1
|
Wang Y, Wang Y. HBCalculator: A Tool for Hydrogen Bond Distribution Calculations in Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:1772-1777. [PMID: 38485521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonds, crucial noncovalent interactions in molecular systems, significantly impact biological, chemical, and energy-related processes; therefore, characterizing hydrogen bond information is of importance to fundamental studies. This work introduces the HBCalculator, a Tcl-based tool integrated with VMD for calculating 1D and 2D distributions of hydrogen bond density and strength. The tool facilitates spatial analysis, overcoming limitations in existing packages that lack direct spatial distribution output. By employing HBCalculator in MD simulations, three systems of cellulose/water and graphene/water interfaces, were tested to showcase its functionality. The 1D and 2D hydrogen bond distributions reveal insights into interfacial properties, reflecting the impact of material hydrophobicity. The simplicity of usage, along with its potential for diverse molecular systems, positions HBCalculator as a valuable tool for researchers exploring hydrogen bond networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nederstedt H, Jannasch P. Poly(p-terphenyl alkylene)s grafted with highly acidic sulfonated polypentafluorostyrene side chains for proton exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
3
|
Hu Y, Wang S, Gao G, He Y. The degradation effect on proton dissociation and transfer in perfluorosulfonic acid membranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:3007-3016. [PMID: 35037924 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), the ionomer-perfluorosulfonic acid (PSFA) membrane side chains are easily attacked by free radicals, resulting in membrane degradation. In this work, the chemical degradation effect of side chains in the PSFA membrane on proton dissociation and transfer behaviors is investigated by means of the quantum chemistry calculation. The rotation of the H atom in the acid group after the degradation is evaluated. The impact of the electrostatic potential (ESP) and electronegativity of the side chains is analyzed. The results demonstrate that the membrane degradation decreases the positive potential of the proton in the acid group, leading to the proton being less active so that more water molecules are required for the spontaneous proton dissociation. The rotation of the H atom in the acid group affects the proton dissociation mode owing to the change of the hydrogen bond network. It is found that the ESP of the acid group in two side chain fragments influences each other and the water molecules between two side chains can be shared to reduce the number of water molecules for the proton dissociation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Guohui Gao
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yurong He
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lawler R, Liu YH, Majaya N, Allam O, Ju H, Kim JY, Jang SS. DFT-Machine Learning Approach for Accurate Prediction of p Ka. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8712-8722. [PMID: 34554744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we propose a novel method of pKa prediction in a diverse set of acids, which combines density functional theory (DFT) method with machine learning (ML) methods. First, the DFT method with B3LYP/6-31++G**/SM8 is used to predict pKa, yielding a mean absolute error of 1.85 pKa units. Subsequently, such pKa values predicted from the DFT method are employed as one of 10 molecular descriptors for developing ML models trained on experimental data. Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR), Gaussian Process Regression, and Artificial Neural Network are optimized using three Pipelines: Pipeline 1 involving only hyperparameter optimization (HPO), Pipeline 2 involving HPO followed by a relative contribution analysis (RCA) and recursive feature elimination (RFE), and Pipeline 3 involving HPO followed by RCA and RFE on an expanded set of composite features. Finally, it is demonstrated that KRR with Pipeline 3 yields optimal pKa prediction at an MAE of 0.60 log units. This algorithm was then utilized to predict the pKa of 37 novel acids. The two most important features were determined to be the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule and the degree of oxidation of the acid. The predicted pKa values were documented for future reference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lawler
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States.,School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yao-Hao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Nessa Majaya
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Omar Allam
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States.,G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hyunchul Ju
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Center for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Soon Jang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Su GM, Cordova IA, Yandrasits MA, Lindell M, Feng J, Wang C, Kusoglu A. Chemical and Morphological Origins of Improved Ion Conductivity in Perfluoro Ionene Chain Extended Ionomers. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13547-13561. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Su
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Isvar A. Cordova
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | - Jun Feng
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shrivastava UN, Fritzsche H, Karan K. Interfacial and Bulk Water in Ultrathin Films of Nafion, 3M PFSA, and 3M PFIA Ionomers on a Polycrystalline Platinum Surface. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Udit N. Shrivastava
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Helmut Fritzsche
- Material Sciences Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 286 Plant Road, Chalk River, ON K0J 10J, Canada
| | - Kunal Karan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alam TM. Computational Study of Microhydration in Sulfonated Diels–Alder Poly(phenylene) Polymers. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:3927-3938. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd M. Alam
- Department of Organic Material Science, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse G. McDaniel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Arun Yethiraj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Berrod Q, Hanot S, Guillermo A, Mossa S, Lyonnard S. Water sub-diffusion in membranes for fuel cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8326. [PMID: 28827621 PMCID: PMC5567110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the dynamics of water confined in soft ionic nano-assemblies, an issue critical for a general understanding of the multi-scale structure-function interplay in advanced materials. We focus in particular on hydrated perfluoro-sulfonic acid compounds employed as electrolytes in fuel cells. These materials form phase-separated morphologies that show outstanding proton-conducting properties, directly related to the state and dynamics of the absorbed water. We have quantified water motion and ion transport by combining Quasi Elastic Neutron Scattering, Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Molecular Dynamics computer simulation. Effective water and ion diffusion coefficients have been determined together with their variation upon hydration at the relevant atomic, nanoscopic and macroscopic scales, providing a complete picture of transport. We demonstrate that confinement at the nanoscale and direct interaction with the charged interfaces produce anomalous sub-diffusion, due to a heterogeneous space-dependent dynamics within the ionic nanochannels. This is irrespective of the details of the chemistry of the hydrophobic confining matrix, confirming the statistical significance of our conclusions. Our findings turn out to indicate interesting connections and possibilities of cross-fertilization with other domains, including biophysics. They also establish fruitful correspondences with advanced topics in statistical mechanics, resulting in new possibilities for the analysis of Neutron scattering data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Berrod
- LLB, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Energy Storage Group, 94720, Berkeley, USA
| | - Samuel Hanot
