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Wei Z, Ding T, Bai C, Zhang R, Yang S, Wei W. Upscaling Brønsted acid intercalation and exfoliation of graphite into graphene by polyoxometalate clusters for sodium-ion battery application. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 676:158-167. [PMID: 39024816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Non-oxidative intercalation of graphite avoids damage to graphene lattices and is a suitable method to produce high-quality graphene. However, the yield of exfoliated graphene is low in this process due to the poor delamination efficiency of guest species. In this study, a Brønsted acid intercalation protocol is developed involving polyoxometalate (POM) clusters (H6P2W18O62) as guests and intercalation of graphite is realized at the sub-nanometer scale. Theoretical simulation based on DFT elucidates the stepwise intercalation mechanism of Brønsted acid molecules and clusters. Unlike common molecules/ionic guests, intercalation of POM clusters induces large expansion and extensive donor-acceptor interactions among graphite interlayers. This significantly weakens the van der Waals forces and promotes exfoliation efficiency of graphene layers. The exfoliated graphene possesses outstanding features of large lateral size, thin thickness, and high purity, and shows excellent performance as the anode for high power sodium-ion batteries. This work proffers a new pathway toward non-oxidative intercalation of graphite for large-scale production of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Wei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Tianyi Ding
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Caihe Bai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Ruisheng Zhang
- School of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
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2
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Yang J, Zhang Y, Ge Y, Tang S, Li J, Zhang H, Shi X, Wang Z, Tian X. Interlayer Engineering of Layered Materials for Efficient Ion Separation and Storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311141. [PMID: 38306408 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Layered materials are characterized by strong in-plane covalent chemical bonds within each atomic layer and weak out-of-plane van der Waals (vdW) interactions between adjacent layers. The non-bonding nature between neighboring layers naturally results in a vdW gap, which enables the insertion of guest species into the interlayer gap. Rational design and regulation of interlayer nanochannels are crucial for converting these layered materials and their 2D derivatives into ion separation membranes or battery electrodes. Herein, based on the latest progress in layered materials and their derivative nanosheets, various interlayer engineering methods are briefly introduced, along with the effects of intercalated species on the crystal structure and interlayer coupling of the host layered materials. Their applications in the ion separation and energy storage fields are then summarized, with a focus on interlayer engineering to improve selective ion transport and ion storage performance. Finally, future research opportunities and challenges in this emerging field are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yanzeng Ge
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Si Tang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhitong Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xinlong Tian
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
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3
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Zhang Y, Hou W, Chang R, Yao X, Xu Y. Ultrafast alternating-current exfoliation toward large-scale synthesis of graphene and its application for flexible supercapacitors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:246-257. [PMID: 37839241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate the transition of laboratory research to industrial applications, it is critical to establish a reliable protocol for the mass synthesis of high-quality graphene. Here, we present an efficient electrochemical intercalation-based exfoliation approach utilizing alternating current that allows for the production of sub-kilogram quantities of graphene. This strategy involves repeatedly intercalating foreign anions and cations into the interlayer gaps of dual-graphite electrodes, accelerating the graphite expansion process and maximizing the exfoliation efficiency of both electrodes while inhibiting excessive anodic oxidation. The exfoliation process leads to high-yield graphene nanosheets (92 %, primarily 1-3 layers) with minimal structural deterioration (ID/IG ratio of 0.05), high purity (2.1 at% oxygen), and outstanding electrical property (7.28 × 104 S m-1). Notably, our scaled-up manufacturing technique produces a record-breaking throughput of 135 g h-1, improving on the best-reported exfoliation efficiency with direct current by 35%. Furthermore, the as-made graphene demonstrates a large reversible capacity of 102 mF cm-2 for flexible supercapacitors, with robust cyclability with 99.5% after 10,000 cycles, excellent mechanical flexibility, and exceptional serial integration for adjustable voltage output. The efficient and scalable method presents a significant advancement in the large-scale manufacture of graphene, with potential for widespread industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Materials & Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wenqiang Hou
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Materials & Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Rui Chang
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Materials & Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xianghua Yao
