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Tsehaye MT, Tufa RA, Berhane R, Deboli F, Gebru KA, Velizarov S. Modified Membranes for Redox Flow Batteries-A Review. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:777. [PMID: 37755199 PMCID: PMC10536688 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13090777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the state of the art of modified membranes developed and applied for the improved performance of redox flow batteries (RFBs) is presented and critically discussed. The review begins with an introduction to the energy-storing chemical principles and the potential of using RFBs in the energy transition in industrial and transport-related sectors. Commonly used membrane modification techniques are briefly presented and compared next. The recent progress in applying modified membranes in different RFB chemistries is then critically discussed. The relationship between a given membrane modification strategy, corresponding ex situ properties and their impact on battery performance are outlined. It has been demonstrated that further dedicated studies are necessary in order to develop an optimal modification technique, since a modification generally reduces the crossover of redox-active species but, at the same time, leads to an increase in membrane electrical resistance. The feasibility of using alternative advanced modification methods, similar to those employed in water purification applications, needs yet to be evaluated. Additionally, the long-term stability and durability of the modified membranes during cycling in RFBs still must be investigated. The remaining challenges and potential solutions, as well as promising future perspectives, are finally highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misgina Tilahun Tsehaye
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Ramato Ashu Tufa
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria (DIAm-UNICAL), Via P. Bucci CUBO 44/A, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Roviel Berhane
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria (DIAm-UNICAL), Via P. Bucci CUBO 44/A, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Francesco Deboli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kibrom Alebel Gebru
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Svetlozar Velizarov
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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2
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Park J, Kim M, Choi J, Lee S, Han D, Bae J, Park M. Controllable Carbon Felt Etching by Binary Nickel Bismuth Cluster for Vanadium-Manganese Redox Flow Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37390-37400. [PMID: 37498204 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Various redox couples have been reported to increase the energy density and reduce the price of redox flow batteries (RFBs). Among them, the vanadium electrolyte is mainly used due to its high solubility, but electrode modification is still necessary due to its low reversibility and sluggish kinetics. Also, an incompatible ion exchange membrane with redox-active species leads to self-discharge referred to as crossover. Here, we report a V/Mn RFB using an anion exchange membrane (AEM) for crossover mitigation and etched carbon felt by nickel-bismuth (NB-ECF) for the vanadium anolyte. The NB-ECF significantly enhances the reversibility and kinetics of the V2+/V3+ redox reaction, attributed to inhibited irreversible hydrogen evolution by the Bi catalyst and increased carboxyl groups by nickel (etching and NiO catalyst). Notably, the V/Mn cell employed in the NB-ECF maintains a high energy efficiency of 85.7% during 50 cycles without capacity degradation at a current density of 20 mA cm-2, which is attributed to a synergistic effect of crossover mitigation and facilitated V2+/V3+ redox reaction. This study demonstrates the novel electrocatalyst design of carbon felt using two metal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan Park
- Research Center of Energy Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Research Center of Energy Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyeong Choi
- Research Center of Energy Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobeom Lee
- Research Center of Energy Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Duho Han
- Research Center of Energy Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhye Bae
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Material Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Minjoon Park
- Research Center of Energy Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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3
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Lin CH, Chien MY, Chuang YC, Lai CC, Sun YM, Liu TY. Porous Membranes of Polysulfone and Graphene Oxide Nanohybrids for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245405. [PMID: 36559771 PMCID: PMC9788592 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous nanohybrid membranes of polysulfone (PSF) with graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets (PSF/GO membrane) were developed to serve as proton exchange membranes in a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Various ratios of PSF/GO and thickness were investigated to evaluate the optimal voltage efficiency (VE), coulombic efficiency (CE), and energy efficiency (EE) of the VRFB. The pore size, distribution, and hydrophilicity of PSF/GO membranes were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and contact angles. Functional groups of GO were evaluated using Raman spectroscopy. The mechanical properties and thermal stability of PSF/GO membranes were analyzed using a tensile tester and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The results show that the mechanical properties of the PSF porous membrane with GO nanosheets were significantly improved, indicating that the addition of graphene oxide nanosheets consolidated the internal structure of the PSF membrane. Cyclic voltammetry revealed an obviously different curve after the addition of GO nanosheets. The CE of the VRFB in the PSF/GO membrane was significantly higher than that in the pristine PSF membrane, increasing from 80% to 95% at 0.6 wt.% GO addition. Moreover, PSF/GO membranes displayed great chemical stability during long-term operation; thus, they can evolve as potential porous membranes for application in VRFBs for green energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hong Lin
- Chemistry Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City 32546, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yen Chien
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cih Chuang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chi Lai
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City 32003, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.S.); (T.-Y.L.)