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS, 20156 - 38042, Grenoble, France
- Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR 3528, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Armel Guillermo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC, SYMMES, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Stefano Mossa
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC, SYMMES, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Sandrine Lyonnard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC, SYMMES, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers' complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Puskar L, Ritter E, Schade U, Yandrasits M, Hamrock SJ, Schaberg M, Aziz EF. Infrared dynamics study of thermally treated perfluoroimide acid proton exchange membranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:626-635. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06627e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In situinfrared investigation of the water hydrogen-bonded network inside PFIA accounts for improved proton conductivity under hotter and dryer conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Puskar
- Methods for Material Development
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - E. Ritter
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- Experimentelle Biophysik
- 10115 Berlin
- Germany
| | - U. Schade
- Methods for Material Development
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | | | | | - M. Schaberg
- 3M Energy Components Program
- 3M Center
- St Paul
- USA
| | - E. F. Aziz
- Methods for Material Development
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Feng C, He PF. Moisture and thermal expansion properties and mechanism of interaction between ions of a Nafion-based membrane electrode assembly. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04191h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The coefficient of moisture and thermal expansion for each layer of membrane electrode assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Key Lab of Metal Functional Materials
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- China
| | - P. F. He
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ge X, He Y, Guiver MD, Wu L, Ran J, Yang Z, Xu T. Alkaline Anion-Exchange Membranes Containing Mobile Ion Shuttles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:3467-72. [PMID: 26972938 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201506199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A new class of alkaline anion-exchange membranes containing mobile ion shuttles is developed. It is achieved by threading ionic linear guests into poly(crown ether) hosts via host-guest molecular interaction. The thermal- and pH-triggered shuttling of ionic linear guests remarkably increases the solvation-shell fluctuations in inactive hydrated hydroxide ion complexes (OH(-) (H2 O)4 ) and accelerates the OH(-) transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yubin He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Michael D Guiver
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, School of Mechanical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Liang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jin Ran
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhengjin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sulfonated or phosphonated membranes? DFT investigation of proton exchange in poly(oxadiazole) membranes. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
15
|
Economou NJ, Barnes AM, Wheat AJ, Schaberg MS, Hamrock SJ, Buratto SK. Investigation of Humidity Dependent Surface Morphology and Proton Conduction in Multi-Acid Side Chain Membranes by Conductive Probe Atomic Force Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:14280-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b07255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Economou
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Austin M. Barnes
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wheat
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Mark S. Schaberg
- 3M Energy Components Program, St.
Paul, Minnesota 5514, United States
| | - Steven J. Hamrock
- 3M Energy Components Program, St.
Paul, Minnesota 5514, United States
| | - Steven K. Buratto
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Clark JK, Habenicht BF, Paddison SJ. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous triflic acid confined in carbon nanotubes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:16465-79. [PMID: 24983213 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01066c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the effects of nanoscale confinement on the structural and dynamical properties of aqueous triflic acid (CF3SO3H). Single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with diameters ranging from ∼11 to 14 Å were used as confinement vessels, and the inner surface of the CNT were either left bare or fluorinated to probe the influence of the confined environment on structural and dynamical properties of the water and triflic acidic. The systems were simulated at hydration levels of n = 1-3 H2O/CF3SO3H. Proton dissociation expectedly increased with increasing hydration. Along with the level of hydration, hydrogen bond connectivity between the triflic acid molecules, both directly and via a single water molecule, played a role on proton dissociation. Direct hydrogen bonding between the CF3SO3H molecules, most commonly found in the larger bare CNT, also promoted interactions between water molecules allowing for greater separation of the dissociated protons from the CF3SO3(-) as the hydration level was increased. However, this also resulted in a decrease in the overall proportion of dissociated protons. The confinement dimensions altered both the hydrogen bond network and the distribution of water molecules where the H2O in the fluorinated CNTs tended to form small clusters with less proton dissociation at n = 1 and 2 but the highest at n = 3. In the absence of nearby hydrogen bond accepting sites from H2O or triflic acid SO3H groups, the water molecules formed weak hydrogen bonds with the fluorine atoms. In the bare CNT systems, these involved the CF3 groups of triflic acid and were more frequently observed when direct hydrogen bonding between CF3SO3H hindered potential hydrogen bonding sites. In the fluorinated tubes, interactions with the covalently bound fluorine atoms of the CNT wall dominated which appear to stabilize the hydrogen bond network. Increasing the hydration level increased the frequency of the OH···F (CNT) hydrogen bonding which was highly pronounced in the smaller fluorinated CNT indicating an influence on the confinement dimensions on these interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kwon Y, Lee SY, Hong S, Jang JH, Henkensmeier D, Yoo SJ, Kim HJ, Kim SH. Novel sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) containing hydroxyl groups for enhanced proton exchange membrane properties. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01218f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We here report a new sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) modified with hydroxyl side groups for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonhye Kwon
- Fuel Cell Research Center
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Seoul 136-791
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
| | - So Young Lee
- Fuel Cell Research Center
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Seoul 136-791
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sukjae Hong
- Fuel Cell Research Center
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Seoul 136-791
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Jang
- Fuel Cell Research Center
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Seoul 136-791
- Republic of Korea
| | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Fuel Cell Research Center
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Seoul 136-791
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jong Yoo
- Fuel Cell Research Center
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Seoul 136-791
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Juhn Kim
- Fuel Cell Research Center
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Seoul 136-791
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701
- Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|