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Materials & Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Youlong Xu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Materials & Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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4
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Efficient preparation of high-quality graphene via anodic and cathodic simultaneous electrochemical exfoliation under the assistance of microwave. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 608:1422-1431. [PMID: 34742062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the electrochemical exfoliation of graphene stands out as an efficient, scalable approach to access high-quality products, due to its simplicity, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Here we have proposed an electrochemical method for preparing graphene at both the anode and cathode simultaneously. Graphite was first subjected to ion intercalation sufficiently on the anode and cathode and then expanded ultrafast under the assistance of microwave irradiation. With plenty of ion intercalation and proper microwave irradiation, graphene would be successfully exfoliated. The as-prepared graphene flakes from anode and cathode behave few-layer feature (more than 80% ≤ 4 layers) and large sizes (about 94% are larger than 1 μm), possess low oxygen content and little defects (6.1% and 1.9% oxygen for anodic and cathodic graphene, respectively). In addition, the high yields in our method (the maximum yields for anode and cathode were 81% and 76%, respectively) and the recycling of electrolytes suggest that our method owns great potential for large-scale production and provide an important reference for the commercial preparation of green and low-cost graphene.
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Alzakia FI, Tan SC. Liquid-Exfoliated 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2003864. [PMID: 34105282 PMCID: PMC8188210 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted tremendous research attention in recent days due to their extraordinary and unique properties upon exfoliation from the bulk form, which are useful for many applications such as electronics, optoelectronics, catalysis, etc. Liquid exfoliation method of 2D materials offers a facile and low-cost route to produce large quantities of mono- and few-layer 2D nanosheets in a commercially viable way. Optoelectronic devices such as photodetectors fabricated from percolating networks of liquid-exfoliated 2D materials offer advantages compared to conventional devices, including low cost, less complicated process, and higher flexibility, making them more suitable for the next generation wearable devices. This review summarizes the recent progress on metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors fabricated from percolating network of 2D nanosheets obtained from liquid exfoliation methods. In addition, hybrids and mixtures with other photosensitive materials, such as quantum dots, nanowires, nanorods, etc. are also discussed. First, the various methods of liquid exfoliation of 2D materials, size selection methods, and photodetection mechanisms that are responsible for light detection in networks of 2D nanosheets are briefly reviewed. At the end, some potential strategies to further improve the performance the devices are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Indra Alzakia
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of Singapore9 Engineering drive 1Singapore117574Singapore
| | - Swee Ching Tan
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of Singapore9 Engineering drive 1Singapore117574Singapore
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6
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Aldroubi S, Brun N, Bou Malham I, Mehdi A. When graphene meets ionic liquids: a good match for the design of functional materials. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2750-2779. [PMID: 33533392 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06871c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is an attractive material that is characterized by its exceptional properties (i.e. electrical, mechanical, thermal, optical, etc.), which have pushed researchers to attach high interest to its production and functionalization processes to meet applications in different fields (electronics, electromagnetics, composites, sensors, energy storage, etc.). The synthesis (bottom-up) of graphene remains long and laborious, at the same time expensive, and it is limited to the development of this material in low yield. Hence, the use of graphite as a starting material (top-down through exfoliation or oxidation) seems a promising and easy technique for producing a large quantity of graphene or graphene oxide (GO). On the one hand, GO has been extensively studied due to its ease of synthesis, processing and chemical post-functionalization. One the other hand, "pristine" graphene sheets, obtained through exfoliation, are limited in processability but present enhanced electronic properties. Both types of materials have been of great interest to design functional nanomaterials. Ionic liquids (ILs) are task-specific solvents that exhibit tunable physico-chemical properties. ILs have many advantages as compared with conventional solvents, such as high thermal and chemical stability, low volatility, excellent conductivity and inherent polarity. In the last decade, ILs have been widely employed for the preparation and stabilization of various nanomaterials. In particular, the combination of ILs and graphene, including GO and pristine graphene sheets, has been of growing interest for the preparation, processing and functionalization of hybrid nanomaterials. Understanding the structure and properties of the graphene/IL interface has been of considerable interest for a large panel of applications ranging from tribology to energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha Aldroubi
