1
|
Ji Z, Sun M, Chen T, Shen X, Xu X, Zhong Y, Wang D, Ma J, Chen B, Yi Z, Xu X. Ordered growth of metal oxides in patterned multi-angle microstructures. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16559-16566. [PMID: 37274411 PMCID: PMC10234148 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01423a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a facile method combining top-down patterning transfer and bottom-up nanorod growth for preparing large-area and ordered TiO2 nanorod arrays. Pre-crystallization seeding was patterned with nanostructured morphologies via interfacial tension-driven precursor solution scattering on various types and period templates. This is a widely applicable strategy for capillary force-driven interfacial patterns, which also shows great operability in complex substrate morphologies with multiple-angle mixing. Moreover, the customized patterned lithographic templates containing English words, Arabic numerals, and Chinese characters are used to verify the applicability and controllability of this hybrid method. In general, our work provides a versatile strategy for the low-cost and facile preparation of hydrothermally growable metal oxide (e.g., ZnO and MnO2) nanostructures with potential applications in the fields of microelectronic devices, photoelectric devices, energy storage, and photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkai Ji
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai. Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200050 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai. Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai. Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China
| | - Xinyi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai. Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China
| | - Xiuzhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai. Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Shanghai Highway Investment Construction and Development Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200336 China
| | - Dadong Wang
- Shanghai Highway Investment Construction and Development Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200336 China
| | - Jiwei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai. Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai. Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China
| | - Zhiguo Yi
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200050 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai. Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Micromachining of Predesigned Perpendicular Copper Micropillar Array by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
3
|
Liu S, Yuan T, Wei W, Su H, Wang W. Photoassisted Electrochemical Micropatterning of Gold Film. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9413-9418. [PMID: 31282660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical etching is a powerful and popular method for fabricating micropatterns on metal substrates for use in electronic devices, electrochemical sensors, and plasmonic substrates. In order to achieve micropatterning, either a prepatterned insulating layer (mask) or a scanning microelectrode is often required to selectively trigger electrochemical etching at the desired locations. In the present work, we employed a well-focused light beam to enable the photoassisted electrochemical etching of gold film with a spatial resolution close to the optical diffraction limit (∼300 nm). It was found that the simultaneous application of light irradiation and appropriate potential were critical for the oxidative dissolution (i.e., etching) of gold to occur. Superior controllability of light beam allowed for the direct-write micropatterning without the need of mask or probe. Etching kinetics and mechanism were also studied by monitoring the dynamic evolution of optical transparency with a conventional transmission bright-field microscope, together with characterizations on the as-obtained patterns with atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy. This study is anticipated to contribute a feasible method for the micropatterning of gold film with implications for nanoelectronics and electrochemical sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Tinglian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Hua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Analysis on Machining Performance of Nickel-Base Superalloy by Electrochemical Micro-milling with High-Speed Spiral Electrode. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10070476. [PMID: 31315264 PMCID: PMC6680569 DOI: 10.3390/mi10070476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most promising micro-machining methods, electrochemical micro-machining is widely used in the field of metal micro-structures. The electrochemical micro-milling on Nickel-base superalloy by using high-speed spiral electrode was studied in detail. Firstly, the electric field and flow field models of micro-electrochemical milling are established and analyzed by the finite element method. Then, the milling profile was predicted and the effect of high-speed rotation of electrodes on electrolyte promotion and secondary electrolysis prevention were analyzed. Secondly, the influence of the main machining parameters, such as rotating speed, electrical parameters, and feed rate on machining precision and efficiency was analyzed experimentally. Finally, by optimizing the machining parameters, a series of micro-graphic structures with a width of about 150 μm were obtained on Nickel-base superalloy 718 by using the spiral electrode with a diameter of 100 μm. The experimental and simulation results show that the high-speed rotation of electrodes can greatly improve the machining efficiency and stability. It was proved that micro-electrochemical milling with the high-speed rotating electrode technique is an effective method for machining micro-metal parts.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sharma V, Srivastava I, Jain V, Ramkumar J. Modelling of Wire Electrochemical Micromachining (Wire-ECMM) process for anode shape prediction using finite element method. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
6
|