| | - Ting-Yu Liu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City 32003, Taiwan
- Research Center for Intelligent Medical Devices, Center for Plasma and Thin Film Technologies, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.S.); (T.-Y.L.)
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4
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Konev DV, Istakova OI, Kartashova NV, Abunaeva LZ, Pyrkov PV, Loktionov PA, Vorotyntsev MA. Electrochemical Measurement of Co-Ion Diffusion Coefficient in Ion-Exchange Membranes. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193522120035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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5
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Konev DV, Istakova OI, Vorotyntsev MA. Electrochemical Measurement of Interfacial Distribution and Diffusion Coefficients of Electroactive Species for Ion-Exchange Membranes: Application to Br 2/Br - Redox Couple. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1041. [PMID: 36363597 PMCID: PMC9693329 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel method has been proposed for rapid determination of principal transmembrane transport parameters for solute electroactive co-ions/molecules, in relation to the crossover problem in power sources. It is based on direct measurements of current for the electrode, separated from solution by an ion-exchange membrane, under voltammetric and chronoamperometric regimes. An electroactive reagent is initially distributed within the membrane/solution space under equilibrium. Then, potential change induces its transformation into the product at the electrode under the diffusion-limited regime. For the chronoamperometric experiment, the electrode potential steps backward after the current stabilization, thus inducing an opposite redox transformation. Novel analytical solutions for nonstationary concentrations and current have been derived for such two-stage regime. The comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental data for the Br2/Br- redox couple (where only Br- is initially present) has provided the diffusion coefficients of the Br- and Br2 species inside the membrane, D(Br-) = (2.98 ± 0.27) 10-6 cm2/s and D(Br2) = (1.10 ± 0.07) 10-6 cm2/s, and the distribution coefficient of the Br- species at the membrane/solution boundary, K(Br-) = 0.190 ± 0.005, for various HBr additions (0.125-0.75 M) to aqueous 2 M H2SO4 solution. This possibility to determine transport characteristics of two electroactive species, the initial solute component and its redox product, within a single experiment, represents a unique feature of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Konev
- Federal Research Center for Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Olga I. Istakova
- Federal Research Center for Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Vorotyntsev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
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6
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Wang X, Li J, Duan Y, Li J, Wang H, Yang X, Gong M. Electrochemical Urea Oxidation in Different Environment: From Mechanism to Devices. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Mechanical and Power Engineering CHINA
| | - Jianping Li
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Resource and Environmental Engineering CHINA
| | - Yanghua Duan
- University of California Berkeley Civil and Environmental Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Jianan Li
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Resource and Environmental Engineering CHINA
| | - Hualin Wang
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Resource and Environmental Engineering CHINA
| | - Xuejing Yang
- East China University of Science and Technology National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment 130 Meilong Road 200237 Shanghai CHINA
| | - Ming Gong
- Fudan University Department of Chemistry CHINA
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7
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Cheng R, Sun P, Su H, Yang W, Leung P, Xu Q. Effect of exerted magnetic field on the performance of non-aqueous iron-vanadium redox flow battery with deep eutectic solvent (DES) electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Kim JM, Wang Y, Lin YH, Yoon J, Huang T, Kim DJ, Auad ML, Beckingham BS. Fabrication and Characterization of Cross-Linked Phenyl-Acrylate-Based Ion Exchange Membranes and Performance in a Direct Urea Fuel Cell. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
- Center for Polymers and Advanced Composites, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Yi-hung Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Jaesik Yoon
- Materials Research and Education Center, 275 Wilmore Lab, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Tina Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Dong-Joo Kim
- Materials Research and Education Center, 275 Wilmore Lab, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Maria L. Auad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
- Center for Polymers and Advanced Composites, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Bryan S. Beckingham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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9