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
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7
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Mukhopadhyay TK, Datta A. Disentangling the liquid phase exfoliation of two-dimensional materials: an " in silico" perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22157-22179. [PMID: 33016978 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03128c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid Phase Exfoliation (LPE) is one of the most successful synthetic roots for the preparation of two-dimensional (2D) materials from their bulk counterparts. In recent years, significant progress has been accomplished for the development and modification of LPE techniques. However, precise identification of the hierarchical steps of the molecular mechanism of LPE remains to some extent elusive. Additionally, the a priori choice of suitable solvents for successful exfoliation and dispersion of various layered materials poses a challenge for both academia and industry. Computational methods, particularly Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations with classical force-fields have contributed a great deal towards the understanding of the underlying mechanism of LPE, providing remarkable insights into the molecular-level details of the solvent-material interactions at the nanoscale and predicting "good" and "bad" solvents for exfoliation as well as stabilization of the dispersed state. With an intention to build up a unified understanding, in this perspective article, we summarize the recent advancements of molecular simulation techniques employed to decipher the mechanism of LPE, pointing out the key features of molecular interactions and identifying several thermodynamic parameters governing the phenomena. In addition, we outline the necessary characteristics of solvent molecules, essential for their use as "good" solvents towards LPE. Also, we highlight the limitations of simulation methods for the modelling of LPE. We believe that this article will be beneficial for the selection of solvents for the synthesis of novel 2D materials via LPE and will also provide a comprehensive view to computational material scientists towards the development of novel simulation protocols for investigating and analysing such complex molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titas Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India.
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8
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Jing M, Wu T, Zhou Y, Li X, Liu Y. Nitrogen-Doped Graphene via In-situ Alternating Voltage Electrochemical Exfoliation for Supercapacitor Application. Front Chem 2020; 8:428. [PMID: 32582631 PMCID: PMC7287216 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Doping heteroatom, an effective way to enhance the electrochemical performances of graphene, has received wide attention, especially related to nitrogen. Alternating voltage electrochemical exfoliation, as a low cost and green electrochemical approach, has been developed to construct in-situ N-doped graphene (N-Gh) material. The N-Gh presents a much higher capacity than that of pure graphene prepared via the same method, which might be attributed to the introduction of nitrogen, which has much more effects and a disordered structure. As-prepared N-Gh exhibits a low O/C ratio that is helpful in maintaining high electrical conductivity. And the effects and disorder structure are also conductive to reduce the overlaps of graphene layers. A symmetric supercapacitor assembled with N-Gh electrodes displays a satisfactory rate behavior and long cycling stability (92.3% retention after 5,000 cycles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Tianjing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Yazheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Xilong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, China
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9
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Lv H, Pan Q, Song Y, Liu XX, Liu T. A Review on Nano-/Microstructured Materials Constructed by Electrochemical Technologies for Supercapacitors. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:118. [PMID: 34138149 PMCID: PMC7770725 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00451-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The article reviews the recent progress of electrochemical techniques on synthesizing nano-/microstructures as supercapacitor electrodes. With a history of more than a century, electrochemical techniques have evolved from metal plating since their inception to versatile synthesis tools for electrochemically active materials of diverse morphologies, compositions, and functions. The review begins with tutorials on the operating mechanisms of five commonly used electrochemical techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic deposition, galvanostatic deposition, pulse deposition, and electrophoretic deposition, followed by thorough surveys of the nano-/microstructured materials synthesized electrochemically. Specifically, representative synthesis mechanisms and the state-of-the-art electrochemical performances of exfoliated graphene, conducting polymers, metal oxides, metal sulfides, and their composites are surveyed. The article concludes with summaries of the unique merits, potential challenges, and associated opportunities of electrochemical synthesis techniques for electrode materials in supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Lv
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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10
