1
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Wang L, Carta M, Malpass-Evans R, McKeown NB, Fletcher PJ, Estrela P, Roldan A, Marken F. Artificial Formate Oxidase Reactivity with Nano-Palladium Embedded in Intrinsically Microporous Polyamine (Pd@PIM-EA-TB) Driving the H2O2 – 3,5,3’,5’-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) Colour Reaction. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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2
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Wang L, Carta M, Malpass-Evans R, McKeown NB, Fletcher PJ, Lednitzky D, Marken F. Hydrogen Peroxide Versus Hydrogen Generation at Bipolar Pd/Au Nano-catalysts Grown into an Intrinsically Microporous Polyamine (PIM-EA-TB). Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-021-00692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBinding of PdCl42− into the polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-EA-TB (on a Nylon mesh substrate) followed by borohydride reduction leads to uncapped Pd(0) nano-catalysts with typically 3.2 ± 0.2 nm diameter embedded within the microporous polymer host structure. Spontaneous reaction of Pd(0) with formic acid and oxygen is shown to result in the competing formation of (i) hydrogen peroxide (at low formic acid concentration in air; with optimum H2O2 yield at 2 mM HCOOH), (ii) water, or (iii) hydrogen (at higher formic acid concentration or under argon). Next, a spontaneous electroless gold deposition process is employed to attach gold (typically 10- to 35-nm diameter) to the nano-palladium in PIM-EA-TB to give an order of magnitude enhanced production of H2O2 with high yields even at higher HCOOH concentration (suppressing hydrogen evolution). Pd and Au work hand-in-hand as bipolar electrocatalysts. A Clark probe method is developed to assess the catalyst efficiency (based on competing oxygen removal and hydrogen production) and a mass spectrometry method is developed to monitor/optimise the rate of production of hydrogen peroxide. Heterogenised Pd/Au@PIM-EA-TB catalysts are effective and allow easy catalyst recovery and reuse for hydrogen peroxide production.
Graphical abstract
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3
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Second generation phenylene dendrimer, 1,3,5-tris[4-(3,5-diphenylphenyl)phenyl]benzene, as a precursor of a new carbon material. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Khotina IA, Kushakova NS, Kharitonova VG, Kupriyanova DV, Babich SA, Kovalev AI. Second generation phenylene dendrimer, 1,3,5-tris[4-(3,5-diphenylphenyl)phenyl]benzene, as a precursor of a new carbon material. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Marken F, Carta M, McKeown NB. Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity in the Design of Electrochemical Multicomponent and Multiphase Interfaces. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1213-1220. [PMID: 33369401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (or PIMs) provide porous materials due to their highly contorted and rigid macromolecular structures, which prevent space-efficient packing. PIMs are readily dissolved in solvents and can be cast into robust microporous coatings and membranes. With a typical micropore size range of around 1 nm and a typical surface area of 700-1000 m2 g-1, PIMs offer channels for ion/molecular transport and pores for gaseous species, solids, and liquids to coexist. Electrode surfaces are readily modified with coatings or composite films to provide interfaces for solid|solid|liquid or solid|liquid|liquid or solid|liquid|gas multiphase electrode processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, College of Science, Grove Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, U.K
| | - Neil B McKeown
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JF, U.K
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6
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Knippen K, Bredenkötter B, Kanschat L, Kraft M, Vermeyen T, Herrebout W, Sugimoto K, Bultinck P, Volkmer D. CFA-18: a homochiral metal-organic framework (MOF) constructed from rigid enantiopure bistriazolate linker molecules. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15758-15768. [PMID: 33146189 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02847a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce the first enantiopure bistriazolate-based metal-organic framework, CFA-18 (Coordination Framework Augsburg-18), built from the R-enantiomer of 7,7,7',7'-tetramethyl-6,6',7,7'-tetrahydro-3H,3'H-5,5'-spirobi[indeno[5,6-d]-[1,2,3]triazole] (H2-spirta). The enantiopurity and absolute configuration of the new linker were confirmed by several chiroselective methods. Reacting H2-spirta in hot N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with manganese(ii) chloride gave CFA-18 as colorless crystals. The crystal structure with the composition [Mn2Cl2(spirta)(DMF)2] was solved using synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction. CFA-18 shows a framework topology that is closely related to previously reported metal-azolate framework (MAF) structures in which the octahedrally coordinated manganese(ii) ions are triazolate moieties, and the chloride anions form crosslinked one-dimensional helical chains, giving rise to hexagonal channels. In contrast to MAFs crystallizing in the centrosymmetric space group R3[combining macron], the handedness of the helices found in CFA-18 is strictly uniform, leading to a homochiral framework that crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system within the chiral space group P3121 (no. 152).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Knippen
- Institute of Physics, Chair of Solid State and Materials Science Augsburg University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Björn Bredenkötter
- Institute of Physics, Chair of Solid State and Materials Science Augsburg University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Lisa Kanschat
- Institute of Physics, Chair of Solid State and Materials Science Augsburg University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Maryana Kraft
- Institute of Physics, Chair of Solid State and Materials Science Augsburg University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Tom Vermeyen
- Departement of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan, 171 G.V.018, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium and Department of Chemistry, University of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281, S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Herrebout
- Departement of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan, 171 G.V.018, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kunihisa Sugimoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Patrick Bultinck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281, S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Volkmer
- Institute of Physics, Chair of Solid State and Materials Science Augsburg University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany.