Liu Y, Jiang Y, Guo C, Deng S, Kong H. Experimental Research on Machining Localization and Surface Quality in Micro Electrochemical Milling of Nickel-Based Superalloy. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9080402. [PMID: 30424335 PMCID: PMC6187648 DOI: 10.3390/mi9080402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Micro electrochemical machining is becoming increasingly important in the microfabrication of metal parts. In this paper, the machining characteristics of micro electrochemical milling with nanosecond pulse were studied. Firstly, a mathematical model for the localization control of micro electrochemical milling with nanosecond pulse was established. Secondly, groups of experiments were conducted on nickel-based superalloy and the effects of parameters such as applied voltage, pulse on time, pulse period, electrolyte concentration and electrode diameter on machining localization and surface roughness were analyzed. Finally, by using the optimized machining parameters, some 2D complex shapes and 3D square cavity structures with good shape precision and good surface quality were successfully obtained. It was proved that the micro electrochemical milling with nanosecond pulse technique is an effective machining method to fabricate metal microstructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Associated Engineering Research Center of Mechanics and Mechatronic Equipment, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Yong Jiang
- Associated Engineering Research Center of Mechanics and Mechatronic Equipment, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Chunsheng Guo
- Associated Engineering Research Center of Mechanics and Mechatronic Equipment, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
- Suzhou Institute of Shandong University, Room522, Building H of National University Science and Technology Park of Nanotechnology, No.388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Shihui Deng
- Associated Engineering Research Center of Mechanics and Mechatronic Equipment, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Huanghai Kong
- Associated Engineering Research Center of Mechanics and Mechatronic Equipment, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The coupling effect of slow-rate mechanical motion on the confined etching process in electrochemical mechanical micromachining. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-017-9195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
8
|
Tip current/positioning close-loop mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy for electrochemical micromachining. Electrochem commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
9
|
Zhan D, Han L, Zhang J, He Q, Tian ZW, Tian ZQ. Electrochemical micro/nano-machining: principles and practices. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:1526-1544. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00735j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nano-machining (MNM) is becoming the cutting-edge of high-tech manufacturing because of the ever increasing industrial demands for super smooth surfaces and functional three-dimensional micro/nano-structures in miniaturized and integrate devices, and electrochemistry plays an irreplaceable role in MNM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS)
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Lianhuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS)
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS)
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Quanfeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS)
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Zhao-Wu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS)
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS)
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhan D, Han L, Zhang J, Shi K, Zhou JZ, Tian ZW, Tian ZQ. Confined Chemical Etching for Electrochemical Machining with Nanoscale Accuracy. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2596-2604. [PMID: 27668827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the past several decades, electrochemical machining (ECM) has enjoyed the reputation of a powerful technique in the manufacturing industry. Conventional ECM methods can be classified as electrolytic machining and electroforming: the former is based on anodic dissolution and the latter is based on cathodic deposition of metallic materials. Strikingly, ECM possesses several advantages over mechanical machining, such as high removal rate, the capability of making complex three-dimensional structures, and the practicability for difficult-to-cut materials. Additionally, ECM avoids tool wear and thermal or mechanical stress on machining surfaces. Thus, ECM is widely used for various industrial applications in the fields of aerospace, automobiles, electronics, etc. Nowadays, miniaturization and integration of functional components are becoming significant in ultralarge scale integration (ULSI) circuits, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and miniaturized total analysis systems (μ-TAS). As predicted by Moore's law, the feature size of interconnectors in ULSI circuits are down to several nanometers. In this Account, we present our perseverant research in the last two decades on how to "confine" the ECM processes to occur at micrometer or even nanometer scale, that is, to ensure ECM with nanoscale accuracy. We have been developing the confined etchant layer technique (CELT) to fabricate three-dimensional micro- and nanostructures (3D-MNS) on different metals and semiconductor materials since 1992. In general, there are three procedures in CELT: (1) generating the etchant on the surface of the tool electrode by electrochemical or photoelectrochemical reactions; (2) confining the etchant in a depleted layer with a thickness of micro- or nanometer scale; (3) feeding the tool electrode to etch the workpiece. Scavengers, which can react with the etchant, are usually adopted to form a confined etchant layer. Through the subsequent homogeneous reaction between the scavenger and the photo- or electrogenerated etchant in the electrolyte solution, the diffusion distance of the etchant is confined to micro- or nanometer scale, which ensures the nanoscale accuracy of electrochemical machining. To focus on the "confinement" of chemical etching reactions, external physical-field modulations have recently been introduced into CELT by introducing various factors such as light field, force field, hydrodynamics, and so on. Meanwhile, kinetic investigations of the confined chemical etching (CCE) systems are established based on the finite element analysis and simulations. Based on the obtained kinetic parameters, the machining accuracy is tunable and well controlled. CELT is now applicable for 1D milling, 2D polishing, and 3D microfabrication with an accuracy at nanometer scale. CELT not only inherits all the advantages of electrochemical machining but also provides advantages over photolithography and nanoimprint for its applicability to different functional materials without involving any photocuring and thermoplastic resists. Although there are some technical problems, for example, mass transfer and balance, which need to be solved, CELT has shown its prospective competitiveness in electrochemical micromachining, especially in the semiconductor industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lianhuan Han
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kang Shi
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jian-Zhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhao-Wu Tian
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|