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Enhanced UV-Vis Photodegradation of Nanocomposite Reduced Graphene Oxide/Ferrite Nanofiber Films Prepared by Laser-Assisted Evaporation. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10040271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite films of rGO/MFeO3 (M = Bi, La) nanofibers were grown by matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation of frozen target dispersions containing GO platelets and MFeO3 nanofibers. Electron microscopy investigations confirmed the successful fabrication of MFeO3 nanofibers by electrospinning Part of nanofibers were broken into shorter units, and spherical nanoparticles were formed during laser processing. Numerical simulations were performed in order to estimate the maximum temperature values reached by the nanofibers during laser irradiation. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed the formation of perovskite MFeO3 phase, whereas secondary phases of BiFeO3 could not be completely avoided, due to the high volatility of bismuth. XPS measurements disclosed the presence of metallic bismuth and Fe2+ for BiFeO3, whereas La2(CO3)3 and Fe2+ were observed in case of LaFeO3 nanofibers. High photocatalytic efficiencies for the degradation of methyl orange were achieved for nanocomposite films, both under UV and visible light irradiation conditions. Degradation values of up to 70% after 400 min irradiation were obtained for rGO/LaFeO3 nanocomposite thin layers, with weights below 10 µg, rGO platelets acting as reservoirs for photoelectrons generated at the surface of MFeO3.
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11
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Feng C, Zhu D, Wang Y, Jin S. Electromechanical Behaviors of Graphene Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E528. [PMID: 31978995 PMCID: PMC7040776 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Graphene (including its derivatives)-reinforced polymer composites (GRPCs) have been drawing tremendous attention from academic and industrial communities for developing smart materials and structures. Such interest stems from the excellent combination of the mechanical and electrical properties of these composites while keeping the beneficial intrinsic attributes of the polymers, including flexibility, easy processability, low cost and good biological and chemical compatibility. The electromechanical performances of these GRPCs are of great importance for the design and optimization of engineering structures and components. Extensive work has been devoted to this topic. This paper reviews the recent studies on the electromechanical behaviors of GRPCs. First the methods and techniques to manufacture graphene and GRPCs are introduced, in which the pros and cons of each method are discussed. Then the experimental examination and theoretical modeling on the electromechanical behaviors of the nanocomposites are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Feng
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Zhejiang Scientific Research Institute of Transport, Hangzhou 311305, China;
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne 3083, Australia;
| | - Sujing Jin
- Zhejiang Scientific Research Institute of Transport, Hangzhou 311305, China;
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12
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Le Fevre LW, Cao J, Kinloch IA, Forsyth AJ, Dryfe RAW. Systematic Comparison of Graphene Materials for Supercapacitor Electrodes. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:418-428. [PMID: 30984485 PMCID: PMC6445062 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparison of the performance of graphene-based supercapacitors is difficult, owing to the variety of production methods used to prepare the materials. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no systematic investigation into the effect of the graphene production method on the supercapacitor performance. In this work, we compare graphene produced through several routes. This includes anodic and cathodic electrochemically exfoliated graphene, liquid phase exfoliated graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene nanoribbons. Graphene oxide exhibited the highest capacitance of approximately 154 F g-1 in 6 M KOH at 0.5 A g-1 attributed to oxygen functional groups giving an additional pseudocapacitance and preventing significant restacking; however, the capacitance retention was poor, owing to the low conductivity. In comparison, the anodic electrochemically exfoliated graphene exhibited a capacitance of approximately 44 F g-1, the highest of the 'pure' graphene materials, which all exhibited superior capacitance retention, owing to their higher conductivity. The cyclability of all of the materials, with the exception of reduced graphene oxide (70 %), was found to be greater than 95 % after 10 000 cycles. These results highlight the importance of matching the graphene production method with a specific application; for example, graphene oxide and anodic electrochemically exfoliated graphene would be best suited for high energy and power applications, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis W Le Fevre
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Manchester Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL UK.,School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK.,National Graphene Institute University of Manchester Booth Street East Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Jianyun Cao
- National Graphene Institute University of Manchester Booth Street East Manchester M13 9PL UK.,School of Materials University of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Ian A Kinloch
- National Graphene Institute University of Manchester Booth Street East Manchester M13 9PL UK.,School of Materials University of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Andrew J Forsyth
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Manchester Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Robert A W Dryfe