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Wang L, Zhao Y, Fan B, Carta M, Malpass-Evans R, McKeown NB, Marken F. Polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) films and membranes in electrochemical energy storage and conversion: A mini-review. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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8
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Zorn R, Lohstroh W, Zamponi M, Harrison WJ, Budd PM, Böhning M, Schönhals A. Molecular Mobility of a Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity Revealed by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Zorn
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-1), Jülich 52425,Germany
| | - Wiebke Lohstroh
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Michaela Zamponi
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at MLZ, Lichtenbergstr. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Wayne J. Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Budd
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Böhning
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Andreas Schönhals
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
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9
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Kammakakam I, Bara JE, Jackson EM. Synthesis and characterization of imidazolium-mediated Tröger's base containing poly(amide)-ionenes and composites with ionic liquids for CO 2 separation membranes. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01038c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Considerable attention has been given to polymeric membranes either containing, or built from, ionic liquids (ILs) in gas separation processes due to their selective separation of CO2 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Kammakakam
- University of Alabama
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering
- Tuscaloosa
- USA
| | - Jason E. Bara
- University of Alabama
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering
- Tuscaloosa
- USA
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10
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Yin H, Yang B, Chua YZ, Szymoniak P, Carta M, Malpass-Evans R, McKeown NB, Harrison WJ, Budd PM, Schick C, Böhning M, Schönhals A. Effect of Backbone Rigidity on the Glass Transition of Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity Probed by Fast Scanning Calorimetry. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1022-1028. [PMID: 35619481 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs) of high performance have developed as materials with a wide application range in gas separation and other energy-related fields. Further optimization and long-term behavior of devices with PIMs require an understanding of the structure-property relationships, including physical aging. In this context, the glass transition plays a central role, but with conventional thermal analysis a glass transition is usually not detectable for PIMs before their thermal decomposition. Fast scanning calorimetry provides evidence of the glass transition for a series of PIMs, as the time scales responsible for thermal degradation and for the glass transition are decoupled by employing ultrafast heating rates of tens of thousands K s-1. The investigated PIMs were chosen considering the chain rigidity. The estimated glass transition temperatures follow the order of the rigidity of the backbone of the PIMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Yin
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bin Yang
- University of Rostock, Institute of Physics and Competence Center CALOR, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23−24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Yeong Zen Chua
- University of Rostock, Institute of Physics and Competence Center CALOR, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23−24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Paulina Szymoniak
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Malpass-Evans
- EastChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- EastChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Wayne J. Harrison
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Budd
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Schick
- University of Rostock, Institute of Physics and Competence Center CALOR, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23−24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Böhning
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Schönhals
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Marken F, Madrid E, Zhao Y, Carta M, McKeown NB. Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity in Triphasic Electrochemistry: Perspectives. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Elena Madrid
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Yuanzhu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry Swansea University, College of Science Grove Building Singleton Park Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- EAstChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building David Brewster Rd. Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ UK
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12
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Zhao Y, Al Abass NA, Malpass-Evans R, Carta M, McKeown NB, Madrid E, Fletcher PJ, Marken F. Photoelectrochemistry of immobilised Pt@g-C3N4 mediated by hydrogen and enhanced by a polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-1. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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13