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Sgreccia E, Narducci R, Knauth P, Di Vona ML. Silica Containing Composite Anion Exchange Membranes by Sol-Gel Synthesis: A Short Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111874. [PMID: 34200025 PMCID: PMC8200225 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This short review summarizes the literature on composite anion exchange membranes (AEM) containing an organo-silica network formed by sol–gel chemistry. The article covers AEM for diffusion dialysis (DD), for electrochemical energy technologies including fuel cells and redox flow batteries, and for electrodialysis. By applying a vast variety of organically modified silica compounds (ORMOSIL), many composite AEM reported in the last 15 years are based on poly (vinylalcohol) (PVA) or poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) used as polymer matrix. The most stringent requirements are high permselectivity and water flux for DD membranes, while high ionic conductivity is essential for electrochemical applications. Furthermore, the alkaline stability of AEM for fuel cell applications remains a challenging problem that is not yet solved. Possible future topics of investigation on composite AEM containing an organo-silica network are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Sgreccia
- Department of Industrial Engineering and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy; (R.N.); (M.L.D.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Riccardo Narducci
- Department of Industrial Engineering and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy; (R.N.); (M.L.D.V.)
| | - Philippe Knauth
- CNRS, Madirel (UMR 7246) and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, Aix Marseille University, F-13013 Marseille, France;
| | - Maria Luisa Di Vona
- Department of Industrial Engineering and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy; (R.N.); (M.L.D.V.)
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10
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Düerkop D, Widdecke H, Schilde C, Kunz U, Schmiemann A. Polymer Membranes for All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:214. [PMID: 33803681 PMCID: PMC8003036 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries such as the all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) are a technical solution for storing fluctuating renewable energies on a large scale. The optimization of cells regarding performance, cycle stability as well as cost reduction are the main areas of research which aim to enable more environmentally friendly energy conversion, especially for stationary applications. As a critical component of the electrochemical cell, the membrane influences battery performance, cycle stability, initial investment and maintenance costs. This review provides an overview about flow-battery targeted membranes in the past years (1995-2020). More than 200 membrane samples are sorted into fluoro-carbons, hydro-carbons or N-heterocycles according to the basic polymer used. Furthermore, the common description in membrane technology regarding the membrane structure is applied, whereby the samples are categorized as dense homogeneous, dense heterogeneous, symmetrical or asymmetrically porous. Moreover, these properties as well as the efficiencies achieved from VRFB cycling tests are discussed, e.g., membrane samples of fluoro-carbons, hydro-carbons and N-heterocycles as a function of current density. Membrane properties taken into consideration include membrane thickness, ion-exchange capacity, water uptake and vanadium-ion diffusion. The data on cycle stability and costs of commercial membranes, as well as membrane developments, are compared. Overall, this investigation shows that dense anion-exchange membranes (AEM) and N-heterocycle-based membranes, especially poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) membranes, are suitable for VRFB requiring low self-discharge. Symmetric and asymmetric porous membranes, as well as cation-exchange membranes (CEM) enable VRFB operation at high current densities. Amphoteric ion-exchange membranes (AIEM) and dense heterogeneous CEM are the choice for operation mode with the highest energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Düerkop
- Institute of Recycling, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Robert-Koch-Platz 8a, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany; (H.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Hartmut Widdecke
- Institute of Recycling, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Robert-Koch-Platz 8a, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany; (H.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Carsten Schilde
- Institute of Particle Technology, Braunschweig University of Technology, Volkmaroder Straße 5, 38100 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Kunz
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 17, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany;
| | - Achim Schmiemann
- Institute of Recycling, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Robert-Koch-Platz 8a, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany; (H.W.); (A.S.)