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK.,National Graphene Institute University of Manchester Booth Street East Manchester M13 9PL UK
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13
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Stafford J, Patapas A, Uzo N, Matar OK, Petit C. Towards scale-up of graphene production via nonoxidizing liquid exfoliation methods. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Stafford
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; Kensington London SW7 2AZ U.K
| | - Andrius Patapas
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; Kensington London SW7 2AZ U.K
| | - Nwachukwu Uzo
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; Kensington London SW7 2AZ U.K
| | - Omar K. Matar
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; Kensington London SW7 2AZ U.K
| | - Camille Petit
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; Kensington London SW7 2AZ U.K
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14
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Abstract
There is a tremendous interest towards 2D layered materials. Electrochemically-assisted exfoliation of bulk crystals represents one of the most promising methods of large production of graphene and other 2D material sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Ambrosi
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Singapore
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- University of Chemistry and Technology
- Praha 6
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15
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Enhancement in photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by LaFeO3-GO integrated photocatalyst-adsorbents under visible light irradiation. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-017-0281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Li L, Wang M, Cao M, Qiu H, Yang Z, Xu L, Li J. Regulation of radicals from electrochemical exfoliation for production of graphene and its electrochemical properties. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Lei H, Tu J, Yu Z, Jiao S. Exfoliation Mechanism of Graphite Cathode in Ionic Liquids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:36702-36707. [PMID: 28972779 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has been successfully electrochemically exfoliated by electrolysis of cathode graphite in the aluminum-ion battery with ionic liquid electrolyte comprising AlCl3 and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIm]Cl). The AlCl4-, Al2Cl7-, etc., intercalation into graphite flakes in ionic liquid of the aluminum-ion battery by different electrolysis processes to exfoliate graphite has been researched in detail. As a result of the enhanced structural flexibility, the intercalant gallery height increases in the less than five-layer graphene film, providing more free space for AlCl4-, Al2Cl7-, etc. transport. Therefore, a quantity of 3-5 layers rather than 1-2 layers of graphene can be obtained. The results clearly demonstrate that graphene has been produced in the graphite cathode in AlCl3/EMImCl ionic liquids, which is significantly meaningful for accelerating the theoretical research and industrialized application of graphene. Meanwhile, it has a vitally important role for promoting the recycling Al-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jiguo Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zhijing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Shuqiang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, PR China
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18
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Aznar-Cervantes S, Pagán A, Martínez JG, Bernabeu-Esclapez A, Otero TF, Meseguer-Olmo L, Paredes JI, Cenis JL. Electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds coated with reduced graphene promote neurite outgrowth of PC-12 cells under electrical stimulation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Huang Z, Hou H, Zhang Y, Wang C, Qiu X, Ji X. Layer-Tunable Phosphorene Modulated by the Cation Insertion Rate as a Sodium-Storage Anode. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28692784 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Liquid phase exfoliation of few-layer phosphorene (FL-P) is extensively explored in recent years. Nevertheless, their deficiencies such as ultralong sonication time, limited flake size distribution, and uncontrollable thicknesses are major hurdles for the development of phosphorene-based materials. Herein, electrochemical cationic intercalation has been introduced to prepare phosphorene, through which large-area FL-P without surface functional groups can be efficiently attained (less than 1 h). More importantly, its layer number (from 2 to 11 layers) can be manipulated by changing the applied potential. The as-obtained phosphorene delivers superior sodium-storage performances when directly utilized as an anode material in sodium-ion batteries. This electrochemical cation insertion method to prepare phosphorene should greatly facilitate the development of phosphorene-based technologies. Moreover, this work provides the possibility for the scalable preparation of monolayer 2D materials by exploring intercalation ions. Additionally, the successful electrochemical exfoliation of phosphorene can promote the application of electrochemical exfoliation in other 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hongshuai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Xiaoqing Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xiaobo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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20