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Kammakakam I, O’Harra KE, Bara JE, Jackson EM. Design and Synthesis of Imidazolium-Mediated Tröger's Base-Containing Ionene Polymers for Advanced CO 2 Separation Membranes. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3439-3448. [PMID: 31459559 PMCID: PMC6648041 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is highly desirable to integrate the CO2 solubility benefits of ionic liquids (ILs) in polymeric membrane systems for effective CO2 separations. Herein, we are exclusively exploring a series of four novel imidazolium-mediated Tröger's base (TB)-containing ionene polymers for enhanced CO2 separation. The two diimidazole-functionalized Tröger's base monomers synthesized from "ortho"- and "para"-substituted imidazole anilines were polymerized with equimolar amounts of two different aromatic and aliphatic comonomers (α,α'-dichloro-p-xylene and 1,10-dibromodecane, respectively) via Menshutkin reactions to obtain four respective ionene polymers ([Im-TB(o&p)-Xy][Cl] and ([Im-TB(o&p)-C10][Br], respectively). The resulting ionene polymers having halide anions were exchanged with [Tf2N]- anions, yielding a novel Tröger's base material [Im-TB(x)-R][Tf2N] or "Im-TB-Ionenes". The structural and physical properties as well as the gas separation behaviors of the copolymers of aromatic and aliphatic Im-TB-Ionenes have been extensively investigated with respect to the regiochemistry of imidazolium groups at the ortho and para positions of the TB unit. The imidazolium-mediated TB-Ionenes showed high CO2 solubility and hence an excellent CO2/CH4 permselectivity of 82.5. The Im-TB-Ionenes also displayed good thermal and mechanical stabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Kammakakam
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | - Kathryn E. O’Harra
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | - Jason E. Bara
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | - Enrique M. Jackson
- NASA
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, United States
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14
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Adamik RK, Hernández-Ibáñez N, Iniesta J, Edwards JK, Howe AGR, Armstrong RD, Taylor SH, Roldan A, Rong Y, Malpass-Evans R, Carta M, McKeown NB, He D, Marken F. Platinum Nanoparticle Inclusion into a Carbonized Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity: Electrochemical Characteristics of a Catalyst for Electroless Hydrogen Peroxide Production. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E542. [PMID: 30021972 PMCID: PMC6071093 DOI: 10.3390/nano8070542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The one-step vacuum carbonization synthesis of a platinum nano-catalyst embedded in a microporous heterocarbon (Pt@cPIM) is demonstrated. A nitrogen-rich polymer of an intrinsic microporosity (PIM) precursor is impregnated with PtCl₆2- to give (after vacuum carbonization at 700 °C) a nitrogen-containing heterocarbon with embedded Pt nanoparticles of typically 1⁻4 nm diameter (with some particles up to 20 nm diameter). The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of this hybrid material is 518 m² g-1 (with a cumulative pore volume of 1.1 cm³ g-1) consistent with the surface area of the corresponding platinum-free heterocarbon. In electrochemical experiments, the heterocarbon-embedded nano-platinum is observed as reactive towards hydrogen oxidation, but essentially non-reactive towards bigger molecules during methanol oxidation or during oxygen reduction. Therefore, oxygen reduction under electrochemical conditions is suggested to occur mainly via a 2-electron pathway on the outer carbon shell to give H₂O₂. Kinetic selectivity is confirmed in exploratory catalysis experiments in the presence of H₂ gas (which is oxidized on Pt) and O₂ gas (which is reduced on the heterocarbon surface) to result in the direct formation of H₂O₂.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Adamik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Naiara Hernández-Ibáñez
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto Universitario de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Jesus Iniesta
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto Universitario de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Jennifer K Edwards
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Alexander G R Howe
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Robert D Armstrong
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Stuart H Taylor
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Alberto Roldan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Yuanyang Rong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Richard Malpass-Evans
- East Chem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, College of Science, Grove Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Neil B McKeown
- East Chem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Daping He
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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15
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Yu X, Yang P, Moloney MG, Wang L, Xu J, Wang Y, Liu L, Pan Y. Electrospun Gelatin Membrane Cross-Linked by a Bis(diarylcarbene) for Oil/Water Separation: A New Strategy To Prepare Porous Organic Polymers. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:3928-3935. [PMID: 31458631 PMCID: PMC6641256 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Porous organic polymers (POPs) as absorbing materials have attracted increasing attention. Here, we report a new approach to prepare these polymers for selective oil absorption from oil/water mixtures. Perfluoroalkylbis(diaryldiazomethane) was synthesized and used to modify the surface of an electrospun gelatin membrane by a carbene insertion reaction, not only to immobilize the porous network morphology by cross-linking but also to introduce perfluoroalkyl groups for oil/water separation. The membrane was characterized to show its surface and bulk properties, as well as its performance for absorption capacity, selectivity, and renewability. This approach offers a new horizon in the preparation of POPs for oil/water separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yu
- School
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- School
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
- E-mail: (P.Y.)
