
| | - Neethi Thomas
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, 641046, India
| | - Allen Joseph Anthuvan
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, 641046, India
| | - Ponpandian Nagamony
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, 641046, India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnuswamy
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, 641046, India.
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Highly Sensitive Sensors for the Detection of Nitro Compounds Based on Pyrene Labeled Dendrons. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-017-0686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Ashwin Karthick N, Thangappan R, Arivanandhan M, Gnanamani A, Jayavel R. A Facile Synthesis of Ferrocene Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for Electrochemical Sensing of Lead. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-017-0744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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GOUD KYUGENDER, M SATYANARAYANA, REDDY KKOTESHWARA, GOBI KVENGATAJALABATHY. Development of highly selective electrochemical impedance sensor for detection of sub-micromolar concentrations of 5-Chloro-2,4-dinitrotoluene. J CHEM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-016-1078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Seah TH, Poh HL, Chua CK, Sofer Z, Pumera M. Towards Graphane Applications in Security: The Electrochemical Detection of Trinitrotoluene in Seawater on Hydrogenated Graphene. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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