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One-step electrochemical preparation of graphene-coated pencil graphite electrodes by cyclic voltammetry and their application in vanadium redox batteries. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Al-Sherbini AS, Bakr M, Ghoneim I, Saad M. Exfoliation of graphene sheets via high energy wet milling of graphite in 2-ethylhexanol and kerosene. J Adv Res 2017; 8:209-215. [PMID: 28228971 PMCID: PMC5310818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene sheets have been exfoliated from bulk graphite using high energy wet milling in two different solvents that were 2-ethylhexanol and kerosene. The milling process was performed for 60 h using a planetary ball mill. Morphological characteristics were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). On the other hand, the structural characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) and Raman spectrometry. The exfoliated graphene sheets have represented good morphological and structural characteristics with a valuable amount of defects and a good graphitic structure. The graphene sheets exfoliated in the presence of 2-ethylhexanol have represented many layers, large crystal size and low level of defects, while the graphene sheets exfoliated in the presence of kerosene have represented fewer number of layers, smaller crystal size and higher level of defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Sayed Al-Sherbini
- Department of Measurements, Photochemistry and Agriculture Applications, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science (NILES), Cairo University, P.O. Box 12631, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona Bakr
- Department of Measurements, Photochemistry and Agriculture Applications, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science (NILES), Cairo University, P.O. Box 12631, Giza, Egypt
| | - Iman Ghoneim
- Department of Measurements, Photochemistry and Agriculture Applications, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science (NILES), Cairo University, P.O. Box 12631, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Saad
- Department of Measurements, Photochemistry and Agriculture Applications, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science (NILES), Cairo University, P.O. Box 12631, Giza, Egypt
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22
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Parviz D, Irin F, Shah SA, Das S, Sweeney CB, Green MJ. Challenges in Liquid-Phase Exfoliation, Processing, and Assembly of Pristine Graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:8796-8818. [PMID: 27546380 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the exfoliation, dispersion, and processing of pristine graphene (i.e., non-oxidized graphene) are described. General metrics are outlined that can be used to assess the quality and processability of various "graphene" products, as well as metrics that determine the potential for industrial scale-up. The pristine graphene production process is categorized from a chemical engineering point of view with three key steps: i) pretreatment, ii) exfoliation, and iii) separation. How pristine graphene colloidal stability is distinct from the exfoliation step and is dependent upon graphene interactions with solvents and dispersants are extensively reviewed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using pristine graphene as nanofillers in polymer composites, as well as as building blocks for macrostructure assemblies are summarized in the context of large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Parviz
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Fahmida Irin
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Smit A Shah
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sriya Das
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Charles B Sweeney
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Micah J Green
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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23
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Physicochemical properties and supercapacitor behavior of electrochemically synthesized few layered graphene nanosheets. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Yang Y, Shi W, Zhang R, Luan C, Zeng Q, Wang C, Li S, Huang Z, Liao H, Ji X. Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphite into Nitrogen-doped Graphene in Glycine Solution and its Energy Storage Properties. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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25
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26
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Aznar-Cervantes S, Martínez JG, Bernabeu-Esclapez A, Lozano-Pérez AA, Meseguer-Olmo L, Otero TF, Cenis JL. Fabrication of electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds coated with graphene oxide and reduced graphene for applications in biomedicine. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 108:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Niu L, Coleman JN, Zhang H, Shin H, Chhowalla M, Zheng Z. Production of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials via Liquid-Based Direct Exfoliation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:272-93. [PMID: 26663877 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous efforts have been devoted to the synthesis and application of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials due to their extraordinary and unique properties in electronics, photonics, catalysis, etc., upon exfoliation from their bulk counterparts. One of the greatest challenges that scientists are confronted with is how to produce large quantities of 2D nanomaterials of high quality in a commercially viable way. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of the production of 2D nanomaterials using liquid-based direct exfoliation (LBE), a very promising and highly scalable wet approach for synthesizing high quality 2D nanomaterials in mild conditions. LBE is a collection of methods that directly exfoliates bulk layered materials into thin flakes of 2D nanomaterials in liquid media without any, or with a minimum degree of, chemical reactions, so as to maintain the high crystallinity of 2D nanomaterials. Different synthetic methods are categorized in the following, in which material characteristics including dispersion concentration, flake thickness, flake size and some applications are discussed in detail. At the end, we provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of such synthetic methods of LBE and propose future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Niu