| | - Mark G. Moloney
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Liang Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Jinku Xu
- School
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Yongqing Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Lian Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Yunlin Pan
- School
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
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16
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Madrid E, Lowe JP, Msayib KJ, McKeown NB, Song Q, Attard GA, Düren T, Marken F. Triphasic Nature of Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity Induces Storage and Catalysis Effects in Hydrogen and Oxygen Reactivity at Electrode Surfaces. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Madrid
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - John P. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Kadhum J. Msayib
- EAstChem School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Rd. Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- EAstChem School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Rd. Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Qilei Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Gary A. Attard
- Department of Physics, The Oliver Lodge Laboratory; University of Liverpool; Oxford Street Liverpool L69 7ZE UK
| | - Tina Düren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Advanced Separation Engineering; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
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17
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Langley AR, Carta M, Malpass-Evans R, McKeown NB, Dawes JH, Murphy E, Marken F. Linking the Cu(II/I) potential to the onset of dynamic phenomena at corroding copper microelectrodes immersed in aqueous 0.5 M NaCl. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Liu H, Li S, Yang H, Liu S, Chen L, Tang Z, Fu R, Wu D. Stepwise Crosslinking: A Facile Yet Versatile Conceptual Strategy to Nanomorphology-Persistent Porous Organic Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1700723. [PMID: 28481022 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Both high surface areas and well-orchestrated nanomorphologies are important for porous organic polymers (POPs). However, the two key characteristics are generally difficult to be satisfied simultaneously, because the common pore-making procedures usually produce ill-defined nanomorphologies or give rise to damage of precustomized nanomorphologies. Herein, a facile yet versatile stepwise crosslinking strategy for fabrication of POPs with an unusual nanomorphology-persistent characteristic during pore-making is reported. Polystyrene nanofibers and poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) nanosphere arrays are utilized as building blocks, and then transformed into nanofibrillar morphology-persistent and ordered array morphology-persistent POPs via stepwise crosslinking, respectively. The stepwise crosslinking strategy includes pre-crosslinking and hypercrosslinking; the pre-crosslinking in a carefully selected poor solvent of polystyrene forms a lowly crosslinked structure, which guarantees the stability of nanomorphology during the subsequent pore-making via hypercrosslinking. The as-obtained POPs can be used as precursors for novel well-defined hyperporous carbon nanofibers and ordered carbon nanosphere arrays with excellent adsorption performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Materials Science Institute, PCFM Lab and GDHPRC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Shimei Li
- Materials Science Institute, PCFM Lab and GDHPRC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Materials Science Institute, PCFM Lab and GDHPRC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Shaohong Liu
- Materials Science Institute, PCFM Lab and GDHPRC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Luyi Chen
- Materials Science Institute, PCFM Lab and GDHPRC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Tang
- Materials Science Institute, PCFM Lab and GDHPRC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Ruowen Fu
- Materials Science Institute, PCFM Lab and GDHPRC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Dingcai Wu
- Materials Science Institute, PCFM Lab and GDHPRC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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He D, Rauwel E, Malpass-Evans R, Carta M, McKeown NB, Gorle DB, Anbu Kulandainathan M, Marken F. Redox reactivity at silver microparticle—glassy carbon contacts under a coating of polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM). J Solid State Electrochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-017-3534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Madrid E, He D, Yang J, Hogan CF, Stringer B, Msayib KJ, McKeown NB, Raithby PR, Marken F. Reagentless Electrochemiluminescence from a Nanoparticulate Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM-1) Immobilized onto Tin-Doped Indium Oxide. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Madrid
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath, Claverton Down; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Daping He
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath, Claverton Down; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Jinlong Yang
- School of Advanced Materials; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Conor F. Hogan
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry and Physics; La Trobe University; Melbourne VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Bradley Stringer
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry and Physics; La Trobe University; Melbourne VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Kadhum J. Msayib
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road Edinburgh Scotland EH9 3JJ UK
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road Edinburgh Scotland EH9 3JJ UK
| | - Paul R. Raithby
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath, Claverton Down; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath, Claverton Down; Bath BA2 7AY UK
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21