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11
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Park EJ, Maurya S, Martinez U, Kim YS, Mukundan R. Quaternized poly(arylene ether benzonitrile) membranes for vanadium redox flow batteries. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Lee W, Park G, Chang D, Kwon Y. The effects of temperature and membrane thickness on the performance of aqueous alkaline redox flow batteries using napthoquinone and ferrocyanide as redox couple. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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14
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Wang Y, Feng K, Ding L, Wang L, Han X. Influence of solvent on ion conductivity of polybenzimidazole proton exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow batteries. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Kim JH, Ryu S, Maurya S, Lee JY, Sung KW, Lee JS, Moon SH. Fabrication of a composite anion exchange membrane with aligned ion channels for a high-performance non-aqueous vanadium redox flow battery. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5010-5025. [PMID: 35498278 PMCID: PMC9049049 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08616a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabrication of high-conductivity ion exchange membranes (IEMs) is crucial to improve the performance of non-aqueous vanadium redox flow batteries (NAVRFBs). In the present work, anion exchange membranes with high-conductivity were fabricated by aligning ion channels of the polymer electrolyte impregnated in porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) under electric fields. It was observed that the ion channels of the polymer electrolyte were uniformly orientated in the atomic-force microscopy image. Its morphological change could minimize detouring of the transport of BF4− ions. The results showed through-plane conductivity was improved from 12.7 to 33.1 mS cm−1. The dimensional properties of the fabricated membranes were also enhanced compared with its cast membrane owing to the reinforcing effect of the substrate. Especially, the NAVRFB assembled with the optimized membrane showed increased capacities, with a 97% coulombic efficiency and 70% energy efficiency at 80 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the optimized membrane made it possible to operate the NAVRFB at 120 mA cm−2. Its operating current density was 120 times higher than that of a frequently used AHA membrane for RFBs. Fabrication of high-conductivity ion exchange membranes (IEMs) is crucial to improve the performance of non-aqueous vanadium redox flow batteries (NAVRFBs).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hun Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju
- Korea
| | - Seungbo Ryu
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju
- Korea
| | - Sandip Maurya
- Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, MPA-11
- Materials Physics and Applications Division
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- USA
| | - Ju-Young Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju
- Korea
| | - Ki-Won Sung
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju
- Korea
| | - Jae-Suk Lee
- School of Materials Sciences and Environmental Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju
- Korea
| | - Seung-Hyeon Moon
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju
- Korea
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16
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Shukla G, Shahi VK. Amine functionalized graphene oxide containing C16 chain grafted with poly(ether sulfone) by DABCO coupling: Anion exchange membrane for vanadium redox flow battery. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Liu J, Yu L, Cai X, Khan U, Cai Z, Xi J, Liu B, Kang F. Sandwiching h-BN Monolayer Films between Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) and Nafion for Proton Exchange Membranes with Improved Ion Selectivity. ACS NANO 2019; 13:2094-2102. [PMID: 30768234 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has attracted great interest due to its excellent chemical and thermal stability, electrical insulating property, high proton conductivity, and good flexibility. Integration of 2D h-BN into commercial proton exchange membranes (PEMs) has the potential to improve ion selectivity while maintaining the proton conductivity of PEMs simultaneously, which has been a longstanding challenge in membrane separation technology. Until now, such attempts are only limited in mechanically exfoliated small area h-BN and in proof-of-concept devices, due to the difficulty of growing and transferring large area uniform h-BN monolayers. Here, we develop a space-confined chemical vapor deposition approach and achieve the growth of wafer-scale uniform h-BN monolayer films on Cu rolls. We further develop a Nafion functional layer assisted transfer method which effectively transfers as-grown h-BN monolayer films from the Cu roll to sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane. The as-fabricated Nafion/h-BN/SPEEK sandwich structure is used as the membrane and compared with the pure SPEEK membrane for flow batteries. Results show that the sandwich membrane exhibits ion selectivity 3-fold greater than that of a pure SPEEK membrane ( i.e., 32.1 × 104 vs 9.7 × 104 S min cm-3). In addition, we fabricate vanadium flow batteries using the Nafion/h-BN/SPEEK sandwich membrane and find that the sandwich structure does not affect the proton transport but inhibits vanadium crossover at low current density (<120 mA cm-2) due to the selective blocking of vanadium ions by 2D h-BN. As a result, the sandwich membrane exhibits a significantly improved Coulombic efficiency and energy efficiency, ∼95% and ∼91%, respectively. Our results suggest that a functional layer/2D film/target substrate-based sandwich structure shows clear potential for future 2D material-based membranes in separation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaman Liu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI) , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Liwei Yu
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Energy , Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Xingke Cai
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI) , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Usman Khan
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI) , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Zhengyang Cai
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI) , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Jingyu Xi