- Nanotechnology Center, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Advanced Research Center for Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jonathan N Coleman
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hua Zhang
- Center for Programmable Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hyeonsuk Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Manish Chhowalla
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Nanotechnology Center, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Advanced Research Center for Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
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28
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Yu P, Lowe SE, Simon GP, Zhong YL. Electrochemical exfoliation of graphite and production of functional graphene. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Leroux YR, Bergamini JF, Ababou S, Le Breton JC, Hapiot P. Synthesis of functionalized few-layer graphene through fast electrochemical expansion of graphite. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Jouikov V, Simonet J. Doping of cathodically polarized glassy carbon by natural graphite. A simple procedure for overlaying different carbons with electrochemically modifiable graphene layers. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Beitollahi H, Tajik S. Construction of a nanostructure-based electrochemical sensor for voltammetric determination of bisphenol A. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:257. [PMID: 25877650 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel carbon paste electrode modified with graphene oxide nanosheets and an ionic liquid (n-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluoro phosphate) was fabricated. The electrochemical study of the modified electrode, as well as its efficiency for voltammetric oxidation of bisphenol A, is described. The electrode was also employed to study the electrochemical oxidation of bisphenol A, using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, square wave voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as diagnostic techniques. Square wave voltammetry exhibits a linear dynamic range from 9.0 × 10(-8) to 2.5 × 10(-4) M and a detection limit of 55.0 nM for bisphenol A. Finally, this new sensor was used for determination of bisphenol A in water samples using the standard addition method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Beitollahi
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran,
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32
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Abdelkader AM, Cooper AJ, Dryfe RAW, Kinloch IA. How to get between the sheets: a review of recent works on the electrochemical exfoliation of graphene materials from bulk graphite. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:6944-56. [PMID: 25703415 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06942k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 'graphene era' post-2004, there has been significant interest in developing a high purity, high yield, and scalable fabrication route toward graphene materials for both primary research purposes and industrial production. One suitable approach to graphene production lies in the realm of electrochemical exfoliation, in which a potential difference is applied between a graphite anode/cathode in the presence of an electrolyte-containing medium. Herein we review various works on the electrochemical fabrication of graphene materials specifically through the use of electrochemical intercalation and exfoliation of a graphite source electrode, focusing on the quality and purity of products formed. We categorise the most significant works in terms of anodic and cathodic control, highlighting the merits of the respective approaches, as well as indicating the challenges associated with both procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Abdelkader
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, UK.
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33
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Gao W, Huang H, Shi H, Feng X, Song W. Nitrogen-rich graphene from small molecules as high performance anode material. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:415402. [PMID: 25258306 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/41/415402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-rich graphene sheets were successfully achieved via facile thermal condensation of glucose and dicyandiamide at different temperatures during which dicyandiamide acts both as nitrogen source and sacrifice template. Devoid of surfactants or poisonous organic solvents, this small-molecule synthetic approach is a simple and cost-effective way to obtain nitrogen-rich graphene sheets (NRGS) with high specific surface area and large pore volume. Shown to be a promising anode material, the NRGS displayed high reversible capacity, excellent rate capability, and superior cycle performance. The superior lithium-storage performance is ascribed to the unique features of NRGS, including a large quantity of defects due to the high nitrogen doping level, favorable lithium ion transportation channels by virtue of the large surface area, and ultrahigh pore volume, as well as the crumpled two-dimensional structure.
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