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He D, He DS, Yang J, Low ZX, Malpass-Evans R, Carta M, McKeown NB, Marken F. Molecularly Rigid Microporous Polyamine Captures and Stabilizes Conducting Platinum Nanoparticle Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:22425-30. [PMID: 27509837 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A molecularly rigid polyamine based on a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-EA-TB) is shown to capture and stabilize platinum nanoparticles during colloid synthesis in the rigid framework. Stabilization here refers to avoiding aggregation without loss of surface reactivity. In the resulting rigid framework with embedded platinum nanoparticles, the volume ratio of platinum to PIM-EA-TB in starting materials is varied systematically from approximately 1.0 to 0.1 with the resulting platinum nanoparticle diameter varying from approximately 4.2 to 3.1 nm, respectively. Elemental analysis suggests that only a fraction of the polymer is "captured" to give nanocomposites rich in platinum. A transition occurs from electrically conducting and electrochemically active (with shorter average interparticle distance) to nonconducting and only partially electrochemically active (with longer average interparticle distance) polymer-platinum composites. The conducting nanoparticle network in the porous rigid macromolecular framework could be beneficial in electrocatalysis and in sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong Sheng He
- Materials Characterization and Preparation Center, South University of Science and Technology of China , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | - Richard Malpass-Evans
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Mariolino Carta
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Neil B McKeown
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
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22
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Rong Y, Song Q, Mathwig K, Madrid E, He D, Niemann RG, Cameron PJ, Dale SE, Bending S, Carta M, Malpass-Evans R, McKeown NB, Marken F. pH-induced reversal of ionic diode polarity in 300nm thin membranes based on a polymer of intrinsic microporosity. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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23
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Rong Y, He D, Sanchez-Fernandez A, Evans C, Edler KJ, Malpass-Evans R, Carta M, McKeown NB, Clarke TJ, Taylor SH, Wain AJ, Mitchels JM, Marken F. Intrinsically Microporous Polymer Retains Porosity in Vacuum Thermolysis to Electroactive Heterocarbon. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:12300-12306. [PMID: 26496244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum carbonization of organic precursors usually causes considerable structural damage and collapse of morphological features. However, for a polymer with intrinsic microporosity (PIM-EA-TB with a Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area of 1027 m(2)g(-1)), it is shown here that the rigidity of the molecular backbone is retained even during 500 °C vacuum carbonization, yielding a novel type of microporous heterocarbon (either as powder or as thin film membrane) with properties between those of a conducting polymer and those of a carbon. After carbonization, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphology and the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) Guinier radius remain largely unchanged as does the cumulative pore volume. However, the BET surface area is decreased to 242 m(2)g(-1), but microporosity is considerably increased. The new material is shown to exhibit noticeable electrochemical features including two pH-dependent capacitance domains switching from ca. 33 Fg(-1) (when oxidized) to ca. 147 Fg(-1) (when reduced), a low electron transfer reactivity toward oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, and a four-point-probe resistivity (dry) of approximately 40 MΩ/square for a 1-2 μm thick film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyang Rong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Daping He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Craig Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J Edler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Malpass-Evans
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolino Carta
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Neil B McKeown
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tomos J Clarke
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart H Taylor
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Wain
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - John M Mitchels
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity Induces Host-Guest Substrate Selectivity in Heterogeneous 4-Benzoyloxy-TEMPO-Catalysed Alcohol Oxidations. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-015-0284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Electrocatalytic Carbohydrate Oxidation with 4-Benzoyloxy-TEMPO Heterogenised in a Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Carta M, Bernardo P, Clarizia G, Jansen JC, McKeown NB. Gas Permeability of Hexaphenylbenzene Based Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501925j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariolino Carta
- School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Paola Bernardo
- Institute on Membrane Technology, ITM-CNR, Via P. Bucci 17/C, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Gabriele Clarizia
- Institute on Membrane Technology, ITM-CNR, Via P. Bucci 17/C, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Johannes C. Jansen
- Institute on Membrane Technology, ITM-CNR, Via P. Bucci 17/C, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, U.K
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27
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Rong Y, Malpass-Evans R, Carta M, McKeown NB, Attard GA, Marken F. High density heterogenisation of molecular electrocatalysts in a rigid intrinsically microporous polymer host. Electrochem commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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28
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Madrid E, Rong Y, Carta M, McKeown NB, Malpass-Evans R, Attard GA, Clarke TJ, Taylor SH, Long YT, Marken F. Metastable Ionic Diodes Derived from an Amine-Based Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10751-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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29
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Madrid E, Rong Y, Carta M, McKeown NB, Malpass-Evans R, Attard GA, Clarke TJ, Taylor SH, Long YT, Marken F. Metastable Ionic Diodes Derived from an Amine-Based Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Carta M, Malpass-Evans R, Croad M, Rogan Y, Lee M, Rose I, McKeown NB. The synthesis of microporous polymers using Tröger's base formation. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00609g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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