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Energy , Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Bilu Liu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI) , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI) , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Graphene-based Materials and Engineering Laboratory for Functionalized Carbon Materials, Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC) , Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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18
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Polybenzimidazole membranes embedded with ionic liquids for use in high proton selectivity vanadium redox flow batteries. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Xu Q, Qin L, Ji Y, Leung P, Su H, Qiao F, Yang W, Shah A, Li H. A deep eutectic solvent (DES) electrolyte-based vanadium-iron redox flow battery enabling higher specific capacity and improved thermal stability. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Kim DH, Kang MS. Pore-filled Anion-exchange Membranes with High Fixed Ion Concentration for All-vanadium Redox Flow Battery Applications. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, Sangmyung University, 31 Sangmyungdae-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31066, Korea
| | - Moon-Sung Kang
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, Sangmyung University, 31 Sangmyungdae-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31066, Korea
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21
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Highly ion selective hydrocarbon-based membranes containing sulfonated hypercrosslinked polystyrene nanoparticles for vanadium redox flow batteries. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Tuning the ion selectivity of porous poly(2,5-benzimidazole) membranes by phase separation for all vanadium redox flow batteries. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Yang Q, Lin CX, Liu FH, Li L, Zhang QG, Zhu AM, Liu QL. Poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)/ionic liquid functionalized graphene oxide anion exchange membranes for fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Insights into all-vanadium redox flow battery: A case study on components and operational conditions. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Yang MC, Lin CH, Kuo JT, Wei HJ. Effect of grafting of poly(styrenesulfonate) onto Nafion membrane on the performance of vanadium redox flow battery. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Liao J, Chu Y, Zhang Q, Wu K, Tang J, Lu M, Wang J. Fluoro-methyl sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone-co-benzimidazole) amphoteric ion-exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow battery. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Lobato J, Mena E, Millán M. Improving a Redox Flow Battery Working under Realistic Conditions by Using of Graphene based Nanofluids. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justo Lobato
- Chemical Engineering Department; Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Castilla-La Mancha, Enrique Costa Novella; Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Esperanza Mena
- Chemical Engineering Department; Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Castilla-La Mancha, Enrique Costa Novella; Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - María Millán
- Chemical Engineering Department; Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Castilla-La Mancha, Enrique Costa Novella; Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12 Ciudad Real Spain
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28
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Xia Z, Ying L, Fang J, Du YY, Zhang WM, Guo X, Yin J. Preparation of covalently cross-linked sulfonated polybenzimidazole membranes for vanadium redox flow battery applications. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Sathish Kumar P, Pal SK, Chinnasamy M, Rajasekar R. Organic/Silica Nanocomposite Membranes. ORGANIC-INORGANIC COMPOSITE POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANES 2017:47-72. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52739-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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30
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Membrane Permeability Rates of Vanadium Ions and Their Effects on Temperature Variation in Vanadium Redox Batteries. ENERGIES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/en9121058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Park JH, Park JJ, Park OO, Yang JH. Capacity Decay Mitigation by Asymmetric Positive/Negative Electrolyte Volumes in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:3181-3187. [PMID: 27767257 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Capacity decay in vanadium redox flow batteries during charge-discharge cycling has become an important issue because it lowers the practical energy density of the battery. The battery capacity tends to drop rapidly within the first tens of cycles and then drops more gradually over subsequent cycles during long-term operation. This paper analyzes and discusses the reasons for this early capacity decay. The imbalanced crossover rate of vanadium species was found to remain high until the total difference in vanadium concentration between the positive and negative electrolytes reached almost 1 mol dm-3 . To minimize the initial crossover imbalance, we introduced an asymmetric volume ratio between the positive and negative electrolytes during cell operation. Changing this ratio significantly reduced the capacity fading rate of the battery during the early cycles and improved its capacity retention at steady state. As an example, the practical energy density of the battery increased from 15.5 to 25.2 Wh L-1 simply after reduction of the positive volume by 25 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Ho Park
- Conversion Materials Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Jin Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, (BK21+Graduate Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - O Ok Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, (BK21+Graduate Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Yang
- Conversion Materials Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
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32
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A membrane based on sulfonated polystyrene for a vanadium solid-salt battery. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-2931-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Elangovan M, Dharmalingam S. A facile modification of a polysulphone based anti biofouling anion exchange membrane for microbial fuel cell application. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21576e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims at developing an anti biofouling anion exchange membrane based on quaternized polysulphone having functionalized graphene oxide in proportion.
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34
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Novel acid-base hybrid membrane based on amine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide and sulfonated polyimide for vanadium redox flow battery. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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Maurya S, Shin SH, Kim Y, Moon SH. A review on recent developments of anion exchange membranes for fuel cells and redox flow batteries. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04741b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers recent advancements and future perspectives of AEMs for energy conversion and storage systems such as fuel cells and redox flow batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Maurya
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju 500-712
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Shin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju 500-712
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yekyung Kim
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju 500-712
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyeon Moon
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
- Gwangju 500-712
- Republic of Korea
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36
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Vijayakumar E, Sangeetha D. A quaternized mesoporous silica/polysulfone composite membrane for an efficient alkaline fuel cell application. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoporous silica (SBA-15) was synthesized and quaternized. Composite membrane was fabricated using QSBA/QPsu and its performance was evaluated in alkaline fuel cell.
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37
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Zhou X, Zhao T, An L, Wei L, Zhang C. The use of polybenzimidazole membranes in vanadium redox flow batteries leading to increased coulombic efficiency and cycling performance. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.11.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Doan TNL, Hoang TKA, Chen P. Recent development of polymer membranes as separators for all-vanadium redox flow batteries. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05914c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A key component for all-vanadium redox flow batteries is the membrane separator, which separates the positive and negative half-cells and prevents the cross-mixing of vanadium ions, while providing required ionic conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- The Nam Long Doan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Tuan K. A. Hoang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - P. Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
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39
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Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang H, Zhang S, Huang X. Sulfonated polyimide membranes with different non-sulfonated diamines for vanadium redox battery applications. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Semiz L, Demirci Sankir N, Sankir M. Influence of the basic membrane properties of the disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymer membranes on the vanadium redox flow battery performance. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Gao P, Martin CR. Voltage charging enhances ionic conductivity in gold nanotube membranes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8266-8272. [PMID: 25062037 DOI: 10.1021/nn502642m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionically conductive membranes are used in many electrochemical processes and devices, including batteries, fuel cells, and electrolyzers. In all such applications, it is advantageous to use membranes with high ionic conductivity because membrane resistance causes a voltage loss suffered by the cell. We describe here a method for enhancing ionic conductivity in membranes containing small diameter (4 nm) gold nanotubes. This entails making the gold nanotube membrane the working electrode in an electrochemical cell and applying a voltage to the membrane. We show here that voltage charging in this way can increase membrane ionic conductivity by over an order of magnitude. When expressed in terms of the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte, κ, within an individual voltage-charged tube, the most negative applied voltage yielded a κ comparable to that of 1 M aqueous KCl, over 2 orders of magnitude higher than κ of the 0.01 M KCl solution contacting the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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42
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Dai W, Yu L, Li Z, Yan J, Liu L, Xi J, Qiu X. Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)/Graphene composite membrane for vanadium redox flow battery. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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